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Filogenia, Taxonomía Y Biogeografía De Las Especies Americanas De Polystachya Hook

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Filogenia, Taxonomía Y Biogeografía De Las Especies Americanas De Polystachya Hook DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA DE PLANTAS Filogenia, taxonomía y biogeografía de las especies americanas de Polystachya Hook. (Orchidaceae: Vandeae: Polystachyinae) BIOL. LIZANDRO NICANOR PERAZA FLORES CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE YUCATÁN, A.C. DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA DE PLANTAS Filogenia, taxonomía y biogeografía de las especies americanas de Polystachya Hook. (Orchidaceae: Vandeae: Polystachyinae) Tesis que para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias presenta: LIZANDRO NICANOR PERAZA FLORES Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. l 1¡" .., , ,. '"' ... ::;~ CICY RECONOCIMIENTO Por medio de la presente, hago constar que el trabajo de tesis titulado Filogenia, taxonomía y biogeografía de las especies americanas de Polys­ tachya Hook. (Orchidaceae: Vandeae: Polystachyinae) fue realizado en los laboratorios de la Unidad de Recursos Naturales del Centro de Investiga­ ción Científica de Yucatán, A.C. bajo la dirección del Dr. Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha, dentro de la Opción Ecología, Sistemática y Evolución perteneciente al Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias y Biotecnología de Plan­ tas de este Centro. Atentamente, sto V zquez Flota Coordina or Docencia Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, AC. ¡¡ DECLARACIÓN DE PROPIEDAD Declaro que la información contenida en la sección de Materiales y Méto­ dos Experimentales, los Resultados y Discusión de este documento provie­ nen de las actividades de experimentación realizadas durante el período que se me asignó para desarrollar mi trabajo de tesis, en las Unidades y Laborato­ rios del Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán y que dicha información le pertenece en términos de la ley de propiedad industrial, por lo que no me reservo ningún derecho sobre ello. Lizandro Nicanor Peraza Flores iii iv DEDICATORIA A mis padres Mireya y Aurelio. A mi tío Víctor Manuel. A mis hermanos Eric Gabriel y José Luis. Este trabajo no hubiese sido posible sin su amor, paciencia y compren­ sión. El tiempo invertido en la realización de esta tesis produjo muchas au­ sencias que pacientemente toleraron. El apoyo recibido por ellos fue funda­ mental para el buen término de este trabajo de investigación. Muchas gracias por todo su amor y comprensión. Esta tesis es para ustedes, con todo mi cariño y amor. V vi AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar quiero agradecer al CONACYT por la beca (12347) otor­ gada para cursar los estudios de posgrado. El presente trabajo solo pudo ser posible bajo la ayuda de un gran número de personas. Bajo la dirección del Dr. Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha el trabajo tomo un tinte más concreto y los comentarios y aportaciones de los miembros del comité tutora!, Gustavo A. Romero (AMES), lvón Ramírez y Rodrigo Duno de Stefano, permitieron el desarrollo de un documento con una redacción y un contenido científico acorde a los más altos estándares. En el aspecto personal, sus comentarios, sugerencias y consejos me han ayudado a crecer como miembro de nuestra sociedad. La mayor parte de este trabajo se basó en la revisión de material de her­ bario. Los curadores de los herbarios permitieron el acceso a las colecciones a su cargo, ya sea directamente en sus instituciones o a través de préstamos otorgados al herbario CICY para el estudio de este material. Estas institucio­ nes nacionales e internacionales tienen a su cargo el manejo de importantes colecciones biológicas que incluyen una gran cantidad de ejemplares herbo­ rizados de orquídeas procedentes de América tropical y subtropical. Un agra­ decimiento muy especial a los curadores de los siguientes herbarios: AMES, AMO, AAU, 8, CICY, EAP, F, FLAS, INB, JBL, JBSD, K, L, M, MEXU, MICH, MO, NY, PH, S, SEL, U, UCAM, UPRRP, US, VEN, XAL. Los préstamos de material de herbario fueron procesados en CICY para su adecuado almacenamiento . y protección durante el periodo de estudio. En esta labor la ayuda de Silvia Hernández y José Luis Tapia fue primordial, sobretodo para contar con el material a estudiar y devolverlo a las institu­ ciones de origen con un adecuado manejo. Además, ellos compartieron sus experiencias en el manejo de colecciones vegetales, salidas de colecta y en especial su conocimiento sobre la flora de México. Algunas instituciones no pudieron enviar material de herbario para su estudio. En estos casos, varias personas involucradas en el manejo de las colecciones de estos herbarios proporcionaron imágenes que fueron de mu­ cha ayuda para la culminación de este trabajo. Le agradezco a John Hunnex (BM), M. Elena Reiner-Drehwald (GOET), Giovani R. Milla (HB), Renata Bo­ rosova (K), Marc Pignal (P), Rafaela