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The Journal of the American Bamboo Society Volume 17 The Journal of the American Bamboo Society Volume 17 BAMBOO SCIENCE & CULTURE The Journal of the American Bamboo Society is published by the American Bamboo Society Copyright 2003 ISSN 0197– 3789 Bamboo Science and Culture: The Journal of the American Bamboo Society is the continuation of The Journal of the American Bamboo Society President of the Society Board of Directors Ian Connor Michael Bartholomew Board of Directors Vice President Michael Bartholomew Susanne Lucas Kinder Chambers James Clever Treasurer Ian Connor Sue Turtle Norman Bezona Dave Flanagan Secretary Gerald Guala George Shor David King Susanne Lucas Gerry Morris George Shor Mary Ann Silverman Mike Turner Membership Information Membership in the American Bamboo Society and one ABS chapter is for the calendar year and includes a subscription to the Magazine and Journal. See http://www.bamboo.org for current rates or contact Michael Bartholomew at [email protected] Cover: Dr. Tarciso S. Filgueiras standing in a population of Filgueirasia arenicola just north of Parque Nacional das Emas in Central Brazil. Photo by G.F. Guala, 1990. Bamboo Science and Culture: The Journal of the American Bamboo Society 17(1): 1-3 © Copyright 2003 by the American Bamboo Society A New Genus of Bamboos from the Cerrados of Brazil Gerald F. Guala Fairchild Tropical Garden Research Center, 11935 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, FL 33156 Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 Recent advancements in our knowledge of New World bamboos have shown that the genus Apoclada, as previously recognized, is clearly polyphyletic. A new genus, Filgueirasia, is described in honor of Dr. Tarciso S. Filgueiras. Two species, F. arenicola and F. cannavieira, are recognized. Apoclada simplex remains in the now monotypic genus. The genus, Apoclada F.A. McClure (1967) lack of these common bamboo leaf structures has been a source of consternation since it was is now known to be not so unusual, in some first published. The type species, Apoclada species varying even with light conditions simplex F.A. McClure and L.B. Smith, is a (March and Clark 2001). Part of the branch beautiful tall and luxuriant bamboo of the bud misinterpretation for A. simplex was due in mesic forests of southeastern Brazil but the large part to the single teratological specimen other species published at that time, A. diversa referred to as A. diversa that clearly shows two F.A. McClure and L.B. Smith, turned out to be separate branch buds at a single node. The nothing more than a teratological specimen branches emerge from bud extremely early in of the type species (Guala 1992, 1995). Five this species as well and the difficulty of inter- years later McClure (1973) described the preting the ontogeny of branch buds in general cerrado species A. arenicola F.A. McClure also led to confusion. This in relation to the and transferred another cerrado species, clearly multiple equal primary buds in the Arundinaria cannavieira Alvaro da Silveira, cerrado species along with ambiguity in the out of that, then very broadly defined, genus to interpretation of the characteristic in A. simplex become Apoclada cannavieira (Alvaro da by myself and other workers was enough not to Silveira) F.A. McClure. question McClure’s judgement and consider Cerrado is a type of open savanna found in them all to be in a single genus. Emmet central Brazil. Fire is common on the cerrados Judziewicz (pers. comm.) even questioned how and the two cerrado species are well adapted to I knew that Apoclada was monophyletic in a it with compact knotty rhizomes with many prepublication review of the manuscript of buds, and a short and multi-stemmed habit as Guala (1995). My explanation to the editor was well as relatively course leaves. They are both that although the evidence was weak, we did good forage (Guala 1992, 2001) and are eaten not at the time have clear evidence showing by both domestic stock and wildlife. that Apoclada s.l. was not monophyletic, so I When I began work on this group in 1988, chose to stick with the status quo until such there was relatively little known about the evidence was discovered. affinities of the genus and about the extent and New and much more extensive work on the interpretation of the important structures in interpretation and extent and derivation of determining affinities to other genera. The different branch bud complement configura- characteristics that held Apoclada s.l. together tions and a much better knowledge of New were having multiple separate equal primary World bamboos in general (see Judziewicz et branch buds at the nodes (hence the name al. 1999 and references therin) has led to better “Apoclada”) and a lack