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Table Des Matieres UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (DEA) DE BILOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Option : PHYSIOLOGIE VEGETALE ETUDE DE LA POPULATION DES ORCHIDEES DE TALATAKELY, PARC NATIONAL RANOMAFANA, ET GERMINATION IN VITRO DES GRAINES. Soutenu publiquement le 2 Avril 2007 Par : ANDRIANANJAMANANTSOA Herinandrianina Notahianjanahary Devant les membres du jury composé de: Président : Professeur RAMAVOVOLOLONA Rapporteur : Docteur Eliane RALAMBOFETRA Examinateurs : Docteur Alice ANDRIANJAKA Docteur Louis EDWARD UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (DEA) DE BILOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Option : PHYSIOLOGIE VEGETALE ETUDE DE LA POPULATION DES ORCHIDEES DE TALATAKELY, PARC NATIONAL RANOMAFANA, ET GERMIJATION IN VITRO DES GRAINES. Soutenu publiquement le 2 Avril 2007 Par : ANDRIANANJAMANANTSOA Herinandrianina Notahianjanahary Devant les membres du jury composé de: Président : Professeur RAMAVOVOLOLONA Rapporteur : Docteur Eliane RALAMBOFETRA Examinateurs : Docteur Alice ANDRIANJAKA Docteur Louis EDWARD REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail est le fruit d’une collaboration entre le Omaha Henry Doorly Zoo (HDZ), le Malagasy Institut pour la Conservation de l’Environnement Tropical (MICET) et le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de l’Université d’Antananarivo (DBEV), dans le cadre du projet : « Madagascar Orchids Conservation ». Nous tenons à remercier, le HDZ, pour son soutien financier et matériel dans la réalisation de ce travail. Ainsi, nous adressons toute notre reconnaissance aux responsables de cette institution : Dr Lee Simmons, Directeur du Zoo ; Dr Edward Louis, responsable du département génétique et conservation au CCR; Madame Terri Gouveia, responsable du département horticulture. Nous exprimons notre gratitude à Madame Margaret M. From, responsable de la recherche sur la conservation des plantes au sein du département horticulture, pour son accueil dans son laboratoire et ses recommandations. Nos vifs remerciements à toute l’équipe du laboratoire de Génétique ainsi que celle du département Horticulture de Omaha Henry Doorly Zoo. Nous tenons à remercier les membres du jury : Madame Ramavovololona, Professeur et Enseignant chercheur, Responsable de la formation doctorale du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, qui nous a fait l’honneur de bien vouloir présider le jury de ce mémoire. Nous vous sommes très reconnaissant. Madame Eliane Ralambofetra, Maître de Conférences et Enseignant chercheur, Responsable de la formation du troisième cycle en Physiologie Végétale à la Faculté des Sciences, qui a bien voulu nous diriger et accepter d’être le rapporteur de ce travail et n’a pas ménagé son temps malgré ses préoccupations. Nous vous exprimons notre gratitude. Madame Alice Andrianjaka, Maître de Conférences et Enseignant chercheur à la Faculté des Sciences d’Antananarivo ; de nous avoir donné des conseils pour l’amélioration de notre travail. Nos sincères remerciements s’adressent également à : Madame Isabelle Ratsimiala Ramonta, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences d’Antananarivo, qui a bien accepté d’être membre de la commission de lecture. Madame Bakolimalala Rakouth, Maître de Conférences et Enseignant chercheur, Chef du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales à l’Université d’Antananarivo ; Madame Elizabeth Rabakonandrianina, Maître de Conférences et Enseignant chercheur au département de Biologie et écologie Végétales, pour leurs contributions dans la réalisation de ce projet. i Nous témoignons notre sympathie à Monsieur Bède Ratsimbazafy, Statisticien et Enseignant chercheur à l’Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques et à la Faculté des Sciences d’Antananarivo ; Monsieur Tahiana Randrianatoandro, Ingénieur Statisticien, Chef de Service des Statistiques Financières, Direction des Statistiques Economiques à l’INSTAT, qui nous ont aidé dans le traitement des données. Pour leurs aides et contributions à ce travail, nous tenons à remercier, Monsieur Hiariniaina Randrianizahana, Chef de Division de la Recherche Sur la Flore et la Faune dans le Département des Eaux et Forêts ; Monsieur Guy Suzon Ramangason, Directeur Général de l’ANGAP, et son staff ; Monsieur Benjamin Andriamihaja, Directeur de MICET, et son staff. Nous exprimons notre reconnaissance à Monsieur Fidelis Joseph Rajaonarivelo, Orchidophile à Ranomafana (Ifanadiana, Fianarantsoa), de nous avoir donné la permission d’utiliser ses photos pour illustration. Nos reconnaissances à toute l’équipe de Physiologie Végétale, Enseignants, Techniciens et Etudiants, de nous avoir soutenu et encouragé dans nos études. Nous exprimons nos vifs remerciements à toutes et à tous ceux qui ont apporté leurs soutiens et contribution à ce travail. ii TABLE DES MATIERES REMERCIEMENTS……………………………………………………………………... i TABLE DES MATIERES………………………………………………………………... iii LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………... v LISTE DES TABLEAUX………………………………………………………………... vi LISTE DES FIGURES…………………………………………………………………… vi LISTE DES PHOTOS……………………………………………………………………. vii LISTE DES ANNEXES………………………………………………………………….. vii GLOSSAIRE……………………………………………………………………………... viii INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………. 