DOCSLIB.ORG

Great Problems in Philosophy and Physics Solved? / Bob Doyle, the Information Philosopher

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Great Problems in Philosophy and Physics Solved? / Bob Doyle, the Information Philosopher Great Problems of Philosophy and Physics SOLVED? Bob Doyle The Information Philosopher “beyond logic and language” This book on the web informationphilosopher.com/problems/ and metaphysicist.com Great Problems of Philosophy and Physics SOLVED? Bob Doyle The Information Philosopher “beyond logic and language” First edition, 2016 © 2016, Bob Doyle, The Information Philosopher All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by electronic or mechanical means (including photo- copying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without the prior permission of The Information Philosopher. Publisher’s Cataloging-In-Publication Data (Prepared by The Donohue Group, Inc.) Names: Doyle, Bob, 1936- Title: Great problems in philosophy and physics solved? / Bob Doyle, the Information Philosopher. Other Titles: Great problems - solved? Description: First edition. | Cambridge, MA, USA : I-Phi Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: ISBN 978-0-9835802-8-7 | ISBN 978-0-9835802- 9-4 (EPUB) Subjects: LCSH: Philosophy--Textbooks. | Philosophy and science--Textbooks. Classification: LCC BD21 .D69 2016 (print) | LCC BD21 (ebook) | DDC 100--dc23 I-Phi Press 77 Huron Avenue Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA Dedication To the hundreds of philosophers and scientists with web pages on the Information Philosopher website. After collecting and reading their works for the past six decades, I have tried to capture their essential contributions to philosophy and physics, as much as practical with excerpts in their own words. Special thanks to many who have sent suggestions and corrections to ensure that their work is presented as accurately as possible for the students and young professionals who use the I-Phi website (nearly a thousand unique new visitors every day) as an entry point into some great intellectual problems that they may themselves help to solve in the coming decades. As a scientist and inventor, the author has contributed some modest tools to help individuals and communities communicate, to share information. So he would like also to dedicate this work to some of the creators of the world’s fundamental information- sharing technologies. Alexander Graham Bell, Alan Turing, Claude Shannon, John von Neumann, Norbert Wiener, Steve Jobs, Tim Berners-Lee, Mark Zuckerberg, Jimmy Wales, Larry Page, Sergei Brin. Information philosophy builds on the intersection of computers and communications. These two technologies will facilitate the sharing of knowledge around the world in the very near future, when almost everyone will have a smartphone and affordable access to the Internet and the World-Wide Web. Information is like love. Giving it to others does not reduce it. It is not a scarce economic good. Sharing it increases the Sum of information in human minds. Information wants to be free. Bob Doyle Cambridge, MA September, 2016 vi Great Problems in Philosophy and Physics - Solved? Contents Contents vii Table of Contents Preface xi How To Use This Book With The I-Phi Website 1 1. Introduction 3 The New Ideas of Information Philosophy 4; The Three Worlds of Information Philosophy 9; Information Creation in the Material World 10; Information Creation in the Biological World 11; Information Creation in the World of Ideas 12; What Does Creation of Information Mean? 13 2. Metaphysics 15 Possibility and Possible Worlds 22; Naming and Necessity 24; Actual Possibles 25; Actualism 28; Identity 30; Criteria 30; Coinciding Objects 33; Composition 38; Aristotle Essences 45; Modal Logic Is Not Metaphysics 47 3. Ontology 55 The Metaphysicist’s Approach 56; Continuous or Discrete? 58; Meta-Ontology 61 4. Free Will 63 The Two-Stage Model of Free Will 64; Neuroscientific Evidence for the Two-Stage Model 66; History of the Free Will Problem 69; The Standard Argument Against Free Will 74; Possible Worlds and Alternative Possibilities 76; Free Will and Creativity 77 5. Value 79 An Information-based Moral Code? 84; A Minimum Moral/Political Message? 85; An Information-based Social Contract? 87; Information and Negative Entropy as Objective Values 89 6. Good and Evil 91 Information (Negative Entropy) as Objective Good? 92; Evil 93; A Statistical Comparison with Societal Norms 95 7. God and Immortality 97 No Creator, But There Was/Is A Creation 98; Theodicy (The Problem of Evil) 98; Omniscience and Omnipotence Contradictory? 