Fermentation Organisms

Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924073864781 Plllli! lilil (nil illl'l mil liiii mil liiii iiM lIL'i 3 1924 073 864 781 Production Note Cornell University Library produced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned at 600 dots per inch resolution and compressed prior to storage using CCITT/ITU Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992. The production of this volume was supported by the United States Department of Education, Higher Education Act, Tide H-C. Scaimed as part of the A. R. Mann Library project to preserve and enhance access to the Core Historical Literature of the Agricultural Sciences. Tides included in this collection are listed in the volumes published by the Cornell University Press in the series The Literature of the Agricultural Sciences, 1991-1996, Wallace C. Olsen, series editor. FERMENTATION ORGANISMS FERMENTATION ORGANISMS A LABORATORY HANDBOOK ALB. KLOCKER ASSISTANT IN THE CARLSBERG LABORATORY, COPENHAGEN- TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY G. E. ALLAN, B.Sc. J. H. MILLAR, F.LC. LECTURER IN THE UNIVERSITY OF FORMERLY LECTURER IN THE BRITISI1 BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF MALTING AND BREWING AND REVISED BY THE AUTHOR WITH 146 ILl.VSrRATIONS IN THE TEXT LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK AND BOMBAY 1903 2)e&icateJ» HONOUR AND GRATITUDE PROF. EMIL CHR. HANSEN, Ph.D., THE AUTHOR. FROM THE AUTHOE'S PEEFACE TO THE GERMAN EDITION In the course of a number of years, during which I had the honour to act as assistant to Prof. Emil Chr. Hansen at the Carlsberg Laboratory, and to assist him in the practical courses of instruction conducted there from time to time, the wish was frequently expressed by students to have at their disposal a handbook which would contain an ade- quate description of the fittings, apparatus and methods of a fermentation laboratory, as well as of the biology of the organisms of fermentation ; in short, a guide by means of which the usual experiments of such a laboratory can be carried out. A similar request reaching me from the well-known publisher, Max Waag, of Stuttgart, I could but con- clude that a real necessity existed for such a book. The contents of the present work are divided into three sections. The first of these contains a description of the manner in which the science of the organisms of fermentation has gradually developed ; at the same time, an indication is given of the most important steps which have marked the progress of our science. viii PREFACE The second section describes the fitting up of the laboratory and all that is necessary for con- ducting work. Laboratory methods are then explained, special attention being given to the preparation of pure yeast cultures in large quanti- ties. Finally, the third section treats of the most important micro-organisms of the alcoholic fermentation industry. The book thus deals with that domain in which Hansen has opened up so many new paths. For each section there is a bibliography which embraces the most important researches, and contains explanatory notes. The literature after 1st January, 1900, could not be included. In certain cases I have made experiments for the sake of confirmation, and have quoted some re- sults not hitherto published. The branch of the fermentation industries with which my book is chiefly concerned is that of brewing, which was the first to make use of Han- sen's pure culture system, and hence to adopt a rational mode of working. Brewing has thus, to a certain extent, become the model for the other branches of the alcoholic fermentation industry. The science of the organisms of fermentation as set forth in this book deals, however, not only with practical applications, but also with important theoretical aspects of chemistry and botany. ALB. KLOCKER. Copenhagen, January 1900. PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY PEOPESSOE ADEIAN J. BEOWN, M.Sc, P.I.C. A VERY considerable and rapidly increasing amount of attention is now being given in this country to Technical Microbiology in its relation to the fermentation industries, and consequently there is a growing demand for sound textbooks on the study of the " fermentation organisms " for the use of students who are taking up this special branch of work. But it is continually being forced on the notice of the writer, whose work is intimately connected with the teaching of Microbiology, that this demand is very inade- quately satisfied at present. Whilst we are almost too well supplied with textbooks on Bacteriology as related to the organisms of disease, the number of books in our own language dealing with the subject of "fermentation organisms" is very limited, and this is especially the case with works describing the more modern