First Edition editorial

After 5 years of my establishment as the whole soul club at Department of Mechanical Engineering, I think its now time for me to become self-reliant and be SAKSHAM to improvise on the technical skills for my fellows who have always been there for me and made me reach the zenith of glory. At SAKSHAM, I would try to work for the wholesome improvement and growth of the people who are there alongside me. Before unveiling my first edition, I would like to thank Dr. Sandeep Grover, Chairman Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCAUST who has always been on my supportive side on all grounds and help me flourish exponentially. I would also like to thank my faculty coordinators Asso. Prof. Hari Om Chaudhary and Asst. Prof. Sanjeev Goyal under whose enlightment I started my voyage and am at par at these grounds of success and on behalf of all my fellows I would like to thank all the faculty members for there constant support and guidance. I feel SAKSHAM would serve as one of the milestone in our journey aiming at the widespread of technical cultural in the students at the department and the university as a whole.

-mEchneXt

Declaration: All works published in this magazine are for information purpose only. None of the works are being used for the authors’ personal benefit. DRDO`s ‘Kaveri Engine’ Design Prospects

In 1986, the Indian Defense . At present, the peak turbine inlet Ministry's Defense Research and temperature is designed to be a little Development Organization (DRDO) was lower than its peers, but this is to enable authorized to launch a programme to the engine to be flat-rated to very high develop an indigenous power plant for ambient temperatures. Consequently, the Light Combat Aircraft. The DRDO the bypass ratio that can be supported, assigned the lead development even with a modest fan pressure ratio, is responsibility to its Gas Turbine only about 0.16:1, which means the Research Establishment (GTRE), which engine is a "'leaky' turbojet" like the had some experience in developing jet F404. An indigenous Full-Authority engines. It had developed the GTX37- Digital Engine Control (FADEC) unit, 14U afterburning turbojet, which first called Kaveri Digital Engine Control ran in 1977, and was the first jet engine Unit (KADECU) has been developed by to be designed entirely in India. the Defense Avionics Research The GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri is Establishment(DARE), Bangalore an afterburning turbofan being developed by the Gas Turbine Research The original plans called for 17 Establishment (GTRE), a lab under prototype test engines to be built. The the DRDO in Bangalore, India. first test engine consisted of only the core module (named "Kabini"), while the The Kaveri is a low-bypass- third engine was the first example fitted ratio (BPR) afterburning turbofan engine with variable inlet guide vanes (IGV) on featuring a six-stage core high-pressure the first three compressor stages. (HP) compressor with variable inlet However, progress in guide vanes (IGVs), a three-stage low- theKaveri development programme was pressure (LP) compressor with transonic slowed by both political and technical blading, an annular combustion difficulties. The Kaveri program has chamber, and cooled single-stage HP attracted much criticism due to its and LP turbines. The development ambitious objective, protracted model is fitted with an development time, cost overruns, and advanced convergent-divergent ("con- the DRDO's lack of clarity and openness di") variable nozzle in admitting problems.