98; The Ergod 99; The Problem of Immortality 100 8. Epistemology 103 The History of Epistemology 104; The Search for Knowledge Turns Inward 109 9. Universals 119 The One and the Many 122; Philosophical Triads 126; Three Sources for Authoritative Knowledge 128; Types of Triads 128; A Few Tetrads 129 10. The Problem of Induction 131 Induction and the Scientific Method 137 11. The Problem of Meaning 139 Meaning in the Theory of Information 142 12. Mind 147 The Scandal in Psychology 147; Mind as Immaterial Information 148; Information Evolves to Become Mind 149; An Information Mind Model 150 viii Great Problems in Philosophy and Physics - Solved? 13. The Mind-Body Problem 155 Interactionists 156; The Mind-Brain Identity Theory 158; Eliminative Materialism 159; Mind/Body and the ERR 163 14. Consciousness 165 The Binding Problem 166 15. The Self and Other Minds 171 Mind Over Matter? 172; The Problem of Other Minds 173 16. Mental Causation 177 The Problem of Mental Causation according to Kim 179; The Emergence of Life from Matter and Mind from Life 179; Ribosomes Select Randomly Moving Amino Acids 181; Ion Pumps in Neurons Select Individual Atoms 183; Information Solves the Problem of Mental Causation. 185; “Bottom-up” Physical Processes Are Not Deterministic 186; Molecular Machines 187 17. Information Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 189 The “Possibilities Function” 194; Possibilities and Information Theory 196; Other Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics 198 18. The Measurement Problem 201 Von Neumann’s Two Processes 205; Designing a Quantum Measurement Apparatus 207; An Irreversible Example of Process 1 208; The Bound- ary between the Classical and Quantum Worlds 210; The Role of the Conscious Observer 211; Three Essential Steps in a “Measurement” and “Observation” 214; Quantum Collapses Can Produce New Information 215 19. Determinism 217 Indeterminism 219; Determination 220; The Emergence of Determin- ism 222; The History of Determinism 222 20. Collapse of the Wave Function 225 What is the Wave Function? 225; Information Physics Explains the Two-Slit Experiment 227; Where Is Information About Probabilities Embodied? 230 21. Entanglement 233 Einstein’s Discovery of Nonlocality and Nonseparability 235; The Importance of Conservation Laws in Entanglement 240; Can a Special Frame Resolve the EPR Paradox? 242; Do We Need Superdeterminism? 245; EPR “Loopholes” and Free Will 246 22. Decoherence 249 The Decoherence Program 251; The Measurement Process 257; The Measurement Problem 259; What Decoherence Gets Right 261; What Decoherence Gets Wrong 263; Quantum Interactions Do Not Create Lasting Information 263; The Transition from Quantum to Classical World 263; Decoherence and Standard Quantum Mechanics 264 23. Schrödinger’s Cat 269 24. The Arrow of Time 277 The Thermodynamic Arrow 277; The Historical Arrow 281; The Radiation Arrow 282; The Cosmological Arrow 283 25. Microscopic Irreversibility 285 The Origin of Irreversibility 287; Detailed Balancing 290 Contents ix 26. The Recurrence Problem 293 Zermelo’s Paradox 293; The Extreme Improbability of Perfect Recurrence 295 27. Emergence 297 Emergence or Reduction? 297; History of the Idea of Emergence 298; Three Kinds of Information Emergence 302; Emergence in the Body 305; Emer- gence in the Brain 306; The Emergence of Immaterial Information Process- ing 306; The Emergence of Determinism 307; There Was a Time with No Determinism 308; Emergence Denied 309 28. Origins of Life and Information 311 History and Evolution in the Universe 312; The Origin of Information 316; Information in Biology 317; Biological Machines 319; Ribosomes 321; ATP Synthase 323; The Flagellum 324; Chaperones 326; Motive Power? 326; Life, Love, and Death 327; Working Backwards in Time 327 A. Information 331 Information in the Universe 334; Information and Entropy 342 B. Entropy and the Second Law 345 Discrete Particles 345; The Second Law of Thermodynamics 349; Entropy Flows in the Universe 354; Positive and Negative Flows 356 C. Quantum Physics 361 Basic Quantum Mechanics 366; The Principle of Superposition 367; The Axiom of Measurement 368; The Projection Postulate 369; Dirac’s Three Polarizers 371; The Wonder and Mystery of the Oblique Polarizer 374; The Quantum Physics Explanation 375; Einstein and Quantum Physics 376 D. Chance 379 The Calculus of Probabilities 381; Chance and Free Will 392 E. Experience Recorder and Reproducer 395 The Binding Problem 398; Speed and Power of the ERR 399; How the ERR Works 400; The ERR and Consciousness 401; Four “Levels” of the ERR 403; What It’s Like To Be A... 404; Mental States? 