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A Coal-Measure Forest Near Socorro, New Mexico Spencer G New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/60 A coal-measure forest near Socorro, New Mexico Spencer G. Lucas, William A. Dimichele, Karl Krainer, Dan S. Chaney, and Justin A. Spielmann, 2009, pp. 235-242 in: Geology of the Chupadera Mesa, Lueth, Virgil; Lucas, Spencer G.; Chamberlin, Richard M.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 60th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 438 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2009 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission. Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications. One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission. Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use. Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission. This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. NewA COAL-MEASURE Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, FOREST 60th NEARField Conference, SOCORRO Geology of the Chupadera Mesa Region, 2009, p. 235-242. 235 A COAL-MEASURE FOREST NEAR SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO SPENCER G. LUCAS1, WILLIAM A. DIMICHELE2, KARL KRAINER3, DAN S. CHANEY2 AND JUSTIN A. SPIELMANN1 1New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque, NM 87104 2Department of Paleobiology, NMNH Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560 3Institute of Geology and Paleontology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, AUSTRIA ABSTRACT—In 1904, Clarence Luther Herrick described a lycopsid flora (including three new species of Lepidodendron) from “fire clay” of Pennsylvanian age being mined for brick manufacturing east of Socorro. Herrick’s description of the locality was vague, and it has not been revisited in nearly a century. In 2002 we relocated Herrick’s locality. The “fire clay” is a refractory gray to black shale in the lower part of the Middle Pennsylvanian (Atokan) Sandia Formation that can be followed on strike through a series of fault blocks for more than 2 km. The Sandia Formation at the lycopsid locality contains basal trough- crossbedded quartzose sandstone and quartzite-pebble conglomerate about 4 m thick, filling channels scoured into Proterozoic granite. These coarse clastics are sharply overlain by ~2.5 m of gray and yellow, fine-grained, massive to thinly laminated sandstone, which has lycopsid bark concentrated near the top. This in turn is overlain by the “fire clay” interval, ~4 m of gray and black shale, siltstone, and fine sandstone, which in the lower part contains lenses of coal, a few Lingula, and a flora. We suggest this succession represents fluvial deposits directly overlain by an estuarine deposit (lycopsid beds and “fire clay”). Our collections of fossil plants from the lycopsid bed include Lepidodendron aculeatum, Lepidostrobus, possibly Synchysidendron, stigmarian roots and strap-like leaves of the lepidodendrids, Sphenophyllum, and neuropterid foliage. Because the type speci- mens of the species of Lepidodendron Herrick named were destroyed in a fire in 1910, we collected new specimens to serve as “topotypes” of the species. However, most of Herrick’s species appear to be within the range of variability known from the single species Lepidodendron aculeatum. This lycopsid locality in the Sandia Formation is significant because it indicates that a typical wetland swamp flora existed in New Mexico during early tectonism of the Ancestral Rocky Mountain orogeny. INTRODUCTION writer a number of years ago, but it long proved impossible to study the locality in person.” The plant fossils came from a bed In 1904, Clarence Luther Herrick (1858-1904), one of the pio- of “fire clay” being mined east of Socorro, for brick manufactur- neer geologists of the New Mexico Territory, reported on what he ing. The fossil plants apparently were first brought to Herrick’s termed a “coal-measure forest” near Socorro. This “forest” was attention by George Thwaites, whom Herrick honored by naming an unusual Pennsylvanian fossil plant locality exclusively yield- a new species, Lepidodendron thwaitesi. ing remains of the lycopsid Lepidodendron. Although Herrick A key element of Herrick’s description of the Lepidodendron (1904) gave precise data on