1 Much of the criticism of the LCA General characteristics program has been aimed at Type: afterburning turbofan the Kaveri and Multi-Mode Radar Length: 137.4 in (3490 mm) programs. There has been much Diameter: 35.8 in (910 mm) criticism of the degree of realism in the Dry weight: 2,724 lb (1,235 kg) [Goal: DRDO's planning schedules for various 2,100-2450 lb (950-1100 kg)] elements of the LCA programme, most Components particularly for the Kaveri development Compressor: two-spool, with low- effort. pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) axial compressors: The DRDO currently hopes to have LP compressor with 3 fan stages the Kaveri engine ready for use on and transonic blading the Tejas in the latter half of the 2010s HP compressor with 6 stages, decade and according to latest news including variable inlet guide still research on it is going on and date vanes and first two stators to complete its research has been Combustors: annular, with dump extended to 2011-2012. diffuser and air-blast fuel atomisers “In recent times, the engine has been Turbine: 1 LP stage and 1 HP stage able to produce thrust of 82 Kilo Maximum thrust: Newton but what the IAF and other Military thrust (throttled): stake-holders desire is power between 11,687 lbf (52.0 kN) 90—95 KN", senior officials told The Full afterburner: 18,210 lbf (81.0 Hindu. "On using the Kaveri for the kN) LCA, they said the engine would be Specific fuel consumption: fitted on the first 40 LCAs to be Military thrust (throttled): 0.78 supplied to the IAF when they come for lb/(lbf•h) (79.52 kg/(kN·h)) upgrades to the DRDO in the latter half Full afterburner: 2.03 lb/(lbf•h) (207.00 of the decade." Article further adds kg/(kN·h)) that in 2011,50-60 test flights will be Thrust-to-weight ratio: 7.8:1 (76.0 carried out to mature the engine in N/kg) terms of reliability, safety and Engine cycle airworthiness Airflow: 172 lb/s (78.0 kg/s) Bypass ratio: 0.16:1 Kaveri Engine is an important Overall pressure ratio: 21.5:1 [Goal: milestone in the gas turbine engine 27:1] development. This marks that india is LP compressor pressure ratio: 3.4:1 on the way for high quality technology [Goal: 4:1] engineering. There are many issues HP compressor pressure ratio: 6.4:1 regarding Kaveri Engine`s success and Turbine entry temperature: 2,218- some may also consider this to be a 2,601 °F (1,214-1,427 °C; 1,487-1,700 failure but the beginning is marked and K) [Goal: 3,357 °F (1,847 °C; 2,120 K)] india will excel in technology field. 2 Technical Paper

A Natural Refrigeration System for Supermarkets

using CO2(R-744)as a Refrigerant -Himanshu Sharma Deptt. Of Mechanical Engg.

Abstract 1927.In this Refrigerator compressor The average global temperature is and its assembly is placed above the predicted to rise by between 1.5 and cabinet and surrounded by the ring, 4.5K in the next 100 years. The sulfur dioxide was used as a principal cause of global warming is refrigerants which is highly flammable, the emission of greenhouse gases into toxic and irretative. To reduce toxity the Earth’s atmosphere. Supermarkets and flammability Freon is started to contribute both directly and indirectly use in 1930.in 1950 defrost system is to global warming. supermarkets are introduced by which COP is responsible for producing CO2 as they increased.[1][2] Over the last 20 years, are large consumers of electricity, legislation has prohibited the use of consuming as much as 15 000 GWh ozone-depleting CFC refrigerants per annum and approximately 50% of however; the use of the HFCs is still this is consumed by refrigeration legal and commonplace. In recent years equipment. This article describes a natural refrigerants have been natural system that has been proposed as an environmentally developed to reduce significantly both friendly solution for the refrigeration direct and indirect greenhouse gas industry, these refrigerants which emissions. The system uses CO2 (R- include ammonia, 744) as refrigerants. The CO2 has very hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, do low global warming potentials not contribute to ozone depletion and compared with conventional HFC have systems which reduces significantly low global warming potentials. direct emissions. Carbon dioxide offers a long-term solution suitable for many applications Introduction in refrigeration and heating, from In 1834 first VCRS cycle based domestic applications utilizing heat refrigeration machine is developed in pumps to provide hot water and London. After availability of electricity heating to commercial applications for automatic refrigeration system is supermarket refrigeration. The developed in 1897.First refrigerator technology is future proof requiring no used for commercial and domestic further retro-fitting to the next purpose was electric monitor top refrigerant “solution” promoted refrigerator in 1927. commercially.