405; Summary 406 F. The Cosmic Creation Process 409 The Fundamental Question of Information Philosophy 409; The Two Steps in Cosmic Creation 411; The Flatness Problem in Cosmology 414; The Problem of Missing Mass 416; The Horizon Problem 417 G. Biosemiotics 419 Will Biologists Accept Biosemiotics? 420 Bibliography 423 Arrow of Time 423; Biology 423; Chance 424; Consciousness 424; Cosmology 424; Decoherence 425; Einstein 425; Emergence 426; Entanglement 426; Epistemology 426; Free Will 427; Information in Biology 428; Information 428; Meaning 428; Metaphysics 429; Mind 429; Origin of Life 431; Philosophy 432; Physics 432; Psychology 433; Quantum Mechanics 434; Theology 435; Value 435 Index 437 Image Credits 450; Books by Bob Doyle 450; Colophon 450 x Great Problems of Philosophy - Solved? Preface Preface Preface xi Preface If I am right that information philosophy is a new method of philosophizing, if by going “beyond logic and language” it can provide new philosophical insights, it should be tested, applied to Preface some of the great problems in philosophy and the philosophy of science. But what are the great problems? A survey of several popular textbooks on philosophy produces a remarkable consensus on the problems facing philosophers from ancient to modern times.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reading Death in Ancient Rome
    Reading Death in Ancient Rome Reading Death in Ancient Rome Mario Erasmo The Ohio State University Press • Columbus Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erasmo, Mario. Reading death in ancient Rome / Mario Erasmo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1092-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1092-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Death in literature. 2. Funeral rites and ceremonies—Rome. 3. Mourning cus- toms—Rome. 4. Latin literature—History and criticism. I. Title. PA6029.D43E73 2008 870.9'3548—dc22 2008002873 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978-0-8142-1092-5) CD-ROM (978-0-8142-9172-6) Cover design by DesignSmith Type set in Adobe Garamond Pro by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI 39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures vii Preface and Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION Reading Death CHAPTER 1 Playing Dead CHAPTER 2 Staging Death CHAPTER 3 Disposing the Dead 5 CHAPTER 4 Disposing the Dead? CHAPTER 5 Animating the Dead 5 CONCLUSION 205 Notes 29 Works Cited 24 Index 25 List of Figures 1. Funerary altar of Cornelia Glyce. Vatican Museums. Rome. 2. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. Vatican Museums. Rome. 7 3. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus (background). Vatican Museums. Rome. 68 4. Epitaph of Rufus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Josho Nahuanbo Are All Wet and Undercooked
    ROE: Shipibo Views of the Whiteman 107 During the course of excavating sites in the UcayaJi baSin, my Shipibo 5 workers discovered a ceramic artifact which they promptly (and in some hilarity) identified as a §hebiinanti. Archaeologists usually label any enigmatiC artifact for which a technical function is not immediately apparent a "ceremonial object," and in this case they would be right. It The Josho Nahuanbo Are All Wet was a small, slightly concave, baked ceramic rectangle with incised designs on one surface; the modern counterpart is painted with prelire and Undercooked: Shipibo Views designs in the Shipibo style. It serves as a "vaginal bandage or cover" and is an integral part of the Shipibo-Conibo female puberty rite, the of the Whiteman and the Incas ani §hiiati (big drinking). Applied after a radical clitoridectomy (Roe I982a:93-112) , it is discarded onto the midden after the girl heals, in Myth, Legend, and History precisely where we recovered it. A veritable uNaven" in the Batesonian sense (Lathrap, Gebhart-Sayer, and Mester 1985:78), this ceremony was Peter G. Roe a "condensed metaphor" giving insight into the whole of Shipibo­ Conibo cosmology. Since this ceremony and the artifact that is central to it are unique to the Shipibo-Conibo, the modern cultural affiliations of the archaeological complex seem clear. My interest in the interrelationships of history and myth among the We also recovered a cache of one pure native copper axe and one Shipibo Indians of the Peruvian montana accidentally began while copper spokeshave a t the site. Both of these artifacts were tar too soft to I was researching the Late Prehistory of the upper Ucayali River.
