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Reading Thucydides Morrison FM 3Rd.Qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page Ii Morrison FM 3Rd.Qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page Iii Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page i Reading Thucydides Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page ii Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page iii Reading Thucydides James V. Morrison The Ohio State University Press Columbus Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page iv Copyright © 2006 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Morrison, James V., 1956– Reading Thucydides / James V. Morrison. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1035-2 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1035-X (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-9112-2 (cd-rom) ISBN-10: 0-8142-9112-0 (cd-rom) 1. Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. 2. Greece—History— Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.—Historiography. I. Title. DF229.T6M67 2006 938'.05072—dc22 2006008845 Cover design by DesignSmith. Type set in Goudy. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page v To the memory of John B. McDiarmid, who taught me so much about Ancient Greece Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page vi Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page vii Contents List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgments xi Part One: Introduction 1. In Dialogue with Thucydides 3 2. The Reader’s Task 13 Part Two: Participatory, Punctuated, and Retrospective History: Corcyra, Plataea, and Melos 3. The Corcyrean Conflict (1.24–55) 25 4. Punctuated History: The Case of Plataea 44 5. Historical Lessons in the Melian Episode 81 Part Three: Argument and Reverberation: Comparison, Maxim, and Metaphor 6. The Comparison of Cities and Individuals 103 7. Maxims and Assimilation in the Mytilenian Debate 116 8. Athens the Tyrant-City and the Function of Political Metaphor 133 Part Four: Biography and Reception 9. Thucydides’ Life and Work 159 10. Ancient and Modern Audiences 172 Notes 199 Bibliography 259 Index Locorum 273 General Index 279 Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page viii Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page ix List of Abbreviations Journal Titles AHB Ancient History Bulletin AJP American Journal of Philology BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London BMCR Bryn Mawr Classical Review CA Classical Antiquity CJ Classical Journal CP Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CRAI Comptes rendus de L’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres CW Classical World GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ICS Illinois Classical Studies JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JRS Journal of Roman Studies LCM Liverpool Classical Monthly PCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society QUCC Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica REA Revue des Études Anciennes REG Revue des Études Grecques RM Rheinisches Museum RPh Revue de Philologie TAPA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association WS Wiener Studien YCS Yale Classical Studies ix Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page x x List of Abbreviations Other Abbreviations Ath. Pol. Athenaion Politeia (Constitutions of the Athenians) ATL Athenian Tribute List HCT A Historical Commentary on Thucydides HG Historia Graeca Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page xi Acknowledgments his project began at a 1989 NEH Summer Institute led by Elaine TFantham on “The Greek Enlightenment.” It was here that I was first introduced to the ideas of Eric Havelock that have influenced this book. I am grateful to Elaine and the other scholars from that institute; I also wish to thank the NEH for its funding of such valuable interactions among scholars and teachers. I am also indebted to the participants of the 2000, 2002, and 2004 Orality conferences for their ideas and probing questions. Many people have improved the quality and clarity of my ideas about Thucydides over the past two decades. I would especially like to mention those who read and commented on my papers, articles, and chapters: Paula Debnar, Stewart Flory, Michael Flower, Irene de Jong, Ludwig Koenen, Peter Krentz, Don Lateiner, and Ruth Scodel. It has been my good fortune to have benefited from the advice of such warm and knowledgeable friends and colleagues. The material in several chapters has appeared in earlier form as arti- cles. I should like to acknowledge the kind permission to reuse such material from the Johns Hopkins University Press for material in chap- ters 5 and 6: “Historical Lessons in the Melian Episode,” TAPA 130 (2000): 119–48 and “A Key Topos in Thucydides: The Comparison of Cities and Individuals,” AJP 155.4 (1994): 525–41; from the University of California Press for material in chapters 2 and 3: “Preface to Thucydides: Rereading the Corcyrean Conflict (1.24–55),” Classical Antiquity 18 (1999): 94–131; and from Brill Publishing for material in chapters 9 and 10: “Memory, Time, and Writing: Oral and Literary Aspects of Thucydides’ History,” ed. C. Mackie, Oral Performance and its Contexts (2004): 95–116. Many friends and relatives have supported me over the past sixteen years in the making of this book. I especially appreciate the tolerance of my wife, Ruth, who endured the anarchy of notes, files, and books that pro- liferated throughout our house—perhaps the written word does have its xi Morrison_FM_3rd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page xii xii Acknowledgments drawbacks. I would also like to thank Eugene O’Connor who initially expressed an interest in this book and has always been supportive. My first contact with Thucydides in Greek was at the University of Washington in a class taught by Merle Langdon. After Pericles’ Funeral Oration we focused on book four and the topography of Sphacteria. There have been many rereadings since, but I am grateful to Merle for his spirit- ed introduction to an often difficult author. It was also in Seattle that I studied with John B. McDiarmid, who was my first mentor in the myster- ies of the Pre-Socratic philosophers, Aeschylus, Pindar, and Aristotle. He was a wonderful teacher who is sorely missed. It is to his memory that I ded- icate this book. Morrison_CH1_2nd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page 1 PART ONE INTRODUCTION Morrison_CH1_2nd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page 2 Morrison_CH1_2nd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page 3 1 In Dialogue with Thucydides ften when reading Thucydides, I ask myself: what does Thucydides Ohimself think? Does he endorse this argument? Should I compare these two situations? Why has he withheld his own judgment? The premise of this book is that these reactions are the result of deliberate strategies on the part of Thucydides. Of course, at times Thucydides is at the reader’s side, explaining, judging, tying together passages, events, and arguments (1.1.1, 1.23.6, 1.55.2, 2.65, 3.82–83). But the reader also encounters a reticent and less intrusive side of Thucydides as this author- itative presence recedes. The goal of this book is to examine Thucydides’ techniques of presenta- tion and the effects of those techniques on the reader’s experience. Indeed, it will be valuable to approach the History in part from the perspective of the reader’s experience, for the History is an interactive work in which Thucydides invites the reader to juxtapose one argument with another, compare speech and narrative, and test maxim against a particular episode. There is what we might call a dialogic quality to his presentation that is found not only in the pairs of speeches which respond to one another; the narrative itself raises questions and encourages the reader to pursue multiple lines of possible action and consequence. The History lives as an interactive text by putting the reader in a position to confront arguments, make con- nections, and—vicariously—decide the best course of action. There are four main features to this book’s analysis: Thucydides’ method of presenting speech and narrative, the reader’s experience, Thucydides’ view of history, and Thucydides’ position in the context of oral and written culture. In this introductory chapter, I would like to present these areas of inquiry before turning in the second chapter to a more in-depth examination of Thucydides’ narrative techniques and the reader’s tasks. The first feature in the History to be explored is Thucydides’ presentation of speech and narrative. This general approach has been labeled “narratol- ogy” (with its attendant “narrator,” “narratee,” “analepsis,” “prolepsis,” etc.), 3 Morrison_CH1_2nd.qxp 9/28/2006 2:42 PM Page 4 4 Chapter 1 but regardless of the terminology, the focus is upon the method of presenta- tion of the history. There is nothing revolutionary about observing the effect of the narrator conveying certain information or of a figure such as Pericles interpreting past events or anticipating the future. This approach basically examines how the author presents events and speeches to the readers of the text. Such analysis means paying attention to who perceives or interprets an event—who “focalizes” it. The narrator may recount what happens, a character may describe something, but sometimes within the narrative, events are presented from the perspective not of the narrator, but from the perspective of one of the characters. When the narrator presents events through a character’s perceptions, thoughts, emotions, or words, this is referred to as “embedded focalization.” Narrative analysis also stud- ies many other features, such as the ordering of events, the juxtaposition of speech and narrative, and flashbacks and foreshadowings that link ear- lier and later events to the situation being described.
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