DOCSLIB.ORG

Sweden's Future Electrical Grid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sweden's Future Electrical Grid Sweden’s Future Electrical Grid A project report IVA Electricity Crossroads project THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES (IVA) is an independent academy whose mission is to promote the engineering and economic sciences and the advancement of business and industry. In cooperation with the business community and academia, IVA initiates and proposes measures to improve Sweden’s industrial expertise and competitiveness. For more information about IVA and the Academy’s projects, see the website www.iva.se. Published by: The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA), 2017 Box 5073, SE-102 42 Stockholm, Sweden Tel. +46 (0)8 791 29 00 IVA REPORTS: IVA publishes various types of reports within the framework of its activities. All reports are fact-checked by experts and then approved for publication by IVA’s President. PROJECT REPORTS (IVA-M): A project report summarises a significant portion of a project. A project report can be a report generated during the course of a project or a final report produced at the end. A final report can be based on several project reports. Project reports contain fact-based analysis, observations and a discussion of consequences. Final reports contain clear conclusions and prioritised policy recommendations. Project reports are often the result of the work of a work group and contain limited conclusions and policy recommendations. The project Steering Committee approves all project reports for publication and they are fact-checked by IVA to guarantee their factual accuracy and quality. IVA-M 477 ISSN: 1102-8254 ISBN: 978-91-7082-945-1 Authors: Anna Nordling, ÅF Project Manager: Jan Nordling, IVA Editor: Camilla Koebe, IVA Layout: Anna Lindberg & Pelle Isaksson, IVA This report is available to download as a pdf file at IVA’s website www.iva.se Foreword IVA’s Electricity Crossroads project has been examining what the electricity system might look like in the years 2030 to 2050 and what options are available. The project’s Electricity Distribution and Transmission work group was tasked with describing different scenarios for the future electrical grid within the framework of the project’s time perspective. Answering the following questions has been the main focus for this project. • What will the role of the electrical grid be in the energy system of the future? • What changes need to be made and what investments are needed to create the electrical grid of the future? Results from previous project reports on electricity production and electricity use have been used to inform our analysis. This report will also be used as a source of information for the project and the continuing work of the Climate and Environment and the Public Finances and Electricity Market work groups, and for the project’s concluding synthesis work. Stockholm, February 2016 Electricity Distribution and Transmission work group: Alf Larsen, E.ON (Project Chairman) Anna Nordling, ÅF (Project Manager) Mikael Möller, IKEM Henrik Bergström, Ellevio Stefan Thorburn, ABB Tomas Kåberger, Chalmers University of Technology Asoos Rasool, Mälarenergi Magnus Olofsson, Energiforsk Karl Bergman, Vattenfall Ulla Sandborgh, Svenska kraftnät Mats Ählberg, Siemens Pär Hermeren, Teknikföretagen Anders Pettersson, Swedenergy Contents 1. Conclusions and summary ............................................................................................ 7 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 11 3. Future electricity use ....................................................................................................15 Transport sector ...........................................................................................................15 Urbanisation ............................................................................................................... 17 Future electricity Use in industry ................................................................................ 17 Prosumers and local energy systems ............................................................................ 17 User flexibility ............................................................................................................. 18 4. Future electricity production ...................................................................................... 19 Connecting new production to the electrical grid ........................................................ 20 Future electricity production alternatives and their effect on the electrical grid .......... 20 Production alternative “More solar and wind” ........................................................... 22 Production alternative “More bioenergy” ................................................................... 24 Production alternative “New nuclear power” ............................................................. 26 Production alternative “More hydropower” ................................................................ 28 Summary .................................................................................................................... 30 5. Sweden’s level of self-sufficiency .................................................................................. 31 6. Future delivery reliability requirements .......................................................................33 7. Storage .........................................................................................................................35 8. EU influence ............................................................................................................... 