Diversité Et Fonctions Écologiques Des Champignons En Écosystème Hydrothermal Marin Profond

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Diversité Et Fonctions Écologiques Des Champignons En Écosystème Hydrothermal Marin Profond Diversit´eet fonctions ´ecologiquesdes champignons en ´ecosyst`emehydrothermal marin profond Thomas Le Calvez To cite this version: Thomas Le Calvez. Diversit´eet fonctions ´ecologiques des champignons en ´ecosyst`emehy- drothermal marin profond. Interactions entre organismes. Universit´eRennes 1, 2009. Fran¸cais. <tel-00465055> HAL Id: tel-00465055 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465055 Submitted on 18 Mar 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. N° Ordre : 3899 de la thèse Thèse présentée DEVANT L’UNIVERSITE DE RENNES 1 Pour obtenir Le grade de : DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE RENNES 1 Mention : BIOLOGIE PAR Thomas Le Calvez Equipe Rôle de la Biodiversité dans les Processus Ecologiques UMR 6553 Ecobio Université de Rennes 1 / CNRS Ecole Doctorale Vie-Agro-Santé UFR Sciences de la Vie et de l’Environnement Diversité et fonctions écologiques des champignons en écosystème hydrothermal marin profond Le 20 avril 2009 devant la commission d’examen Composition du jury : Francis Martin Directeur de recherche, INRA Nancy Rapporteur Philippe Normand Directeur de recherche, Université de Lyon 1 Rapporteur Peter Young Professeur, Université d’York Examinateur Ivan Couée Professeur, Université de Rennes 1 Examinateur Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse Professeur, Université de Rennes 1 Directeur de thèse Remerciements Je tiens avant tout à remercier les membres du jury d’avoir accepté de lire et de juger ce travail. Je tiens donc à remercier Messieurs Philippe Normand, Francis Martin, Ivan Couée, ainsi que Peter Young, qui a fait l’effort de lire ce manuscrit en français, je vous en suis tous reconnaissant. Un grand merci à mon directeur de thèse, Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse, pour m’avoir accueilli dans son équipe et m’avoir donné la chance de travailler sur ce sujet passionnant. Son optimisme à toute épreuve, parfois déconcertant, m’a surtout aidé à surmonter les nombreuses difficultés inhérentes à une thèse. Je le remercie également de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de travailler dans des conditions vraiment très agréables durant ces années, de m’avoir fait profiter de ses nombreuses collaborations et de m’avoir permis de voyager autant. En dehors de ses compétences professionnelles, ses qualités « humaines » doivent ici être mises en valeur ; elles ont permis une forte cohésion au sein de notre équipe. Je tiens également à remercier chaleureusement Georges Barbier pour m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire de l’ESMISAB pour mon stage de Master 2, et m’avoir permis ainsi de me plonger dans l’hydrothermalisme et dans l’univers fascinant des champignons. Merci à toi Georges de m’avoir « introniser » dans le monde de la Recherche. Je tiens par ailleurs à remercier tout le personnel de l’ESMISAB, dont la sympathie m’aura permis d’oublier le climat brestois… merci à tous et spécialement à Gaétan Burgaud, pour l’heureuse collaboration que nous avons développé, ainsi qu’à Marie Hélène Thomas. Cette thèse n’aurait sans doute pas été si agréable si je n’avais pas partagé le bureau de Mademoiselle Fanny Ramel ; sa gentillesse et son humour m’auront été d’un grand soutien. J’espère Fanny ne pas t’avoir trop martyrisé durant ces trois ans de « colocation bureaucratique » !! Notre amitié perdurera bien après nos soutenances de thèse. Merci également à Gwenola Gouesbet Jan, Cécile Sulmon et Ivan Couée (une seconde fois), pour les nombreux fous rires au café du matin (entres autres)!... et pour leur aide. Special thanx à l’équipe de choc : Nolwenn, Cécile, Stéphane pour l’ambiance des manips de labo, pour leurs coups de mains, les soirées…Merci à vous les filles, particulièrement à Stéphane, pour son aide lors de la seconde année de thèse ! Un grand merci également à Alexis Dufresne, dont l’aide bioinformatique, et le temps qu’il m’a accordé, m’ont été d’un secours capital pour l’avancement de ce travail. Merci à toute l’équipe RBPE (feu IBTM) : André-Jean, Bertrand, Marie-Paule, Nathalie, Françoise, Myriam, Pierre, Daniel, Luc, et tous les autres !!! Merci à la force vive d’ECOBIO, stagiaires, thésards, post doc, ATER, et plus particulièrement à toi Yann, forcément ! Mais également à : Emilie, Cécile, Benoît, Marion, Marie Lise, Amandine, Lisa, Denis, Fab & Nico … Je remercie également tout le personnel d’ECOBIO, et particulièrement Jocelyne Béven et Sandra Rigaud, pour les tracas administratifs qu’a pu provoquer mon séjour