3

Why CO2? Although ozone-depleting refrigerants have R-744 systems have been proposed been virtually phased out for a number of and installed in supermarkets in years, today’s concerns focuson the global- Denmark. these systems are industrial warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants.GWP in nature. As these would be is an estimate of how much a given mass of a expensive to install in the UK, an gas will contribute to global warming – also alternative arrangement has been called the greenhouse gas effect. Traditional used that is more economic, but synthetic refrigerants, when released into the retains safety and integrity features. atmosphere, can act as heat-trapping The system was designed as a dual greenhouse gases because of their molecular temperature cascade arrangement complexity. With its GWP of one, CO2 is, with refrigerant R-404A as the heat essentially, the baseline against which all rejecting, condensing medium for the other refrigerants are measured. Although R-744 two-stage cycle. The R-744 at - there are hundreds of man-made 10 oC acts as a volatile secondary refrigerants, CO2 is part of a small family of refrigerant in respect to sensible and “natural refrigerants,” or refrigerants that latent cooling making the evaporator occur in nature.CO2 refrigerant, also known more efficient. as R-744, compares favorably against current contemporary hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Expected Performance Calculations: container refrigerants R-134a and R-404A, COP = Q cooling / P input which have GWPs of 1320 and 3260, and the COP of the R-404a/CO2 and respectively. Although other synthetic R-404a systems becomes :[8] refrigerants are under development with COPtotal = (Q e M.T. + Q e L.T. ) /( P 404A+ lower GWPs than current HFCs, none P cond fans + P pump +P CO2) approach CO2. Moreover, with CO2 and refrigerant shipping lines don’t have the COPtotal = (Q e M.T. + Q e L.T.)/(P 404A M.T. + concerns with flammability or high toxicity P cond fans M.T +P 404A L.T. + P cond fans L.T. ) that they mighthave with other refrigerants, even some natural refrigerants,such as where : butane and ammonia. COPtotal = the total system coefficient of performance, Qe= evaporator R-744 Refrigeration System: capacity kW The excellent safety and environmental MT=medium temperature section, LT= properties associated with R-744 enable its low temperature section systems to offer real advantages to the retail P404a= power input R-404a compressor food industry. Its non-toxic and non- kW, PCO2=power input CO2 flammable nature are important because compressor kW large refrigerant charges are used in Ppump= power input refrigerant pump supermarkets and much of the refrigerant kW, Pcond fans =power input condenser runs in pipes through the customer area. fans kW

4 “ – V SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH”

Specifications Agni-V is an intercontinental developed by the Defence Research and Weight 50,000 kg Development Organization (DRDO) of India. It is part Length 17.5 m of the Agni series of missiles, one of the missile Diameter 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) systems under the original Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme. According to DRDO chief, the exact range of Agni V is "classified“ but Warhead Nuclear afterwards he described Agni V as a missile with a Warhead 1,500 kilograms range of 5,500-5,800 km. weight (3,300 lb)

The Agni-V is expected to be operational by 2014 to 2015 after four to five repeatable tests by the Engine Three stage solid DRDO. Indian authorities believe that the solid- fuel fuelled Agni-V is more than adequate to meet current Operational threat perceptions and security concerns. The missile range Over 5,000 will allow India to strike targets across Asia and into kilometres Europe. The missile was designed to be easy to (3,100 mi) transport by road through the utilization of a Speed Mach 24 canister-launch missile system which is distinct from Guidance those of the earlier Agni missiles. Agni-V would also system and iner carry MIRV (multiple independently targetable re- tial navigation entry vehicles) payloads being concurrently system, optionally developed. A single MIRV equipped missile can augmented deliver multiple warheads at different targets. by GPS. Terminal