developments of experimental method connected with the study of these organisms. For this reason the X PREFACE publication of an English translation of Herr K locker's Gdrungsorganisrmn, a work specially devoted to the treatment of laboratoiy methods employed in the study of "fermentation organisms," should be welcomed by all teachers and students of Technical Microbiology, for they have now placed in their hands a book which cannot fail to be of great assistance to them. The special merit of this book requires no recommendation here, for it is written by one who is a specialist in his subject, and whose name is well known, not only for his own valuable researches, but also as a distinguished assistant of the illustrious Dr. Emil C. Hansen, to whom every one connected with technical fermentation in this country and abroad is so deeply indebted. The translators of the work, Mr. J. H. Millar and Mr. G. E. Allan, have been most successful in the performance of their task,, and we congratulate them on a volume which should be the laboratory companion of every student of Technical Microbiology in this country. We beheve also that this book will be a useful addition to the library of the pathological bac- teriologist. Pathological bacteriology, owing to its phenomenal growth, is inclined to forget it& past history and lose all connection with the oldei- branch of microbiology from which it origin- ally sprang. We think it will be found that the development in method of experiment and research in connection with the study of "fermentation PREFACE xi organisms" still deserves the careful attention of bacteriologists, and confidently recommend this book to their notice. ADRIAN J. BEOWN. School of Malting and Brewing, The University, Birmingham, 16th October, 1902. The translators desire to express their best thanks to Mr. T. H. Pope for his great assistance in reading the manuscript and proofs of this translation during its progress through the press. CONTENTS. SECTION I. INTRODUCTION. (Pp. 1-15.) SECTION II. THE LABORATORY. (Pp. 16-169.) PAGE FITTINGS AND APPARATUS— 1. General Principles for fitting up the Laboratory ... 17 Preparation of Bench Surfaces 18 Solutions for Washing the Bench during Work ... 19 The Microscope Table 20 The Sterile Room . 20 2. Hansen's Sterile Cupboard 21 3. The Microscope and its Accessories 22 Spherical and Chromatic Aberration 23 Achromatic and Apochromatic Objectives .... 24 The Tube 24 Correction Objectives 24 The Condenser 26 Immersion Objectives 25 The Stage 28 Changing the Objectives 28 Testing the Microscope 28 Slips and Cover Glasses 29 The Micrometer 31 Counting Apparatus 32 Klonne and Miiller's Object Marker 33 Cover-Glass Gauge 34 Apparatus for Artificial Illumination 34 Small Auxiliary Apparatus 35 Bottles for Reagents and Immersion Oil . .35 4. Thermostats and their Accessories 36 Rohrbeck's Thermostat 36 Panum's Thermostat ........ 39 . XIV CONTENTS FACE Sohribaux's Thermostat .... 42 Large Warm Chamber ..... 43 A. Petersen's Thermostat for Low Temperatures . 44 Pfeifier's Microscope Heating Apparatus 45 Reichert's Regulator ...... 46 Muencke's Form of Lothar Meyer's Regulator 48 Roux's Regulator 49 Soxhlet's Regulator 49 Koch's Lamp . ... 50 Thermometers . 50 5. Sterilising Apparatus 51 With Dry Heat . 51 Steam Sterilisation 52 6. Culture Vessels 54 The Pasteur Flask 54 The Carlsberg Vessel 56 Prior's Vessel . 59 The Chamberland Flask and its Modifications 59 Flasks .... 62 Petri Dishes 64 7. Apparatus for Spore Cultivation 64 Gypsum Blocks and their Containing Vessels 64 Sterile Water Holder 67 8. Moist Chambers 68 Hollow Glass Slips 68 Ranvier's Moist Chamber 69 Bottcher's Moist Chamber 69 Stand for Moist Chambers 70 9. Additional Apparatus 70 Pipettes 70 Rubber Tubing for Flasks 71 Platinum Brush 71 II. NUTRIENT MEDIA— 1. Liquid Media 71 Beer Wort 71 Water . 78 Yeast Water 79 Meat Extract . 79 Fruit Syrups . 79 Solutions of Saccharose and Dextrose 80 Beer .... 80 Discontinuous Sterilisation 81 Sterilisation by Filtration 81 2. Solid Culture Media . 81 Gelatine and Agar-Agar 81 Other Solid Media . 86 CONTENTS III. METHODS— 1. Microscopical Investigation o£ Micro-Organisms . 86 Preparation Making .86 Removal of Grease from Cover Glasses . 87 Fixing and Staining of Yeast Cells . .88 Staining of . Yeast Spores .... 88 Staining of the Yeast Cell Nucleus . .89 Fixing and Staining of Bacteria .... 90 Staining of Bacteria Spores 90 Staining of Flagella according to Loffler .... 91 Reagents ... 92 Development in Moist Chambers .... 92 2. Experiments with various Flasks. Inoculation of Liquid and Solid Culture Media .93 The Manipulation of Nutrient Liquids . 93 Experiments with Solid Culture Media 97 Cultures of Anaerobic Organisms . Suppression of Bacteria in Yeast Growths ...

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