américain, mais également à Saïd Nassur qui m’a notamment bien aidé pour l’impression de ce manuscrit, ainsi qu’Oscar Lima qui saura pourquoi ! Merci également à Laetitia Guillot pour son implication dans la mise en place de la base de données. Son sérieux et ses compétences informatiques auront permis à ce projet de se développer très rapidement. Je tiens également à exprimer ma gratitude et mon respect à Eugene Koonin, pour m’avoir permis de séjourner plus de deux mois dans les bureaux du NCBI, Terre Sacrée de la Bioinformatique. Ces réflexions, son aide et son soutien m’ont permis d’aborder plus sereinement le flot de données auquel nous étions confrontés. Merci également à Yuri Wolf de m’avoir pris en charge au sein du NCBI ; sa patience, son calme et son accessibilité m’ont été d’un grand secours au milieu de la nébuleuse informatique. Ce séjour restera pour moi l’un des souvenirs impérissables de cette thèse. Merci également aux financeurs, sans qui ce travail n’aurait pas été possible : le Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, et la Fondation Total pour la biodiversité et la mer. Un énorme merci également à ma famille, pour son soutien continu tout au long de ma scolarité : merci à mes parents et à ma sœur Florence. Enfin, merci à toi Emilie, pour Tout… Glossaire Apomorphe : se dit des transformations évolutives d’un caractère, de l’état ancestral vers un état dérivé. Attraction des longues branches : artefact de reconstruction phylogénétique, regroupant les organismes à taux d’évolution rapides, sans liens de parenté. Biotrophe : se dit d’un organisme fixé sur un organisme vivant, se développant à ses dépends, sans entraîner la mort. Cheminée hydrothermale (évent hydrothermal) : larges édifices pouvant atteindre 10 mètres de hauteur, constitués de l’accrétion des métaux provenant des fluides hydrothermaux. Chimioautotrophie : capacité d’un organisme à utiliser une source d’énergie minérale pour la production de carbone organique et d’énergie. Chimiohétérotrophie : capacité d’un organisme à utiliser une source de carbone organique comme source de carbone et d’énergie. Coenocytiques : hyphe résultant de divisions nucléaires répétées, sans divisions cellulaires concomitantes. Contig : séquences nucléotidiques obtenues par assemblages des reads. Dorsale océanique : chaîne de montagnes sous-marine de plus de 60.000 km de long, localisée entre deux plaques lithosphériques qui s’écartent. Eumycota : champignons vrais (en opposition aux fongiformes). Fumeurs noirs : fluide hydrothermal chaud résurgent de la croûte océanique, composé d’eau de mer chargée en métaux dissous. Des sulfures combinés à ces métaux vont former des particules noires. Homoplasie : similarité chez une ou plusieurs espèces, de séquences (d'ADN ou de protéines), qui n’est pas due à l'héritage d'un ancêtre commun. Plusieurs cas d'homoplasies peuvent exister: l'analogie, la convergence, le parallélisme, la réversion. Métagénomique : étude des génomes de l’ensemble des organismes d’un milieu. Monophylétique : en phylogénie, groupe qui comprend une espèce ancestrale et tous ses descendants (en opposition avec polyphylétique). Un groupe monophylétique est également appelé clade. Nœud (phylogénie) : point de rencontre de trois branches ou segments de branches dans un arbre. En phylogénie, le nœud représente un groupe comprenant les taxons frères en aval de ce nœud. Outgroup : groupe externe en phylogénie. Read (lecture) : séquences nucléotidiques brutes générées par pyroséquençage. Plésiomorphe : se dit de l’état ancestral d’un caractère. Thalle : structure dépourvue de racine, de tige ou de feuille. Tubicoles : organismes vivant dans un tube, qu’ils ont construit. Abréviations ADNc: ADN complémentaire APS: Adénosine 5’-Phosphosulfate BAC: Bacterial Artificial Chromosome BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Tool BSA: Bovine Serum Albumine; Serum d’albumine Bovine Champignons MA : champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ciPCR : Culture-independant PCR ; PCR indépendante de la culture COG: Cluster of Orthologous Group Ct: Cycle treshold DMSO: diméthylsulfoxyde dNTP : dinucléotide triphosphate EDTA : acide éthylène-diamine-tétraacétique EPR: East Pacific Rise (Ride Est-Pacifique) GTR: General Time Reversible IPTG: Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes K2P : modèle de Kimura à 2 paramètres LCA: Last Common Ancestor MAR: Mid-Atlantic Rige (Ride Medio-Atlantique) ML: Maximum Likelihood (maximum de vraisemblance) MP: Maximum Parcimony (maximum de parcimonie) NJ: Neihgbor Joining qPCR: PCR quantitative TBE: Tris Borate EDTA TBR: Tree Bissection Recognition Tris: Trihydroxymethyl-amino-methane WGS: Whole Genome Sequencing
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