    [Show full text]
  • For a Falcon
    New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves CRESCENT BOOKS NEW YORK New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Translated by Richard Aldington and Delano Ames and revised by a panel of editorial advisers from the Larousse Mvthologie Generate edited by Felix Guirand and first published in France by Auge, Gillon, Hollier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie, the Librairie Larousse, Paris This 1987 edition published by Crescent Books, distributed by: Crown Publishers, Inc., 225 Park Avenue South New York, New York 10003 Copyright 1959 The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited New edition 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. ISBN 0-517-00404-6 Printed in Yugoslavia Scan begun 20 November 2001 Ended (at this point Goddess knows when) LaRousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves Perseus and Medusa With Athene's assistance, the hero has just slain the Gorgon Medusa with a bronze harpe, or curved sword given him by Hermes and now, seated on the back of Pegasus who has just sprung from her bleeding neck and holding her decapitated head in his right hand, he turns watch her two sisters who are persuing him in fury. Beneath him kneels the headless body of the Gorgon with her arms and golden wings outstretched. From her neck emerges Chrysor, father of the monster Geryon. Perseus later presented the Gorgon's head to Athene who placed it on Her shield.
    [Show full text]
  • First Name Americanization Patterns Among Twentieth-Century Jewish Immigrants to the United States
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2017 From Rochel to Rose and Mendel to Max: First Name Americanization Patterns Among Twentieth-Century Jewish Immigrants to the United States Jason H. Greenberg The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1820 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] FROM ROCHEL TO ROSE AND MENDEL TO MAX: FIRST NAME AMERICANIZATION PATTERNS AMONG TWENTIETH-CENTURY JEWISH IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES by by Jason Greenberg A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics, The City University of New York 2017 © 2017 Jason Greenberg All Rights Reserved ii From Rochel to Rose and Mendel to Max: First Name Americanization Patterns Among Twentieth-Century Jewish Immigrants to the United States: A Case Study by Jason Greenberg This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics. _____________________ ____________________________________ Date Cecelia Cutler Chair of Examining Committee _____________________ ____________________________________ Date Gita Martohardjono Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT From Rochel to Rose and Mendel to Max: First Name Americanization Patterns Among Twentieth-Century Jewish Immigrants to the United States: A Case Study by Jason Greenberg Advisor: Cecelia Cutler There has been a dearth of investigation into the distribution of and the alterations among Jewish given names.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record—Senate S283
    January 22, 1996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S283 forgotten and I will do whatever I can has bullied the Philippines over contested is- power to a collection of reformers who them- to ensure the days of the back-alley lands in the South China Sea, twice con- selves squandered the chance for real change. abortion, a virtual death sentence for ducted missile tests in the waters off Tai- Today the LDP is back in a cynical misalli- women, remain a tragic thing of the wan, resumed irresponsible weapons trans- ance with its nemesis, the socialists, whom fers and imposed its own choice as the re- it hopes to shortly expel. past. Let today remind us that, for now incarnated Panchen Lama, the second most When does that leave us? With the Bur- at least, the law is on our side. important religious figure in Tibet. Mean- mese, or the Indonesian generals, or perhaps I urge President Clinton to join us while, as The Times’s Patrick Tyler reports, Thailand, where politicians are so corrupt today in commemorating this land- influential military commanders have begun they stay out of jail? mark anniversary. And I respectfully pushing for military action against Taiwan Reading the Mainland press, Taiwan’s re- request that he deliver on his promise and turned to confrontational rhetoric cent peaceful, multiparty elections never to veto H.R. 1833. The women of this against the United States. happened. No mention—the dog that didn’t country are counting on him to do Washington has minimized these provo- bark. A decade ago, the phrase ‘‘Taiwanese what is right.
