Islam in Pakistan PRINCETON STUDIES in MUSLIM POLITICS Dale F
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Islam In PakIstan PRINCETON STUDIES IN MUSLIM POLITICS Dale F. eIckelman anD augustus RIchaRD noRton, series editors A list of titles in this series can be found at the back of the book Islam in Pakistan a hIstoRy Muhammad Qasim Zaman PRInceton unIveRsIty PRess PRInceton & oxFoRD Copyright © 2018 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu Jacket photograph: Ed Kashi, 1997 / National Geographic Creative All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, author. Title: Islam in Pakistan : a history / Muhammad Qasim Zaman. Description: Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, [2018] | Series: Princeton studies in Muslim politics | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017039100 | ISBN 9780691149226 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Islam— Pakistan— History. | Islam and state— Pakistan. Classification: LCC BP63.P2 Z36 2018 | DDC 297.095491— dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039100 British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Miller Printed on acid- free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Shaista contents Acknowledgments · ix A Note on Transliteration, Spelling, Abbreviations, and Other Conventions · xi Maps · xiii Introduction 1 chaPteR 1 Islamic Identities in Colonial India 14 chaPteR 2 Modernism and Its Ethical Commitments 54 chaPteR 3 The `Ulama and the State 95 chaPteR 4 Islamism and the Sovereignty of God 135 chaPteR 5 Religious Minorities and the Anxieties of an Islamic Identity 164 chaPteR 6 The Contested Terrain of Sufism 195 chaPteR 7 Religion, Violence, and the State 226 Epilogue 263 Notes · 279 Glossary · 359 Bibliography · 361 Index · 389 [ vii ] acknowleDgments many PeoPle anD InstItutIons have assisted me in the course of my work on this book. I am grateful above all to Shaista Azizalam and to our chil- dren, Zaynab and Mustafa, for continuing to enrich my life with their love and companionship. I owe a great debt as well to my sister and brother- in- law, Rabia Umar Ali and Umar Ali Khan, for hosting my visits to Islamabad with their unmatched hospitality and for facilitating my research in Pakistan. I would not have been able to carry out my work without their help. My neph- ews and nieces, too— Valeed and Moosa, Ayesha, and Rahem and Samah— have been the source of much joy and hope, for which I am grateful. I would like to thank Megan Brankley Abbas, Sarah Ansari, the late Zafar Ishaq Ansari, Michael Cook, Eric Gregory, M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Robert W. Hefner, Husain Kaisrani, Muhammad Saeed Khurram, Sajid Mehmood, Steve Millier, Hossein Modarressi, Gyan Prakash, Ali Usman Qasmi, and Qamar- uz- Zaman for their help with accessing research materials and, in several cases, for answering my queries and providing valuable feedback. The writing of this book has been made possible by a grant from the Guggenheim Foun- dation as well as research leave and other support from Princeton University. I am much indebted to these institutions. I wish also to thank the library staff at the various places in Pakistan, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States where I have carried out my research. In particular, I wish to thank David Magier, other members of the staff of the Firestone Library at Prince- ton University, and all those working behind the scenes at its interlibrary loan and Borrow Direct offices for attending to my requests with great courtesy and efficiency. My students, undergraduate as well as graduate, have been instru- mental in helping me try new approaches, deepen my knowledge, and explain things better. For this I am very grateful. Some of the material on which this book is based was presented as lec- tures at Boston University; the Davis Center for Historical Studies at Prince- ton University; Northwestern University; the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; the University of Chicago; and the Yale Law School. I thank the organizers of those events for their invitations—in partic- ular, Owen Fiss, Robert Gleave, Brannon Ingram, Anthony Kronman, Philip Nord, Tina Purohit, Mariam Shaibani, Zayn Siddique, SherAli Tareen, and Amir Toft— and their audiences for their comments and questions. I also thank Indiana University Press and Cambridge University Press for permission to use, in revised form, some of the material I have previously published as the following articles: “Islamic Modernism, Ethics, and the Shari`a in Pakistan,” [ ix ] [ x ] acknowleDgments in Robert W. Hefner, ed., Shari`a Law and Modern Muslim Ethics (Blooming- ton: Indiana University Press, 2016); “Pakistan: Shari`a and the State,” in Rob- ert W. Hefner, ed., Shari`a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Muslim