1 I- MILIEU D’ETUDE……………………………………………………………………. 4 II- METHODOLOGIE…………………………………………………………………… 9 II.1- Le matériel végétal………………………………………………………….. 10 II.1.1- Systématique des orchidées……………………………………….. 10 II.1.2- Description botanique……………………………………………... 10 II.1.3- Reproduction………………………………………………………. 12 II.2- Etude de la population des orchidées de Talatakely………………………… 13 II.2.1- Prospection du site de Talatakely…………………………………. 13 II.2.2- Réalisation du relevé écologique à Talatakely…………………......13 II.2.3- Etude de l’état de la population des orchidées de Talatakely……... 15 a- Densité de la population……………………………………….. 15 b- Taux de régénération naturelle………………………………… 15 c- Fréquence et abondance relative………………………………. 15 d- Distribution …………………………………………………… 16 II.2.4- Phénologie des orchidées de Talatakely…………………………... 16 II.2.5- Traitement des données…………………………………………….17 II.3- Etude de la germination asymbiotique in vitro des orchidées de Talatakely. 17 II.3.1- Matériels d’étude………………………………………………….. 18 II.3.2- Préparation des explants…………………………………………... 18 i. Collecte………………………………………………………… 18 iii ii. Séchage………………………………………………………... 18 iii. Stockage………………………………………………………. 18 II.3.3- Stérilisation des graines………………………………………….... 18 II.3.4- Préparation du milieu de culture…………………………………... 19 II.3.5- Ensemencement…………………………………………………… 19 II.3.6- Traitement des données…………………………………………… 19 III- RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATION …………………………………………….. 20 III.1- La population des orchidées de Talatakely………………………………..21 III.1.1- Localisation des sites de relevé prospectés………………………. 21 III.1.2- Inventaire des orchidées de Talatakely……………………………22 III.1.3- Etat de la population des orchidées de Talatakely………………...23 a- Densité de la population……………………………………….. 23 b- Taux de régénération naturelle………………………………… 25 c- Fréquence et abondance relative……………………………….. 28 d- Distribution : ………………………………………………….. 30 d.1- Distribution horizontale……………………………… 30 d.2- Distribution verticale………………………………… 37 d.3- Distribution des espèces en fonction des supports…… 40 III.1.4- Phénologie des orchidées de Talatakely…………………………. 42 a) Floraison……………………………………………………….. 42 b) Fructification…………………………………………………… 42 c) Etat végétatif…………………………………………………… 44 III.2- Etude de la germination asymbiotique in vitro des orchidées de Talatakely 44 III.2.1- Effets du stockage sur la germination……………………………. 44 III.2.2- Analyse des variances (ANOVA)……………………………….... 46 IV- DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………... 50 CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES………………………………………………… 54 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES……………………………………………….... 57 ANNEXES iv LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS AFC: Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances ANGAP: Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées ANOVA: Analysis of Variance (analyse des variances) BV: station bas versant CCR: Center for Conservation and Research (HDZ, Omaha, NE, USA) CITES: Conservation on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973). DBEV: Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales GPS: Global Positional System HV: station haut versant HDZ: Henry Doorly Zoo (Omaha, Nebraska, USA) INSTAT : Institut National de Statistique MICET: Malagasy Institut pour la Conservation de l'Environnement Tropical M45: milieu de culture Murashige et Skoog à 45% additionné de lait de coco MS: Murashige et Skoog (1962) MV: station mi versant N45: milieu de culture Murashige et Skoog à 45% sans additif PNR: Parc National Ranomafana SI : strate inférieure SM : strate moyenne SS : strate supérieure v LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1: Caractéristique des placeaux et localisation des aires de relevé………………21 Tableau 2: Liste floristique des orchidées de Talatakely………………………………… 22 Tableau 3 : Effectifs en orchidées par station à Talatakely…………………………….... 24 Tableau 4 : Taux de régénération naturelle des orchidées de Talatakely………………… 26 Tableau 5 : Fréquence relative et abondance relative des orchidées de Talatakely……… 28 Tableau 6 : Liste des orchidées qui colonisent différents types de supports………………40 Tableau 7 : Liste des arbres les plus colonisés par les orchidées………………………… 41 Tableau 8 : Liste des orchidées colonisant un seul type de support……………………… 42 Tableau 9 : Etat phénologique de quelques
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