    [Show full text]
  • 159 Athena Katsanevaki CHROMATICISM
    Athena Katsanevaki Chromaticism – a theoretical construction or… Athena Katsanevaki CHROMATICISM – A THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTION OR A PRACTICAL TRANSFORMATION? Abstract: Chromaticism is a phenomenon which is shared by different musical cultu- res. In the Balkans it is evident both in ecclesiastical and traditional music. In an- tiquity it was attested by ancient Greek writers and was described in theory. It is also apparent in different forms in ancient Greek musical fragments. Nevertheless it is disputed whether it represents a theoretical form (genus) or reflects a musical practice and its formation. Apart from any theoretical analysis of ancient Greek testimony, ethnomusicology can contribute to an explanation by classification and interpretation of various forms in which chromaticism is found in the Balkans. In Northwestern Greece many different forms can offer us various melodic paths that, if followed by vocal or instrumental musical practice, result in special chromatic melodic move- ments. Such movements reveal the genesis of tense chromatic and actually reveal some implications about the differences between the two chromatic shades (tense and soft) in traditional and ecclesiastical music. Keywords: chromatic, hemitonic pentatonic, anhemitonic pentatonic, the Balkans, Nikriz. Introduction In Northwestern Greece a chromatic element is found in traditional melodies. These melodies, using purely pentatonic tunings, present an alteration of a tone on top of the tetrachord. This chromatic element is usually not presented as a clear chromaticism. It is considered to be a practice which colors the melodies. In this system found in Northwestern Greece the chromatic element is attested in many ways as a flexible practice which becomes stabilized and concludes a musical structure.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gospel of Hellas 
    the gospel of hellas THE GOSPEL OF HELLAS The Mission of Ancient Greece and The Advent of Christ the gospel of hellas eneral view of side, W. view ofeneral side, G Athens: Acropolis Acropolis Athens: THE GOSPEL OF HELLAS The Mission of Ancient Greece and The Advent of Christ by F R E D E R I C K H I E B E L We must not follow those who advise us mortals to think of mortal things, but we must, so far as we can, make ourselves immortal. – aristotle (Nikomachean Ethics) 1949 ANTHROPOSOPHIC PRESS new york 2008 Research InstitUte for Waldorf EDUcation Wilton, NH the gospel of hellas The electronic publication was funded by the Waldorf Curriculum Fund © Research Institute for Waldorf Education, 2008 Editor: David Mitchell Scanning and Copyediting: Ann Erwin Cover design: Scribner Ames Antrhrposophic Press, 1943 ISBN: None Preface Out of print reference books are often difficult to locate. Through the foresight and support of the Waldorf Curriculum Fund, this title has been resurrected and is now available gratis in an electronic version on www.waldorflibrary.org, one of the websites of the Research Institute for Waldorf Education. We hope you will find this resource valuable. Please contact us if you have other books that you would like to see posted. – David Mitchell Research Institute for Waldorf Education Boulder, CO August 2008 the gospel of hellas To my dear wife Beulah Emmet Hiebel By the same author: shakespeare and the awakening of modern consciousness TABLE OF CONTENTS preface ........................................................................................................11 introduction: A New View of Hellenic Culture ....................................13 chapter I: The Hellenic Consciousness ....................................................18 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The American English Pronunciation of Greek Immigrants: a Study in Language Contact with Pedagogical Implications
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received ® 7-2402 ALATIS, James Efstathios, 1926- THE AMERICAN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK IMMIGRANTS: A STUDY IN LANGUAGE CONTACT WITH PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1966 Language and Literature, linguistics University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ^ Copyright by JAMES EFSTATHIOS ALATIS 1967 THE AMERICAN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK IMMIGRANTS: A STUDY IN LANGUAGE CONTACT WITH PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James E; A latis, A.B., M.A The Ohio State University 1966 Approved by: Ar-*-**0-** /ft* A dviser d v i s e r gy Department of English "We are ell Greeka. Our laws, our literature, our religion, our arte have their roots In Greece." •-Percy Bysshe Shelley 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express ray deep gratitude to Professor Francis Lee Utley for his Invaluable advice and guidance. Without his contin­ uous encouragement and understanding, this study would never have been possible. Since he introduced toe to the field of English Linguistics, I have benefited again and again from his wide-ranging knowledge, his teaching, and his friendship. Professor Robert M. Estrlch wrote me an important letter at a crucial moment In my career, which inspired me to make the decision that resulted In the actual writing of this dissertation. I shall never forget him for this. 1 am grateful also to Dr. Kenneth W. Mlldenberger, Director of Programs, Modern Language Association of America (formerly of the U.