guidance with Agni-V will incorporate advanced technologies possible radar involving ring laser gyroscope and accelerometer for scene correlation navigation and guidance. It takes its first stage from Agni-III, with a modified second stage and a Launch 8 x 8 Tatra TEL and miniaturized third stage to ensure it can fly to platform rail mobile distances of 5,000 kilometers (3,100 mi). With a launcher canister-launch system to impart higher road (canisterised mobility, the missile will give the armed forces much missile package) greater operational flexibility than the earlier- Transport Road or rail mobile generation of Agni missiles. 5 the ICONIC ENGINEER Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - Sunil Sindhu After completing his school education Dr. A.P.J Abdul at the rameshwaram elementary school, kalam went on to attend ,saint was born on 15 October Kalam joseph's college tiruchiappali then 1931 in an Islam family to affiliated with the university of madras, jainulabdeen, a boat owner and from where he graduated in physics in ashiamma, a housewife, at 1954. Towards the end of the course, rameswaram located in the south he was not enthusiastic about the Indian state of Tamil nadu he came subject and would later regret the four from a poor background and started years he studied it. He then moved to working at an early age to madras in 1955 to study aerospace supplement his family's income. He engineering. While kalam was working was brought up in a multi-religious on a senior class project, the dean was environment but did follow a dissatisfied with the lack of progress religious routine. After completing and threatened revoking his school, kalam distributed scholarship unless the project was newspapers in order to financially finished within the next two days. He contribute to his father's income in worked tirelessly on his project and his school years, he had average met the deadline, impressing the dean grades, but was described as a bright who later said, "I [dean] was putting and hardworking student who had a you [kalam] under stress and asking strong desire to learn and spend you to meet a difficult deadline". hours on his studies, especially mathematics.

"I inherited honesty and self-discipline from my father; from my mother, i inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness as did my three brothers and sisters." —A quote from kalam's autobiography

6 Career as scientist FUTURE INDIA: 2020 After graduating from Madras Institute of Technology In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly (MIT – Chennai) in 1960, Kalam joined of Aeronautical Development Establishment) as a chief scientist. Kalam advocates an action plan to develop started his career Defence Research and Development India into a knowledge superpower Organization(DRDO) by designing a small helicopter for and a developed nation by the year the Indian army, but remained unconvinced with the 2020. He regards his work on India's choice of his job at DRDO. Kalam was also part of the nuclear weapons program as a way to INCOSPAR committee underworking Vikram Sarabhai, assert India's place as a future the renowned space scientist. In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian space Research superpower. Organization(ISRO) where he was the project director of It was reported that, there was a India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) considerable demand in South Korea which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near for translated versions of books earth orbit in July 1980. Joining ISRO was one of authored by him.Kalam continues to Kalam's biggest achievements in life and he is said to take an active interest in other have found himself when he started to work on the SLV project. Kalam first started work on an expandable developments in the field of science rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.In 1963– and technology. He has proposed a 64, he visited Nasa's Langley Reaseach Center in research program for developing bio- Harmpton Virginia ,Goddarad Space Flight Center in implants. He is a supporter of Open Greenbelt, Maryland and Wallops Flight Facility situated Source over proprietary solutions and at Eastern Shore of Virginia. During the period between believes that the use of free software the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar SLV and SLV-III projects, both of which proved on a large scale will bring the benefits to be success. of information technology to more . In the 1970s, a landmark was achieved by ISRO when people. the locally built Rohini-1 was launched into space, using In his own words, "I feel comfortable the SLV rocket. In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two in the company of young people, projects, namely, Project Devil and Project Valiant , particularly high school students. which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme. Kalam and Henceforth, I intend to share with Dr. V. S. Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser them experiences, helping them to to the Defense Minister, worked on the suggestion by ignite their imagination and preparing the then Defense Minister, R. Venkataraman on a them to work for a developed India proposal for simulataneous development of a quiver of for which the road map is already missiles instead of taking planned missiles one by one. available." He continued to interact R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating 388 crore rupees for the mission, with students during his term as a named Integrated Guided Missile Development President and also during his post- Program (I.G.M.D.P) and appointed Kalam as the Chief presidency period as a visiting Executive. Kalam played a major part in developing professor at and Indian Institute of many missiles under the mission including Agni, an Management Indore, Chancellor of intermediate range ballistic missile and , the Indian Institute of Space Science and tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a time overruns. He was the Chief Scientific Adviser to the professor of Aerospace Engineering at Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research Anna University (Chennai),JSS and Development Organisation from July 1992 to University (Mysore), and an December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were adjunct/visiting faculty at many other conducted during this period where he played an academic and research institutions intensive political and technological role. across India 7 8 Eicher tractors is one of the biggest PRO/E is used in the RnD facility to tractor manufacturing company in prepare 3D models for various India. One of the major misconception components in tractors. is that this company is associated with eicher motors. In reality eicher has Another important department in the only the royality of the name and the company is the engineering department . rest of the company works unser This deptt. Is concerned with all the TMTL (TAFE Motors and tractors ltd.). engineering related issues in the production line. This department uses The company is situated in ZWCAD to draw various layouts of floors Mandideep, Bhopal and is an OEM and machine. This department takes high (Original Equipment Manufacturer). If level help from various vendor companies. you are thinking to join this company then you must know few of its pro and Besides these ,other deptt. such as cons. marketing, material, production, quality, maintenance are also there. These deptt. This company has a fabulous Research have their usual work as it is in the other and Development facility in the companies. factory premises. The RnD facility also has an access to a proto Lab which Few cons of this company which are helps them to do various analysis on notable is that it is an 6 day working tractors and their components. company. This might feel not important Recently a 64 HP harvesters was but working hours are too long and 6 day developed inside the proto Lsb which does become a stress in head. When is considered to be huge success for joining as a fresher the company makes the company. There is also a PDD Lab you a Junior Manager. This will give you a which collects the crucial Performance slow career as generally graduates are Parameter and its corresponding data. assistant manager in the company. 9 LIVE Projects