World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011); and “The Sovereignty of God in Modern Islamic Thought,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd ser., 25 (2015). Over the course of many years, Fred Appel, my editor at Princeton Univer- sity Press, has offered support, encouragement, and much astute advice. It has been a privilege and a pleasure to work on this and other projects with an editor of such remarkable abilities. Feedback from the outside readers has helped improve this book in some important ways; I am deeply appreciative of their careful and sensitive reading and their counsel. I would like to also thank Sara Lerner, who has shepherded this book through production with her characteristic thoughtfulness, skill, and efficiency. I am especially glad to have had the opportunity to work with her a second time. I wish as well to acknowledge Thalia Leaf, Theresa Liu, and many others at Princeton Univer- sity Press for their assistance with various matters related to this book. I owe a special debt to Jennifer Harris, whose keen eye and expert advice in copy- editing the manuscript have helped turn it into a much better book. Shaista has long been my mainstay. She has patiently fostered the condi- tions that have allowed me to bring this work to fruition. As a small token of my gratitude for this and for much else, I dedicate this book to her. a note on tRanslIteRatIon, sPellIng, abbRevIatIons, anD otheR conventIons thIs book uses a system of transliteration that often reflects Urdu pronun- ciation of Arabic and Persian words and names. In cases where a proper name is spelled by the person concerned in a particular way in English, that spell- ing has usually been retained— hence, Liaquat Ali Khan rather than Liyaqat `Ali Khan; Abdul Hakim rather than `Abd al- Hakim; Ayub Khan rather than Ayyub Khan, and so forth. In some cases, however, the English and the Arabic spellings of a name have had to be distinguished from each other: thus Mawdudi when referring to the Urdu titles of his books and Maududi when citing the English translations. With the exception of the ` to signify the Arabic letter `ayn (as in `Umar or shari`a) and ’ to represent the hamza (as in Qur’an), diacritics are not used in this book. The hamza itself is used when it occurs within a word (as in Qur’an) but not when it occurs at the end (thus `ulama rather than `ulama’). With the notable exception of the term `ulama (singular: `alim), the plural forms are usually indicated by adding an “s” to the word in the singular, as in madrasas (rather than madaris) or fatwas (rather than fatawa). Certain terms that occur repeatedly in the book, such as shari`a and `ulama, are not itali- cized. Other Arabic and Urdu words are italicized at their first occurrence, but usually not afterward. When the fuller version of an Arab name is not being used, I also dispense with the Arabic definite article “al- ” (for example, Fakhr al- din al- Razi but subsequently Razi). Unless otherwise noted, translated passages from the Qur’an follow M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, The Qur’an: A New Translation (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004), and, less often, A. J. Arberry, The Koran Interpreted, 2 vols. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), with occasional modifications. The following abbreviations are used in this book: AFM Archives of the Freedom Movement AISC All India Shi`a Conference BL British Library BPC Basic Principles Committee CAPD Constituent Assembly of Pakistan Debates CF Cabinet Files CRO Commonwealth Relations Office GAPP Ghulam Ahmad Parwez Papers JP Jinnah Papers JUI Jam`iyyat al- `Ulama- i Islam [ xi ] [ xii ] note on conventIons MMA Muttahida Majlis- i `Amal NAP National Archives of Pakistan NAPD National Assembly of Pakistan Debates NDC National Documentation Center, Cabinet Division, Islamabad NWFP North- West Frontier Province PMS Prime Minister’s Secretariat PPP Pakistan People’s Party Q Qur’an RAC Rockefeller Archives Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York TNA The National Archives, Kew UP United Provinces RUSSIA CHINA TRIBAL AREAS OF NWFP Kabul AFGHANISTAN Peshawar KASHMIR N NORTH-WEST FRONTIER Allahabad PROVINCE A (NWFP) Qadian Lahore T IBET R Quetta PUNJAB Dehra N Dun I A Saharanpur T Thana Bhawan Deoband S I U N N H Delhi I E C T E Bareilly P O D A BHUTAN L Aligarh P R L A O B V I N Ajmer Lucknow C E S SINDH Karachi BIHAR BENGAL A Dacca M OPAL GUJARAT BH Calcutta R U JUNAGADH A B S I S R Arabian O Bay of Sea HYDERABAD B engal British India Princely states, agencies, and protectorates Portuguese colonial territories CEYLON 0 250 500 750 1000 km 0 100 200 300 400 500 miles INDIAN OCEAN maP 1. India under the British, identifying the principal places referred to in this book.