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Análisis Fenológico De Los Bambúes Leñosos (Poac

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Análisis Fenológico De Los Bambúes Leñosos (Poac Tesis Doctoral Análisis fenológico de los bambúes leñosos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae) nativos y exóticos de América austral, con la aplicación de estudios ecológicos, sistemáticos, morfológicos y anatómicos Guerreiro, Carolina Inés 2013-12-04 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Guerreiro, Carolina Inés. (2013-12-04). Análisis fenológico de los bambúes leñosos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae) nativos y exóticos de América austral, con la aplicación de estudios ecológicos, sistemáticos, morfológicos y anatómicos. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Guerreiro, Carolina Inés. "Análisis fenológico de los bambúes leñosos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae) nativos y exóticos de América austral, con la aplicación de estudios ecológicos, sistemáticos, morfológicos y anatómicos". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2013-12-04. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Anlisis fenol gico de los bambes leosos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae) nativos y ex ticos de América austral, con la a licaci n de estudios ecol gicos, sistemticos, morfol gicos y anat micos Tesis presentada para optar al ttulo de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el rea Ciencias Biolgicas Lic. Carolina Inés Guerreiro Directora de Tesis: rof. Zulma E. R&golo de Agrasar Directora Asistente: Dra. M. Fernanda Rodrgue( Conse)era de Estudios: Dra. Irina I(aguirre Lugar de tra,a)o: Instituto de Botnica Darwinion .ANCEFN-C0NICET1 Buenos Aires2 2013 Anlisis fenol gico de los bambes leosos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae) nativos y ex ticos de América austral, con la a licaci n de estudios ecol gicos, sistemticos, morfol gicos y anat micos Resumen Los bambes le osos forman parte de la subfamilia ms diversa de las Poaceae, con ms de 1400 especies distribuidas alrededor del mundo. Un factor caracterstico de la mayora de los bambes le osos, y de relevante inter s para los botnicos, es su proceso de floraci!n de carcter cclico luego de un largo periodo vegetativo que puede extenderse hasta 120 a os. Estas floraciones cclicas se presentan generalmente en forma gregaria, afectando a toda una regi!n y son seguidos por la muerte de los individuos. La tribu (ambuseae est representada en la Argentina por 5 g neros nativos y 4 g neros introducidos. En este trabajo se presenta la descripci!n morfol!gica de las 2, entidades reconocidas en el rea de estudio, pertenecientes a los g neros nativos- Chusquea .unth, Colanthelia Mc0lure 1 E. 2. Smith, Guadua .unth, Merostachys Spreng. y Rhipidocladum Mc0lure, y a los g neros introducidos- Arundinaria Michx., Bambusa Schreb. y Phyllostachys Siebold 1 4ucc. Al mismo tiempo, se dan a conocer novedades sistemticas, taxon!micas y nomenclaturales referidas a los bambes le osos de Am rica austral. Estas comprenden la descripci!n de 2 nuevas especies para la ciencia, Chusquea egluma 5uerreiro 1 Rgolo y C. floribunda 5uerreiro 1 Rgolo, la revalidaci!n de C. argentina Parodi, nuevos sin!nimos, entre otras. Por otra parte, se describe la estructura anat!mica de 11 especies andinas de bambes le osos que habitan en la Argentina y reas limtrofes, considerando caracteres foliares y caulinares, epid rmicos y en transcorte, seleccionando aquellos de valor taxon!mico para la elaboraci!n de claves de identificaci!n. Por medio de la revisi!n de las colecciones de los herbarios ms importantes de la Argentina y del mundo, y de una extensa bsqueda bibliogrfica ha sido posible reconstruir la historia de los eventos de floraci!n masiva de las especies de bambes le osos que habitan en nuestro pas y reas limtrofes desde finales del siglo 7I7 hasta la actualidad. Sobre la base de estos datos, se estim! la duraci!n del ciclo de vida de cada una de las especies y se constat! la existencia de un cierto nivel de sincrona entre diferentes especies. Para poder evaluar la existencia de una relaci!n entre la floraci!n masiva de un bamb y algn factor ambiental, se procedi! a comparar la ocurrencia de los eventos de floraci!n con series anuales de datos climticos e indicadores de factores climticos que actan a escala hemisf rica, obteni ndose resultados novedosos. A pesar de que los registros hist!ricos y las series de datos climticos son fragmentarios, se encontraron indicios que se alan una tendencia que deber ser tomada en cuenta en futuros estudios. Palabras claves. Am rica austral, bambes le osos, ciclos de vida, factores climticos, fenologa, morfologa, anatoma, taxonoma. - 