Apoorv Garg M-720-2k9

When The Dark Knight hit theaters in 2008, everyone loved Batman's Bat pod, an outrageous, nearly undrivable motorcycle with a bad attitude. So the question arises is the batpod really helpful to our society in any way. Let`s have a look on the special mechanical features of such kind of motorcycle. One of the most important feature of the Batpod was its low Centre of gravity. The batpod has to be designed in such a way that the humanx sitting should be in This turning mechanism helps in turning prone position. Why do we reduce center with very small radius of curvature of gravity? So that when we are taking a without falling off due to centrifugal fast turn driver should not fall off. This force. could be easily studied under the dynamics of machines. The second most The turning mechanism is actually a huge important feature is the aerodynamic challenge as there are three most important effect which comes due to prone position problems that are associated with designing of driver. The main target is to make the of this mechanism. First, the chassis is to be operator sit as low as possible. The third designed with flexibility to let the wheels and the most exciting feature of this turn. Second, the suspension of vehicles motorcycle is its transverse turning of should be detachable. Thirdly, the turning of wheels. Now to understand the transverse vehicle is very steep, it is difficult to control turning either go and watch dark knight or the turning range. see the next diagram.

10 PROS and CONS Also, this type of vehicle will have its problems in application point of view. The major issue with this vehicle is its difficulty to turn with large radius of curvature. Under extremely small curvature its easier to turn but with high turning radius the entire body weight would have to be shifted. Another important issue would be driver`s ergonomics (ease to drive), as the operator would be in prone position it would be a pain in the belly to drive. This type of vehicle can find a high application in the civil military purposes. This would be hard to drive but once mastered a person can reach from one point to another without much of time wasted at turns.

Sad and true, this type of vehicle has not PROGRESS developed till now (by which I mean a bike The designing process has begun and I have that turns about its transverse axis). So we done the designing of mechanical have very little information on how we can architecture. Also, I have completed ample design this hypothetical vehicle. However, calculation for the turning of wheels. Still, a looking at the positive side Christopher lot of designing process is still left and will Nolan (director DARK KNIGHT) has given take about 2 months more. If all goes well us a good insight of the vehicle through and the designing and analysis is a success his movie. then and then only we will go for production for its prototype. If you have any query or ARCHITECTURE: suggestion regarding this project then In my project, the important feature of the please email me at mechanical architecture is the bearing [email protected]. which turns the wheels. It is attached to HELP: the chassis with a shaft creating enough This project has a lot of leaning potential resistance against the turning of wheel and will help you to increase engineering as due to dynamic inertia. well as leadership skills. So anyone who is Another important idea is to incorporate interested to work with me or share his motor inside the wheel. This is a feasible knowledge in this project is highly concept and has been successfully used in welcomed. Just contact me through my many live projects. This helps in reducing email. Thaank you. the height under the driver but gives a huge disadvantage over dynamic stability. APOORV GARG Deptt. Of mechanical engg. 11 What Lies Beyond The Universe Or The Universe Is Infinite...? -Sahil Gupta