    [Show full text]
  • Eine Neue Form Von Parnassius Mnemosyne L. Von Hans Reisser, Wien
    Seite 60 Zeitschrift des Osterr. Entomologen-Vereines 9. Jahrgang Anmerkung: Bei dieser Gelegenheit, da ich auf die sibi- rischen apollo - Rassen zu sprechen komme, sei es mir gestattet, der Arbeit von O. Hesse „Parnassius apollo L. Variationen oder Aberrationen?" (Rev. Russe d'Ent., XIII, pp. 61—65, 1913) kurz zu gedenken. Der Autor hat in mehreren Jahren eine Anzahl (bis 1000 Stück) P. Apollo bei Irkutsk gesammelt, von denen er 100 Stück für seine Sammlung wählte. Auf dieses Material sich stützend, macht er die Angabe, er hätte die Formen „hesebolus Nordm., sibirica Nordm., uralensis Obth.. graslini Obth., minerva Btl. und jedenfalls noch andere" gefunden und wären diese Formen höchstens als Aberrationen, keinesfalls aber als Lokal- formen anzusehen. Es ist aber klar, daß Herr Hesse eine ganz irreführende Methode anwandte, die sich natürlich gar nicht für ein Studium der Lokalrassen eignet und die ihn auch zu falschen Schlußfolgerungen veranlaßte. In größeren Serien jeder Lokalform finden sich stets Stücke, die von der dominierenden Form der Lokalität mehr oder weniger abweichen und sich durch gewisse Merkmale den verwandten Rassen nähern. Dies wäre· aber doch kein Grund, den Wert der Rassen als solche anzuzweifeln, da doch der gesamte Habitus einer ganzen Serie aus einer Lokali- tät für die Charakteristik der Rasse maßgebend erscheint. Wenn wir auch keine anderen Gründe hätten, die es uns nicht ermög- lichen, die Ansichten des Herrn Hesse zu teilen, so müßten wir, so weit ein genauer Vergleich von Serien der diversen Rassen, deren Wert bestritten wird, von Herrn Hesse nicht vorgenom- men wurde, schon a priori seine Schlußfolgerungen als wertlos ansehen.