1 - Phenological analysis of native and exotic woody bamboos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae) from southern South America, with the a lication of ecological, systematic, mor hological and anatomical studies Abstract 2oody bamboos are part of the most diverse subfamily of Poaceae, with over 1400 species distributed around the world. A :ey characteristic of most woody bamboos, and of most interest to botanists, is the process of cyclical flowering after a long vegetative period that may extend up to 120 years. These cyclic flowering events are generally gregarious, affecting an entire region, and are followed by death of individuals. The (ambuseae tribe is represented in Argentina by 5 native genera and 4 introduced genera. In this wor:, the morphological description of each of the 2, species inhabiting the study area is presented. The species studied belong to the native genera- Chusquea .unth, Colanthelia Mc0lure 1 E. 2. Smith, Guadua .unth, Merostachys Spreng. and Rhipidocladum Mc0lure, and to the exotic genera- Arundinaria Michx., Bambusa Schreb. and Phyllostachys Siebold 1 4ucc. There are new findings regarding systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature of woody bamboos of southern South America. These findings include the description of 2 new species, Chusquea egluma 5uerreiro 1 Rgolo and C. floribunda 5uerreiro 1 Rgolo, the revalidation of C. argentina Parodi, new synonyms, among others. Also, anatomical structure of 11 Andean woody bamboos from Argentina and neighboring areas, regarding foliar and culm epidermis and cross section, is described and characters of taxonomic value are selected to elaborate identification :eys. Through the revision of the collections of the most important herbaria in Argentina and the world, plus an extensive literature search, it was possible to reconstruct the history of mass flowering events of woody bamboo species native to southern South America, beginning in the late 19th century up to our days. (ased on these data, life span of each species was estimated and evidence of a certain level of synchrony among the life cycles of various species was found. In order to assess the existence of a possible relationship between a mass flowering event and some environmental factor, the occurrence of flowering events was compared to annual climate data series and two indexes, which describe climatic factors acting on a hemispheric scale, yielding original results. Although historical records and climate data series are fragmentary, there are some hints that point out a trend that should be ta:en into account in future studies. Key words. Southern South America, woody bamboos, life cycles, climatic factors, phenology, morphology, anatomy, taxonomy. - 2 - Agradecimientos Debo agradecer en primer lugar a la educacin pblica argentina, por permitirme acceder a la formacin universitaria libre y gratuitamente, algo que muchos damos por sentado sin darnos cuenta del raro privilegio que nos brinda este pas. Al Consejo acional de Investigaciones Cientficas y T#cnicas y a la Agencia acional de Promocin Cientfica y Tecnolgica, por financiar mis estudios de Doctorado y por hacer de la investigacin cientfica en la Argentina, a pesar de todo, una realidad. A mis directoras, aunque tal ve% este no sea el t#rmino m&s adecuado para referirme a ellas ya que creo que m&s que dirigirme, me ense'aron. A (ulma, quien me dio la oportunidad de reali%ar esta Tesis Doctoral depositando toda su confian%a en m desde nuestra primer entrevista, por su constante apoyo a mis ideas, sugerencias y mltiples presentaciones a todo tipo de beca o subsidio que encontrara en el camino, por sus valiosas ense'an%as, consejos y correcciones. )racias por dejarme andar sola sin que ello implique dejarme sola, por dejarme avan%ar sin dejar que me pierda* un equilibrio, a veces, difcil de alcan%ar. Comparto y adhiero a las palabras que el Dr. Julio A. ,urrel le dedicara recientemente a (ulma y que aqu cito- ./01 creo necesario destacar, junto a su vala profesional y acad#mica, su enorme calidad humana, sus firmes convicciones y su pasin por el trabajo bot&nico. 2s un verdadero privilegio para m haber compartido con (ulma algunos tramos de los senderos de la investigacin. 3e e4preso mi gratitud y mi sentido reconocimiento a su labor, en general, /01.5 A 6ernanda, por trabajar conmigo codo a codo, por ense'arme y luego dejarme andar mi propio camino, por haberme apoyado y alentado a ir siempre /un poquito1 m&s lejos, por su generosidad y confian%a. )racias por estar atenta a cada punto y coma faltante /o de m&s1, lo cual me haca darme cuenta que de verdad le importaba. Al Instituto de 7ot&nica Dar8inion, su director, el Dr.
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