of fusiod cells in the interpretations of important characteristics and leaves. At the time, relatively few specimens had a better understanding of relationships. It is been examined for fusoid cells and what clear now from this new morphological work appeared to be a phylogenetically significant alone that the cerrado species probably show a 1 2 Bamboo Science and Culture Vol. 17 different tribal affinity than A. simplex. The often short pubescent on new growth, straight, cerrado species show the refractive papillae, 1-9 mm in diameter, the walls 0.3-2 mm thick, intercostal sclerenchyma fibers, reduced the internodes rarely solid in fertile material, to foliage leaf midribs and an asymmetric leaf 29.1 cm long. The vegetative midculm primary margin that are characteristic of the branch bud complement with 1-15 equal primary Arthrostylidiinae while A. simplex shows an branch buds per node in both the vegetative overall general resemblence to Otatea in the and fertile culms. Culm leaves lanceolate, the Guaduinae but differs in leaf anatomy. sheath of those from the midculm 3.0-10.2 cm Apoclada simplex also has adaxial papillae, the long, 0.4-2.7 cm wide at the base, glabrous on overarching papillae associated with its adaxial the abaxial and adaxial surfaces, adaxial ligule stomata and the absence of stomata on the a short hyaline membrane to ca. 1 mm, the abaxial leaf surface that is characteristic of the blades mostly erect to 39 mm long. Foliage leaf Guaduinae. Recent molecular analyses (Guala sheathes ciliolate to hispidulous or with copious et al. 2000) have also supported this placement white hairs and long flexuous white oral setae of the cerrado species in the Arthrostylidiinae along the distal margin, the blade 3.3-31.4 cm and A. simplex in the Guaduinae conclusively. long, 1.0-11.0 mm wide, stomata on both Thus, the genus Apoclada, as previously surfaces, the bulliform cells smooth on the recognized, must be split leaving the type surface and in fan-shaped groups of 3-12 species, and hence the name, with A. simplex. cells in transverse section with one to several This is counterintuitive given that “Apoclada” groups occurring between each pair of major means separate branches – a designation that vascular bundles, intercostal sclerenchyma applies much better to the cerrado species – fibers appressed to either side of the bulliform but the rules of nomenclature are clear cell groups and often with up to 20 fiber strands (Greuter et al. 2000) and a new genus must be above the bulliform cells near the abaxial published for the cerrado species. surface, silica bodies rectangular to saddle or It is with great pleasure that I am able to shield or double-axe shaped, bicellular micro- name the new genus in honor of Dr. Tarciso S. hairs 41-59 microns long with the basal cell Filgueiras. He was the person who first showed longer than the distal cell and occurring only me living populations of these bamboos (see the on the abaxial surface, the long cells of both cover of this issue) and who knows more than epidermes papillate. Inflorescence branches anyone about them in their natural habitat. He secund, the spikelets 2.5-10.4 cm long, the has been a source of endless enthusiasm, expertise florets 3-15 per spikelet, the lower lemmas and encouragement to those of us who study 13-26 mm long, the upper lemmas 6-15 mm grasses as well as a positive force for systematics long, the palea subequal to the body of the and systematists in Brazil and globally. There lemma, 6-15 mm long, with two scabrous keels, is no one who deserves this honor more. scabrous to glabrous between the keels. Lodicules 1.3-2.5 mm long, ca. 0.6-1.6 mm wide, ovate to Filgueirasia G.F. Guala gen. nov. TYPE: obovate, ciliate on the upper margins. Stamens Filgueirasia cannavieira (Alvaro da Silveira) 4.1-11.0 mm long. Style densely hispid, 0.3-0.6 G.F. Guala. mm long, the stigmas ca. 0.7-2 mm long. Valde caespitosae, culmis cavis, gemmis Caryopsis 8.3-9.9 mm long, 1.9-3.4 mm wide, multis aequalibus ramorum primariorum ad with a beak ca. 0.4-0.7 mm long. nodos (raro 1), laminis foliorum stomatibus in Phenology. The period between mass flow- utraque pagina et fibris sclerenchymatis inter- erings is unknown although it is not less than costalibus in mesophyllo instructis eleven years and is probably more than twenty. Strongly caespitose bamboos, vegetative Flowering may also be linked to burning. clumps 0.30-3.21 m in diameter. Rhizomes Distribution and Habitat. Normally found in compact. Culms 0.45-1.75 m high (to 2.5 m in cerrado from ca. 44-55 deg. W. long. and 15-21 fertile condition), erect, green or glaucous, deg. S. lat. at elevations of 550-1075 m. 2003 Guala: Filgueirasia 3 Filgueirasia cannavieira (Alvaro da Silveira) Guala, G.F.
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