37 9. New investment in the electrical grid .......................................................................... 39 Investments in local and regional grids ....................................................................... 39 Investments in the national grid .................................................................................. 41 Future investments with new conditions ..................................................................... 41 The cost of the grid in relation to new production ....................................................... 42 10. Future price structures ................................................................................................ 43 11. Implementation times .................................................................................................. 47 12. Electrical grid technology ........................................................................................... 49 13. Appendix .................................................................................................................... 53 6 1. Conclusions and summary There are essentially two categories of electrical to EU guidelines with respect to grid codes, elec- grids: transmission grids and distribution grids. tricity export and import levels and Sweden’s But Sweden has divided the electrical grid into level of self-sufficiency. three categories: the national grid (transmission If there is a trend in the future whereby gen- grid), regional grids and local grids (distribution erated electricity increasingly flows from users grids). The transmission grid can be compared and into the grid, the role of the grid is expected to a motorway system where large amounts of to become more complex than it is today. The electric energy can be transferred over long dis- growth of so-called prosumers may lead to elec- tances with very small losses. The regional grid tricity users becoming self-sufficient and going can be compared to trunk roads where electric off-grid, which could affect the future role of the energy is distributed to cities and large towns. grid. Today society is already highly dependent Finally, the electricity is distributed to electric- on a reliable electricity supply and the conse- ity users via local grids (large users may also be quences of a power outage can be serious. There connected to the regional grid). may also be stricter regulation of the grid as the In Sweden today there are some 170 electrical consequences of outages become increasingly grid companies that own and operate local and serious in a society that is ever more dependent regional grids. There is strong municipal owner- on a reliable supply of electricity. ship as 129 of these are municipal companies. Changes are also taking place on the user The three largest grid companies (Vattenfall side. These changes may reduce the demand for Eldistribution, E.ON Elnät Sverige and Ellevio) power demand (devices, revolution control, user supply more than half of Sweden’s electricity flexibility) and increase power demand (electri- users with electricity. Sweden’s national grid fication of modes of transport, new or more de- is managed by the government agency and au- vices/equipment running on electricity). Energy thority Svenska kraftnät, which also has overall storage solutions may also impact grid design. responsibility for the entire Swedish electricity It may be necessary to reduce power demand system. through load control or increase it to receive the surplus from variable electricity production. All in all an increase in demand for flexible THE ROLE OF THE ELECTRICAL GRID solutions for the grid is seen. IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM OF THE FUTURE CHANGES TO THE ELECTRICAL The electrical grid has a fundamental role in GRID OF THE FUTURE Swedish society and is entirely critical in order for society to function. Since the electrical grid Electricity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 Annual Report
    2019 Contents. INTRODUCTION About us. 1 This is Ellevio. 2 ELLEVIO 2019 Review of 2019. 4 CEO’S STATEMENT Network vital for climate targets. 6 MARKET CONDITIONS AND DRIVERS Market conditions. 8 The Swedish electricity market – how it works. 11 Drivers. 13 VALUE CREATION From the little things to the big things. 18 Society. 20 Customers. 23 Employees. 26 Environment. 32 Owners. 35 INVESTMENTS AND FINANCING Investments. 36 Financing. 42 ANNUAL REPORT 47 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 75 SUSTAINABILITY DISCLOSURES Management. 80 Results. 83 GRI index. 91 The Annual Report consists of an Administration Report, Financial Statements and notes on pages 45–74. (The auditors’ report appears on pages 73–74.) The sustainability report has been produced in line with Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) standards ”core” level. The complete sustainability report comprises the description of our sustainability efforts on pages 2–5,8–43 along with Sustainability Disclosures and the GRI index on pages 82–96. The sustainability report also covers Ellevio’s Communication on Progress to the UN Global Compact. The statutory sustainability report in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act can be found on pages 2–5, 18–35 and 82–96. Ellevio AB (publ) Box 242 07 104 51 Stockholm www.ellevio.se All values are expressed in SEK. Figures within parentheses refer to 2018, unless specified otherwise. The data concerning markets and the competitive situation are Ellevio’s own estimates unless a specific source is indicated. These estimates are based on the best and latest available facts from published sources. About us. Sometimes it’s warm, sometimes it’s cold.