the geologic setting of the fossil site, locality is his geological cross section (Fig. 1), which shows two he offered very vague information about its geographic location. “granite ribs” where the “Sandia formation of the Coal Measures Indeed, this fossil locality remained unknown (or overlooked) for is exposed in basin-like relation upon the granite…” across two almost a century, until we relocated it in 2002 (Lucas et al., 2003). faults (Herrick, 1904, p. 239). He further noted (p. 240) that “it is Here, we provide thorough documentation of Herrick’s site and in the V formed by these two faults that the best example occurs discuss the paleoecology of the paleoflora he reported. of the “fire clay” beds with the enclosed plant remains.” Herrick (1904, p. 241) stated that “the fire clay, with its attendant shales, HERRICK’S DOCUMENTATION reposes directly upon the granite, or with a thin layer of quartz- ite in between” and that “in the clay and especially in the shales Although Herrick (1904) provided an extensive discussion overlying are the remains of lepidodendrids and other coal plants of the Lepidodendron locality near Socorro, he knew of the site referred to.” Herrick (1904) described the stratigraphic section at before 1900, because Herrick and Johnson (1900, pl. 7) first illus- the Lepidodendron locality in some detail, referring to the “fire trated plant fossils from the locality. As Herrick (1904, p. 237) clay” beds as the “Incarnacion” fire clay, and assigning it and put it, “such an area [with a “coal flora”] became known to the adjacent strata to the Sandia Formation. FIGURE 1. Herrick’s (1904, fig. 1) geological cross section at the Lepidodendron locality. The plant-bearing bed is just below the “fire clay” above the Precambrian granite in the middle of the cross section. Compare to Figure 3A. 236 LUCAS, DIMICHELE, KRAINER, CHANEY, & SPIELMANN Herrick (1904, figs. 3-10) also illustrated specimens of Lepi- provided what can be construed as diagnoses – so the taxonomic dodendron (Fig. 2) to which he assigned three new species names names Herrick (1904) introduced are available. However, in 1910 (L. thwaitesi, L. socorroense and L. keyesi) and one new variety the type specimens of the Lepidodendron species and variety he name (L. thwaitesi var. striolatum). His text (Herrick, 1904, p. named were destroyed in a fire at Denison University in Ohio 250-251) described characteristics of these new taxa and thus (Herrick, 1955). Herrick’s (1904, p. 248) summary comment FIGURE 2. Fossil plants from Herrick’s “coal-measure forest” illustrated by Herrick and Johnson (1900) and Herrick (1904). A-D, Lepidodendron sp., from Herrick and Johnson (1900, pl. 7). E, L. thwaitesi (from Herrick, 1904, fig. 3). F, L. thwaitesi (from Herrick, 1904, fig. 4). G, L. thwaitesi var. striolatum (from Herrick, 1904, fig. 5). H, L. socorroense (from Herrick, 1904, fig. 6). I, L. socorroense (from Herrick, 1904, fig. 7). J, L. keyesi (from Herrick, 1904, fig. 8). K, L. sp. (from Herrick, 1904, fig. 9). L, “Stigmaria” (from Herrick, 1910, fig. 10). No scale indicated by Herrick and Johnson (1900) for A-D, but all figures are close to natural size. A COAL-MEASURE FOREST NEAR SOCORRO 237 about these fossil plants was that “the forms seem to be new, and There is a discontinuity at the top of the shale overlain by a 7 may serve to assist in calling attention to similar occurrences in m thick succession (Fig. 4, units 8-11) composed of alternating, the Southwest.” laminated and ripple-laminated siltstone and fine-grained sand- stone with a thin channel-fill sandstone at the base. This sand- REDESCRIPTION OF HERRICK’S LOCALITY stone has an erosive base and lenses out laterally. In the lower part laminated silty shale is intercalated (Fig. 4, unit 9). Subsequent to Herrick (1904), we are unaware of any spe- Above a mostly covered slope (light gray silty shale: unit 12), cific mention of or analysis of his Lepidodendron locality until a poorly laminated red and gray sandstone with a thin, basal, we rediscovered it in 2002 (Lucas et al., 2003). It is particularly poorly sorted, coarse pebbly sandstone at the base is exposed interesting that Darton (1928, p. 68) described a measured section (Fig. 4, unit 13), followed by greenish-brownish silty shale (Fig.
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