Is it possible that something else exists beyond existence? Yes. Here are few theories about what that "something" might be.

The "outside the universe" question gets tricky right off the bat, because first you have to define the universe. One common answer is called the observable universe, and it's defined by the speed of light. Since we can only Beyond the Hubble Volume. see things when the light they emit or We know with some certainty that there's reflect reaches us, we can never see "more universe" out there beyond that farther than the farthest distance light boundary, though. Astronomers think can travel in the time the universe has space might be infinite, with "stuff" existed. That means the observable (energy, galaxies, etc.) distributed pretty universe keeps getting bigger, but it is much the same as it is in the observable finite – the amount is sometimes universe. If it is, that has some seriously referred to as the Hubble Volume, after weird implications for what lies out there. the telescope that has given us our Beyond the Hubble Volume you won't just most distant views of the universe. find more, different planets. You will We'll never be able to see beyond that eventually find every possible thing. Read boundary, so for all intents and that again and let it sink in. Everything. If purposes, it's the only universe we'll you go far enough, you'll find another ever interact with. solar system with an Earth identical in every way except that you had cereal for breakfast this morning instead of eggs. And another where you skipped breakfast. And one where you got up early and robbed a bank. In fact, cosmologists think that if you go far enough, you will find another Hubble Volume that is perfectly identical to ours. There's another version of you out there mirroring your every action 10 to the 10^188 meters away. That may seem unlikely, but then, “infinity is awfully infinite”. 12

Variable Valve Timing with intelligence

VVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Toyota, similar in performance to the BMW's VANOS. The Toyota VVT-i system replaces the Toyota VVT offered starting in 24 December 1991 on the 5- valve per cylinder 4A- GE engine. The VVT system is a 2-stage hydraulically controlled cam phasing system. The Toyota motors CEO has been VVT-i, introduced in 1996, varies reported to have said, "VVT is the timing of the intake valves by the heart of every modern adjusting the relationship Toyota!"[ between the camshaft drive (belt, scissor-gear or chain) and intake camshaft. Engine oil pressure is applied to an actuator to adjust the camshaft position. Adjustments in the overlap time between the exhaust valve closing and intake valve opening result in improved engine efficiency. Variants of the system, including VVTL-i, Dual VVT- i, VVT-iE, and Valvematic, have followed. 13 A complete detailed column for all the incoming techfest (close to our college).

“Choose them , Beat them.”