    [Show full text]
  • New Banknote and Coin Series Themes and Motifs
    REPORT FROM the General Council of the Riksbank’s Drafting Committee for the Design of Banknotes and Coins Ref. no. 2008-286-ADM New banknote and coin series Themes and motifs MARCH 2011 1 THEMES AND MOTIFS New banknote and coin series Themes and motifs Report from the General Council of the Riksbank’s Drafting Committee for the Design of Banknotes and Coins MARCH 2011 2 THEMES AND MOTIFS Contents 1. Background 5 3 THEMES AND MOTIFS 2. The banknote series 6 2.1 Starting points 6 2.2 Inventory 6 2.3 Themes 6 2.4 Motifs 7 2.4 Denominations 7 3. Coins series 8 4 THEMES AND MOTIFS Background The Riksbank has decided to renew the Swedish banknote and coin series. At the 5 same time a new denomination, 200 krona, will be introduced, and the 2-krona coin THEMES AND MOTIFS will be reintroduced. The coin series will consist of the denominations 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 kronor and the banknote series of the denominations 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1,000 kronor. Decisions regarding the design of banknotes and coins are taken by the General Council of the Riksbank. The General Council has appointed a committee to prepare these questions, consisting of four members of the Council and four experts. The members are Peter Egardt, Anders Karlsson, Sonia Karlsson and Ebba Lindsö. The experts are Eva-Lena Bengtsson, curator at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts, Henrik Klackenberg, State Herald of Sweden, Magnus Olausson, Head of the Conservation Department at the National Museum of Fine Arts and Ian Wiséhn, Director of the Royal Coin Cabinet at the National Museum of Economy.
    [Show full text]
  • SKI Report 02:18 Nuclear Weapons Research in Sweden Research
    SKI’s perspective Background In the year 1998 Sweden, together with the rest of the states in the European Union and Euratom signed the Additional Protocol to the Safeguard Agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA. The Additional Protocol gives the Agency extended complimentary access to areas and buildings and rights to take environmental samples within a state. The process of ratification is going on with the intention that the protocol should be implemented simultaneously in all member states. In ratifying the agreement in May 2000, Sweden changed its Act on Nuclear Activities and passed a new law regarding inspections. The present estimate is that the protocol could be implemented in the beginning of 2003 after ratification in all EU member states. Aim When the Additional Protocol is implemented, Sweden is to be “mapped” by the IAEA, scrutinising all nuclear activities, present as well as future plans. In the light of this, SKI has chosen to go one step further, letting Dr Thomas Jonter of the Department of History at Uppsala University investigate Sweden’s past activities in the area of nuclear weapons research in a political perspective. Dr Jonter has previously studied the Swedish National Defence Research Institute’s (FOA) activities in this area up until 1972. This report deals with the civilian research programme and its links to the military plans to produce nuclear weapons. Since Sweden had plans in the nuclear weapons area it is important to show to the IAEA that all such activities have stopped. This is the main objective with this report. Results Dr Jonter has made a survey of available sources in the archives at Studsvik and FOI, where the records of the AB Atomenergi company are stored.
