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Kaveri Engine’ Design Prospects

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Kaveri Engine’ Design Prospects First Edition editorial After 5 years of my establishment as the whole soul club at Department of Mechanical Engineering, I think its now time for me to become self-reliant and be SAKSHAM to improvise on the technical skills for my fellows who have always been there for me and made me reach the zenith of glory. At SAKSHAM, I would try to work for the wholesome improvement and growth of the people who are there alongside me. Before unveiling my first edition, I would like to thank Dr. Sandeep Grover, Chairman Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCAUST who has always been on my supportive side on all grounds and help me flourish exponentially. I would also like to thank my faculty coordinators Asso. Prof. Hari Om Chaudhary and Asst. Prof. Sanjeev Goyal under whose enlightment I started my voyage and am at par at these grounds of success and on behalf of all my fellows I would like to thank all the faculty members for there constant support and guidance. I feel SAKSHAM would serve as one of the milestone in our journey aiming at the widespread of technical cultural in the students at the department and the university as a whole. -mEchneXt Declaration: All works published in this magazine are for information purpose only. None of the works are being used for the authors’ personal benefit. DRDO`s ‘Kaveri Engine’ Design Prospects In 1986, the Indian Defense . At present, the peak turbine inlet Ministry's Defense Research and temperature is designed to be a little Development Organization (DRDO) was lower than its peers, but this is to enable authorized to launch a programme to the engine to be flat-rated to very high develop an indigenous power plant for ambient temperatures. Consequently, the Light Combat Aircraft. The DRDO the bypass ratio that can be supported, assigned the lead development even with a modest fan pressure ratio, is responsibility to its Gas Turbine only about 0.16:1, which means the Research Establishment (GTRE), which engine is a "'leaky' turbojet" like the had some experience in developing jet F404. An indigenous Full-Authority engines. It had developed the GTX37- Digital Engine Control (FADEC) unit, 14U afterburning turbojet, which first called Kaveri Digital Engine Control ran in 1977, and was the first jet engine Unit (KADECU) has been developed by to be designed entirely in India. the Defense Avionics Research The GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri is Establishment(DARE), Bangalore an afterburning turbofan being developed by the Gas Turbine Research The original plans called for 17 Establishment (GTRE), a lab under prototype test engines to be built. The the DRDO in Bangalore, India. first test engine consisted of only the core module (named "Kabini"), while the The Kaveri is a low-bypass- third engine was the first example fitted ratio (BPR) afterburning turbofan engine with variable inlet guide vanes (IGV) on featuring a six-stage core high-pressure the first three compressor stages. (HP) compressor with variable inlet However, progress in guide vanes (IGVs), a three-stage low- theKaveri development programme was pressure (LP) compressor with transonic slowed by both political and technical blading, an annular combustion difficulties. The Kaveri program has chamber, and cooled single-stage HP attracted much criticism due to its and LP turbines. The development ambitious objective, protracted model is fitted with an development time, cost overruns, and advanced convergent-divergent ("con- the DRDO's lack of clarity and openness di") variable nozzle in admitting problems. 1 Much of the criticism of the LCA General characteristics program has been aimed at Type: afterburning turbofan the Kaveri and Multi-Mode Radar Length: 137.4 in (3490 mm) programs. There has been much Diameter: 35.8 in (910 mm) criticism of the degree of realism in the Dry weight: 2,724 lb (1,235 kg) [Goal: DRDO's planning schedules for various 2,100-2450 lb (950-1100 kg)] elements of the LCA programme, most Components particularly for the Kaveri development Compressor: two-spool, with low- effort. pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) axial compressors: The DRDO currently hopes to have LP compressor with 3 fan stages the Kaveri engine ready for use on and transonic blading the Tejas in the latter half of the 2010s HP compressor with 6 stages, decade and according to latest news including variable inlet guide still research on it is going on and date vanes and first two stators to complete its research has been Combustors: annular, with dump extended to 2011-2012. diffuser and air-blast fuel atomisers “In recent times, the engine has been Turbine: 1 LP stage and 1 HP stage able to produce thrust of 82 Kilo Maximum thrust: Newton but what the IAF and other Military thrust (throttled): stake-holders desire is power between 11,687 lbf (52.0 kN) 90—95 KN", senior officials told The Full afterburner: 18,210 lbf (81.0 Hindu. "On using the Kaveri for the kN) LCA, they said the engine would be Specific fuel consumption: fitted on the first 40 LCAs to be Military thrust (throttled): 0.78 supplied to the IAF when they come for lb/(lbf•h) (79.52 kg/(kN·h)) upgrades to the DRDO in the latter half Full afterburner: 2.03 lb/(lbf•h) (207.00 of the decade." Article further adds kg/(kN·h)) that in 2011,50-60 test flights will be Thrust-to-weight ratio: 7.8:1 (76.0 carried out to mature the engine in N/kg) terms of reliability, safety and Engine cycle airworthiness Airflow: 172 lb/s (78.0 kg/s) Bypass ratio: 0.16:1 Kaveri Engine is an important Overall pressure ratio: 21.5:1 [Goal: milestone in the gas turbine engine 27:1] development. This marks that india is LP compressor pressure ratio: 3.4:1 on the way for high quality technology [Goal: 4:1] engineering. There are many issues HP compressor pressure ratio: 6.4:1 regarding Kaveri Engine`s success and Turbine entry temperature: 2,218- some may also consider this to be a 2,601 °F (1,214-1,427 °C; 1,487-1,700 failure but the beginning is marked and K) [Goal: 3,357 °F (1,847 °C; 2,120 K)] india will excel in technology field. 2 Technical Paper A Natural Refrigeration System for Supermarkets using CO2(R-744)as a Refrigerant -Himanshu Sharma Deptt. Of Mechanical Engg. Abstract 1927.In this Refrigerator compressor The average global temperature is and its assembly is placed above the predicted to rise by between 1.5 and cabinet and surrounded by the ring, 4.5K in the next 100 years. The sulfur dioxide was used as a principal cause of global warming is refrigerants which is highly flammable, the emission of greenhouse gases into toxic and irretative. To reduce toxity the Earth’s atmosphere. Supermarkets and flammability Freon is started to contribute both directly and indirectly use in 1930.in 1950 defrost system is to global warming. supermarkets are introduced by which COP is responsible for producing CO2 as they increased.[1][2] Over the last 20 years, are large consumers of electricity, legislation has prohibited the use of consuming as much as 15 000 GWh ozone-depleting CFC refrigerants per annum and approximately 50% of however; the use of the HFCs is still this is consumed by refrigeration legal and commonplace. In recent years equipment. This article describes a natural refrigerants have been natural system that has been proposed as an environmentally developed to reduce significantly both friendly solution for the refrigeration direct and indirect greenhouse gas industry, these refrigerants which emissions. The system uses CO2 (R- include ammonia, 744) as refrigerants. The CO2 has very hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, do low global warming potentials not contribute to ozone depletion and compared with conventional HFC have systems which reduces significantly low global warming potentials. direct emissions. Carbon dioxide offers a long-term solution suitable for many applications Introduction in refrigeration and heating, from In 1834 first VCRS cycle based domestic applications utilizing heat refrigeration machine is developed in pumps to provide hot water and London. After availability of electricity heating to commercial applications for automatic refrigeration system is supermarket refrigeration. The developed in 1897.First refrigerator technology is future proof requiring no used for commercial and domestic further retro-fitting to the next purpose was electric monitor top refrigerant “solution” promoted refrigerator in 1927. commercially. 3 Why CO2? Although ozone-depleting refrigerants have R-744 systems have been proposed been virtually phased out for a number of and installed in supermarkets in years, today’s concerns focuson the global- Denmark. these systems are industrial warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants.GWP in nature. As these would be is an estimate of how much a given mass of a expensive to install in the UK, an gas will contribute to global warming – also alternative arrangement has been called the greenhouse gas effect. Traditional used that is more economic, but synthetic refrigerants, when released into the retains safety and integrity features. atmosphere, can act as heat-trapping The system was designed as a dual greenhouse gases because of their molecular temperature cascade arrangement complexity. With its GWP of one, CO2 is, with refrigerant R-404A as the heat essentially, the baseline against which all rejecting, condensing medium for the other refrigerants are measured. Although R-744 two-stage cycle. The R-744 at - there are hundreds of man-made 10 oC acts as a volatile secondary refrigerants, CO2 is part of a small family of refrigerant in respect to sensible and “natural refrigerants,” or refrigerants that latent cooling making the evaporator occur in nature.CO2 refrigerant, also known more efficient.
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