Campostrini Forzza (RB), Erika von So­ hsten Medeiros (RB), y Maria Gandida Henrique Mamede (SP), por el tiempo invertido en esta labor. Algunas de las fotografías que se utilizan en este documento fueron toma­ das de plantas cultivadas por Enrique Arcila (CICY), un agradecimiento por permitir que tome fotografías de sus plantas. Estoy muy agradecido con Franco Pupulin y Robert Dressler (JBL) por el envío de plantas vivas que se utilizaron en este trabajo, como parte de las vii fotografías o del material revisado. En mayo y junio de 2011 se realizó una visita a varios herbarios en Ale­ mania (8, M), Austria (W), Reino Unido (BM, K) y Suecia (S), durante esta visita muchas personas permitieron que obtuviera información relevante para este trabajo. Quiero agradecer por toda su ayuda durante ese viaje a Ernst Vitek (W), Bruno Wallnoefer (W), Hans-Joachim Esser (M), Günther Gerlach (M) , Jens Klackenberg (S), André Schuiteman (K), Renatá Borosova (K), Ja­ cek Wajer (BM), John Hunnex (BM), Renee Tiwari (BM) y Jonathan Gregson (BM). El trabajo nomenclatura! del género es complejo y la aplicación del Códi• go Internacional de Nomenclatura Botánica (ICBN, por sus siglas en inglés) es en muchas ocasiones complicado. La correcta solución de los problemas nomenclaturales de las especies americanas de Polystachya fue en muchos casos gracias a la ayuda del Dr. Kanchi N. Gandhi (HUH), por lo cual le estoy muy agradecido. En el laboratorio recibí la ayuda de Julian Coello y Amílcar Castillo, mu­ chas gracias por compartir sus experiencias en el trabajo de laboratorio y sobre todo por su paciencia. El Dr. Roger Orellana Lanza, el Dr. Juan de la Cruz Tun Garrido y la Dr. lvonne Sánchez del Pino hicieron observaciones y comentarios importantes a versiones previas de este documento, lo que enriqueció grandemente su contenido. Mis amigos compartieron sus experiencias y conocimiento sobre una di­ versidad enorme de temas asociados a las ciencias biológicas y en particular los asociados a la taxonomía, sistemática y biogeografía de plantas. Aunque estos no fueron los únicos conocimientos y experiencias compartidas, sus vivencias en el aspecto social ayudaron increíblemente a mi formación per­ sonal. Muchas gracias por toda su experiencia a Eliana Noguera, Ricardo Balam, William Cetzal, Diego Angulo, Erika Tetetla, Ornar López, Monserrat Capdeville, Jorge Carlos Trejo, Juan Pablo Pinzón, Samuel Campos y Dolo­ res Chan. Por último quiero agradecer al comité de titulación por el tiempo invertido en la revisión de este documento y los comentarios hechos sobre el mismo. Su ayuda fue muy importante para obtener un documento de alto nivel aca­ démico. viii "Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for gran­ ted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider." F. Bacon, 1597 the images of men's wits and knowledges remain in books, exempted from the wrong of time and capable of perpetua/ renova­ tion. Neither are they fitly to be called images, beca use they generate sttll, and cast tfleir :seeds in the minds of others, provoking and cau­ sing infinite actions and opinions in succeeding ages." F. Bacon, 1605 "/t cannot be denied that words are of excellent use, in that by their means al/ that stock of knowledge which has been purchased by the joint /abours of inquisitive men in al/ ages and nations may be drawn into the view and made the possessíon of one single person. But at the same time it must be owned that most parts of knowledge have been strangely perplexed and darkened by the abuse of words, and general ways of speech wherein they are delivered." G. Berkeley, 1710 "Man is a reasonable being; and as such, receives from science his proper food and nourishment: But so narrow are the bounds of hu­ man understanding, that little satisfaction can be hoped for in this particular, either from the extent of security or his acquisitions." D. Hume, 1748 ix X ÍNDICE Reconocimiento ............................................................................................. i Declaración de propiedad ........................................................................... iii Dedicatoria .................................................................................................... v Agradecimientos ........................................................................................ vii Resumen ...................................................................................................... xi Abstract ...................................................................................................... xiii Índice de cuadros ..................................................................................... xvii Índice de figuras ........................................................................................ xix Introducción general .................................................................................... 1 Referencias ..................................................................................................
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