    [Show full text]
  • Certified Environmental Product Declaration EPD of Electricity From
    Certified Environmental Product Declaration EPD® of Electricity from Vattenfall Nordic Nuclear Power Plants UNCPC Code 17, Group 171 – Electrical energy The International EPD® system, EPD International AB - In line with ISO 14025 S-P 00923 2019-12-31 Vattenfall AB - Vattenfall AB Nuclear Power Confidentiality class: None (C1) Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 8 1.1. Declared Unit ............................................................................................................ 8 ® 1.2. The Declaration and the EPD system....................................................................... 8 ® 1.3. Vattenfall, LCA and EPD ......................................................................................... 8 2. Producer and product ............................................................................ 9 2.1. Producer .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Product System Description .................................................................................... 11 3. Environmental Performance Based on LCA ........................................ 17 3.1. Life Cycle Assessment Method ............................................................................... 17 3.2. Technical Service Life, Reference Flow, Reference Year ......................................... 17 3.3. System Boundaries, Allocation and Data Sources ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Opportunities and Challenges for Secure Energy Networks Connected with New Technologies
    The OSCE Secretariat bears no responsibility for the content of this document EEF.NGO/9/19 and circulates it without altering its content. The distribution by OSCE 30 May 2019 Conference Services of this document is without prejudice to OSCE decisions, as set out in documents agreed by OSCE participating States. ENGLISH only Opportunities and challenges for secure energy networks connected with new technologies 27th OSCE Economic and EnvironmentalForum Rimvydas Stilinis, Director for Infrastructure 2nd Preparatory Meeting EPSO-G (Group of TSOs in Lithuania) Bratislava 27-28 May, 2019 How do we understand ‚energysecurity‘? RELIABILITY REASONABLE ACCESSIBILITY ENERGY SECURITY PRICES 1 Where does Lithuania stands now? Since 2012, Lithuanian energy security has remarkablyimproved. Nevertheless, key challenges remain: Strong dependence on electricityimport Dependence and integration intoRussian controlled IPS/UPS electricity system Declining trend of RESdevelopments Progress achieved Until 2025 NORDBALT 700 MW Lithuanian diversification and integration into European/World energy markets LNG TERMINAL Until 2025 Until 2025 LitPol Link 500 MW 2 Challenge No. 1 – Synchronizationwith Continental Europe • The Baltic States – the only ones in the EU with their electricity systems in the Soviet system ŠiNaourrtơhs IPS/UPS Did žio sio s BREL žiedacircles • No dependency of the energy system on BGrrietaant iBjoristain third countries will remain AIrierliajonsd MoscowMaskva • Increasing the effectiveness ofthe market • The most reliable measure to protect
    [Show full text]
  • Open Letter to the Swedish Academy Committee for Nobel Prize in Literature
    Open Letter to The Swedish Academy Committee for Nobel Prize in Literature New York City, October 13, 2019 Dear members of The Swedish Academy, I am a Bosnian born artist living in New York, whose work deals with genocide, collective memory and trauma. I’m writing in regard to your recent decision to grant Peter Handke The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2019, and the impact that has had on me, and other survivors, since the announcement on October 10th. After reading numerous articles about your decision in complete state of shock and disbelief, I was grateful and relieved to see that journalists, writers and public figures worldwide, had not forgotten Handke’s public denial of the Srebrenica genocide, nor his ardent support for Slobodan Milošević, Ratko Mladic, and Radovan Karadžić (the latter two convicted of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the 1990’s by ICTY.) The many published responses underline the very serious emotional, psychological and physical reactions that are the consequences of your astonishing celebration. What is missing from many of these articles is how your decision to grant Handke the Nobel prize actually feels for those of us who have survived genocide and mass persecution he’s denying in our home country. What follows is a brief explanation of just how painful and assaulting your choice is for my communities both in Bosnia, and its diaspora. It is simple to employ the cliche that an artist’s political or moral positions should be separated from their work, but I would argue that in today’s political climate this is an unreasonable and willfully ignorant expectation.