    [Show full text]
  • New Oxford History of Music Volume I Ancient and Oriental Music
    NEW OXFORD HISTORY OF MUSIC VOLUME I ANCIENT AND ORIENTAL MUSIC EDITED BY EGON WELLESZ LONDON OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK TORONTO Oxford University Press, Ely House, London W. I GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON CAPE 'fOWN SALISBURY IBADAN NAIROBI LUSAKA ADDIS ABABA DAR•ES•SALAAM BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA KUALA LUMPUR SINGAPORE HONG KONG TOKYO FIRST EDITION 1957 REPRINTED 1960, 1966- AND -1969 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN IX ANCIENT GREEK MUSIC By ISOBEL HENDERSON THE MUSICAL TRADITION IN ANTIQUITY 1 IN the nineteenth century it seemed not incredible that the music of the medieval churches might derive from some trickle of Hellenic tradition. Medieval studies have now dispelled such conjectures: even in antiquity we cannot assume the continuous evolution of. one species of 'Greek music'. The main instrumental types and the main theoretical terms persist. But instruments are inadequate clues to a music predominantly vocal; and the terms of theory seldom referred to musical facts. With the notable exception of Aristoxenus, the purpose of Greek theorists was not to analyse the art of music but to expound the independent science of harmonics; and ultimately the transmission of this harmonic science had no more to do with the history of musical art than the transmission of Greek astronomy or medicine. 2 History must start from the great and obvious divergence between the fates of language and of music among Greeks who could quote their Homer for two millennia, but who ceased, after a certain point, to know their musical past except as they knew names of dead athletes.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquisition of the Verbal Domain in Child Greek
    ACQUISITION OF THE VERBAL DOMAIN IN CHILD GREEK EVIDENCE FROM A NEW CHILD GREEK CORPUS Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences Thomas Doukas June 2011 ABSTRACT The current thesis addresses the acquisition of the verbal domain in early Greek by exploring tense, finiteness, and subject-verb agreement based on samples from two monolingual children aged 1;7 – 2;11. The analyses of the data address two main theoretical accounts of language acquisition, namely, the generative approach and the usage-based approach. The results of the analyses, however, suggest that the latter approach did not provide sufficient empirical evidence to account for the data presented in this study. Previous research suggested that sigmatic past in Greek is more prominent than non-sigmatic past, and therefore, its acquisition is subject to a dual mechanism. The results of the use of past tense suggest that sigmatic forms are used more often than non-sigmatic ones. A frequency analysis suggests that high frequency past tense forms in adults are used more often by children than low frequency ones. Studies in child Greek proposed an early stage of development, during which children produce non-finite non-adult verbal forms, also referred to as the Root Infinitive stage. The data analysis show very few non-finite non-adult forms. These occur in children‘s speech only for a very short period at around the age of 2 years. The frequency analysis reveals that input does not relate to the production of RIs in children‘s speech.
    [Show full text]
  • Zeidler: Geschichte Der Philosophie I
    Kurt Walter Zeidler – Philosophie der Antike Geschichte der Philosophie I Philosophie der Antike Kurt Walter Zeidler – Philosophie der Antike Literatur: F. Ricken, Philosophie der Antike (Grundkurs Philosophie 6), Stuttgart 1988 (Urban-Tb. 350). W. Röd, Der Weg der Philosophie, Bd. 1, München (C.H. Beck) 1994. Quellen: Hermann Diels, Walther Kranz (Hrsg. und Übers.), Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 3 Bde, Berlin 1912 (= DK) Diogenes Laertius, Leben und Meinungen berühmter Philosophen (= Diog. Laert.) Verpflichtende Lektüre: Platon, Euthyphron. Antike I 01 Kurt Walter Zeidler – Philosophie der Antike Die Sieben Weisen Kurze denkwürdige Sprüche aus dem 7. und 6. Jahrhundert Der Lakedämonier „schießt […] ein tüchtiges, ganz kurzes zusammengedrängtes Wort wie ein gewaltiger Bogenschütze, so daß, wer mit ihm spricht, nicht besser als ein Kind gegen ihn erscheint. Eben dieses nun haben sowohl von den Neueren einige eingesehen als auch von den Alten, daß das Lakonisieren weit mehr in der Liebe zur Weisheit besteht als in der Liebe zu den Leibesübungen, wohl wissend, daß solche Sprüche reden zu können [343a] nur dem vollkommen Unterrichteten gegeben ist. Unter diesen nun waren auch Thales von Miletos, Pittakos von Mytilene, Bias von Priene, unser Solon, Kleobulos von Lindos, Myson von Chenä, und als der siebente wurde zu diesen gezählt der Die Muse Kalliope (die Muse der epischen Dichtung, Lakedaimonier Chilon. Alle diese waren Nacheiferer, Philosophie und Wissenschaft) umgeben von Verehrer und Lehrlinge der Lakedaimonischen Künste. Denn Sokrates und den Sieben Weisen (im Uhrzeigersinn): jeder kann ihre Weisheit wissen, daß sie von dieser Art ist, Chilon aus Sparta, Pittakos von Mytilene, Periander kurze denkwürdige Sprüche, die ein jeder geredet hat.
    [Show full text]