14 Fests December- January

15 16 -Kanika Garg Aerospace engineering is the primary JOB OPPORTUNITIES branch of engineering concerned with the The Indian aerospace industry is growing design, construction, and science rapidly but as compared to the Europe or of aircraft and spacecraft. It is divided into the United States it is small in size. In India two major and overlapping you will most likely be employed in branches: aeronautical engineering and government owned enterprises such as ISRO astronautical engineering. The former deals (Indian Space Research Organisation), DRDO with craft that stay within Earth's (Defence Research and Development atmosphere, and the latter with craft that Organisation), HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics operate outside it. Ltd.), NAL (National Aeronautics Labs), etc. Aerospace Engineering deals with the The new area of opportunities are emerging design, construction, and study of the as many global airlines operators and science behind the forces and physical aircraft companies planning to open their properties of aircraft, rockets, flying craft, MRO- Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul and spacecraft. The field also covers facilities in India. their aerodynamic characteristics and behaviors, airfoil, control surfaces, lift, drag, ACADEMIC ELIGIBILITY and other properties. You need to be a BE/B.Tech. in aerospace CAREER PROSPECTS engineering. There are also diploma courses, Aerospace Engineers work in one of the which you can pursue after 10+2 but you will most technologically advanced branches of need to complete your degree before you engineering. They design, construct and get a good job. After graduation, you could test aircraft, missiles, satellites, rockets, pursue an M.Tech. or Ph.D. in aeronautics. spacecraft's and anything that flies. Besides Then there are exams conducted by the AeSI this, they are also involved in researching (Aeronautical Society Of India). This exam is new materials, engines, body shapes and considered equivalent to a Bachelor’s structures. This job is not just about science, degree in aerospace engineering. it’s also about creativity. You will not only You will study subjects like Principles of give wings to your imagination but also Flight, Aerodynamics, Aircraft structure, make it fly. Propulsion, Avionics, Electronics, Metrology, You will think of various designs most as well as Airworthiness Regulations and Air suitable for a spacecraft for this kind of Traffic Control. mission. You will then iron out your You will then have to choose an area of differences with other engineers and come specialisation namely, aerodynamics, to a consensus. Then comes testing a propulsion, structures, navigation and smaller model of this spacecraft in a wind control, instrumentation and tunnel and authorizing its airworthiness. The communication, etc. You could also final stage involves building the aircraft, specialise in aerospace products viz., testing it all over again and finally handing it commercial transport, military fighter jets, over. helicopters, spacecrafts, missiles or rockets. Student Adda xpress

“A wonderful initiative by our team. looking forward for the new asset being added to the club. Hope it will be knowledgeable and have enough scope for the students to participate and outcast themselves.” -Mayank Bhatia

“I am pretty much sure SAKSHAM would be highly successful in having worth of its name and try to make everyone SAKSHAM of their own potential” -Dilpreet Singh

“A technical magazine of our college is a very good idea. I am highly looking forward to read and participate with my work in the next edition.” -Divya Chauhan

“This is a nice way to communicate with our fellow technologist friends in college. Our small scale researches lead to a highly sophisticated technology. Looking forward for next edition keenly.” -Chirag Goyal

“Finally, a place to show the world my thoughts and works that is usually dissolved in my mind. Thank you SAKSHAM, looking forward for the next edition.” -Kanika Garg “Congratulation to mechnext for their successful first edition. I would like to suggest that a website which relates our technical work to world should also be given consideration” -Malay Nigam

18 References: Kaveri Engine • Gunston, Bill (Ed.) (June 15, 2006). "GTRE Kaveri" in Jane’s Aero- Engines, Issue 14. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited. ISBN 0-7106-1405-5 • Sharma, Ravi (2008-09-27). "Kaveri engine programme delinked from the Tejas". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 2008-09-28 Technical Paper • "Charles-Eugène Rochette (1922-2001). Le fondateur du Groupe Roche Ltée". Encyclobec. Retrieved 13 July 2011 Agni-V • "Missile defence system ready for induction: DRDO chief". IndianExpress news service. 28 April 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012. • "US appreciates India closing missile gap with China".THE TIMES OF INDIA. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012. APJ Abdul Kalam • A. P. J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K. Bhushan, G. Katyal; A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2002. Company review • Tmtl.co.in/abou.aspx# Project • Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics- Thomas D Gillepie Byond Universe • Hawking, Stephen (1988). A Brief History of Time. Bantam Books, Inc. ISBN 0-553-38016-8. VVT-I • ^ "Toyota Develops Next-generation Engine Valve Mechanism — 'Valvematic' Achieves High Fuel Efficiency and Dynamic Performance — ". TOYOTA. 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2009-06-29. NEMS • Collins, PG; Bradley, K; Ishigami, M; Zettl, A (2000). "Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes". Science 287 (5459): 1801–4. Bibcode2000Sci...287.1801C

the stepping stones are laid…. now let us hold hands and reach the zenith

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