    [Show full text]
  • Research and Research- Related Activities 2012
    DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UPPSALA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND RESEARCH- RELATED ACTIVITIES 2012 Edited by Åke Eriksson UPPSALA UNIVERSITY Department of English P.O. Box 527 SE-751 20 UPPSALA Phone: +46 18 471 12 46 Fax: +46 18 471 12 29 E-mail: [email protected] Web-address: www.engelska.uu.se 2 PREFACE English Studies at Uppsala University English language and literature have been studied at Uppsala University since 1736, when Andreas Hesselius was appointed tutor in the subject. Today there are three chairs: the Chair in English Language was established in 1904, the Chair in English Literature in 1948, and the Chair in American Literature in 1968. The Department also includes a Celtic Section, which grew out of the Irish Institute that was set up in 1950. Between 1941 and 1948 there was a research professorship in Celtic Languages and Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. In 2003 The Swedish Institute for North American Studies (SINAS, established in 1985) became part of the Department of English. A more detailed account of the history of English at Uppsala University can be found in Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala University 500 Years, 6 (1976) and in Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala, Årsbok 2000. 3 CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... 3 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. 5 THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Aspects of Load Management
    ISRN LUTMDN/TMHP—04/3012—SE Environmental Aspects of Load Management Juozas Abaravicius Report Division of Energy Economics and Planning Department of Heat and Power Engineering Lund University PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Environmental Aspects of Load Management by Juozas Abaravicius February 2004 Report This publication is part of the project called Direct and Indirect Load Control in Buildings at the Division of Energy Economics and Planning, Department of Heat and Power Engineering, Lund University, Sweden. Assoc. Prof. Lena Neij from the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at Lund University has been supervisor and examiner of this study. Assoc. Prof. Jurek Pyrko from the Division of Energy Economics and Planning, Department of Heat and Power Engineering at Lund University, has been the project leader and supervisor. This work was financed by the ELAN programme- a joint research program on electricity utilisation and behaviour in a deregulated market. The ELAN-programme is financed by the utilities Eskilstuna Energi & Miljo, Fortum, Goteborg Energi AB, the Goteborg Energi research foundation, Jamtkraft AB, Skelleftea Kraft AB, Skanska Energi AB, Sydkraft AB and Vattenfall AB through Elforsk (Swedish Electrical Utilities’ R&D Company), project number 4184-LTH, the Swedish Energy Agency and Formas (The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning), project number 2001­ 1846. Report ISRN LUTMDN/TMHP--04/3012--SE © Juozas Abaravicius Division of Energy Economics and Planning Department of Heat and Power Engineering Lund University PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden www.vok.lth.se/~eep Juozas Abaravicius Environmental Aspects of Load Management Summary Load problems in electricity markets occur both on the supply and demand side and can have technical, economic and even political causes.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities
    Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities Edited by Maria Kuteeva Kathrin Kaufhold Niina Hynninen Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities Maria Kuteeva Kathrin Kaufhold • Niina Hynninen Editors Language Perceptions and Practices in Multilingual Universities Editors Maria Kuteeva Kathrin Kaufhold Department of English Department of English Stockholm University Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm, Sweden Niina Hynninen Department of Languages University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ISBN 978-3-030-38754-9 ISBN 978-3-030-38755-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38755-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • For a Cleaner World
    Equity story of FORTUM – For a cleaner world Investor / Analyst material July 2021 Disclaimer This presentation does not constitute an invitation to underwrite, subscribe for, or otherwise acquire or dispose of any Fortum shares. Past performance is no guide to future performance, and persons needing advice should consult an independent financial adviser. Any references to the future represent the management’s current best understanding. However the final outcome may differ from them. 2 Content Fortum in brief 4 – 12 Fortum’s strategy 13 – 22 Energy market transition 23 – 27 Interim report Q1 2021 28 – 45 Appendices 46 European and Nordic power markets 47 – 56 Fortum’s Nordic power generation in detail 57 Fortum’s evolution and strategic route 58 Historical achieved prices 59 Dividend 60 IR contact 61 3 Fortum in brief Fortum in brief Power generation assets Key figures 20201 Sales EUR 49.0 bn Comparable EBITDA EUR 2.4 bn Total assets EUR 57.8 bn Personnel 19,933 Main businesses1 Sales (€) Volume2 Capacity India Power 20.8 bn 142 TWh 50.3 GW Gas 22.4 bn ~370 TWh 7.6 bcm3 Heat 0.8 bn 30 TWh 19.5 GW 1) Until 31 of March 2020 Uniper's contribution to the income statement was recognised in the Share of profit/loss of associates and joint ventures. 2) For Power - Power generation, for Gas - Long-term gas supply contracts and for Heat – Heat production 3) Gas storage capacity, billion cubic meters 4 Fortum in brief Strong position to drive the energy transition in Europe 3rd largest 3rd largest 3rd largest 4th largest power generator CO2-free power generator nuclear generator gas storage operator in Europe and Russia in Europe in Europe in Europe 5 TWh 6 ConsolidatedFortum is third thelargest CO Europe 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 EPH incl.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE Sharingsweden.Se PHOTO: CECILIA LARSSON LANTZ/IMAGEBANK.SWEDEN.SE
    FACTS ABOUT SWEDEN / THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE sharingsweden.se PHOTO: CECILIA LARSSON LANTZ/IMAGEBANK.SWEDEN.SE PHOTO: THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE Sweden is a multilingual country. However, Swedish is and has always been the majority language and the country’s main language. Here, Catharina Grünbaum paints a picture of the language from Viking times to the present day: its development, its peculiarities and its status. The national language of Sweden is Despite the dominant status of Swedish, Swedish and related languages Swedish. It is the mother tongue of Sweden is not a monolingual country. Swedish is a Nordic language, a Ger- approximately 8 million of the country’s The Sami in the north have always been manic branch of the Indo-European total population of almost 10 million. a domestic minority, and the country language tree. Danish and Norwegian Swedish is also spoken by around has had a Finnish-speaking population are its siblings, while the other Nordic 300,000 Finland Swedes, 25,000 of ever since the Middle Ages. Finnish languages, Icelandic and Faroese, are whom live on the Swedish-speaking and Meänkieli (a Finnish dialect spoken more like half-siblings that have pre- Åland islands. in the Torne river valley in northern served more of their original features. Swedish is one of the two national Sweden), spoken by a total of approxi- Using this approach, English and languages of Finland, along with Finnish, mately 250,000 people in Sweden, German are almost cousins. for historical reasons. Finland was part and Sami all have legal status as The relationship with other Indo- of Sweden until 1809.
    [Show full text]
  • Normering I Svenska Akademiens Ordlista 1874–1950: Principer Och Resultat
    LexicoNordica Titel: Normering i Svenska Akademiens ordlista 1874–1950: principer och resultat Forfatter: Sven-Göran Malmgren Kilde: LexicoNordica 9, 2002, s. 5-21 URL: http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/lexn/issue/archive © LexicoNordica og forfatterne Betingelser for brug af denne artikel Denne artikel er omfattet af ophavsretsloven, og der må citeres fra den. Følgende betingelser skal dog være opfyldt: • Citatet skal være i overensstemmelse med „god skik“ • Der må kun citeres „i det omfang, som betinges af formålet“ • Ophavsmanden til teksten skal krediteres, og kilden skal angives, jf. ovenstående bibliografiske oplysninger. Søgbarhed Artiklerne i de ældre LexicoNordica (1-16) er skannet og OCR-behandlet. OCR står for ’optical character recognition’ og kan ved tegngenkendelse konvertere et billede til tekst. Dermed kan man søge i teksten. Imidlertid kan der opstå fejl i tegngenkendelsen, og når man søger på fx navne, skal man være forberedt på at søgningen ikke er 100 % pålidelig. 5 Sven-Göran Malmgren Normering i Svenska Akademiens ordlista 1874–1950: principer och resultat This paper gives a historical survey of the first nine editions (till 1950) of the Swedish Academy Glossary (Svenska Akademiens ordlista, SAOL), a dictionary that provides the Swedish norm of spelling and inflection. Some orthographic and morphological recommendations of the glossary are compared with the real use. The main drawback of the first editions (1874–89) is that they contained very few lemmas, and almost no recent loanwords. From the 1900 edition and onwards, the number of lemmas is quite respectable, but throughout the period the SAOL is characterized by a conservative tendency; there are several examples of spellings and morphological categories – as is shown in the paper – that are recommended by the dictionary long after they have become outdated.
    [Show full text]