DOCSLIB.ORG

An Orchid Checklist of Mt. Popa, Central Myanmar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Orchid Checklist of Mt. Popa, Central Myanmar Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 41(2), pp. 69–89, May 22, 2015 An Orchid Checklist of Mt. Popa, Central Myanmar Nobuyuki Tanaka1, Tomohisa Yukawa2,*, Khin Myo Htwe3 and Jin Murata4 1 Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Godaisan 4200–6, Kochi 781–8125, Japan; Present address: Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan 2 Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan 3 Popa Mountain Park, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, Environmental Conservation and Forestry, Kyaukpadaung Township, Mandalay Region, Union of Myanmar 4 Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Hakusan 3–7–1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112–0001, Japan * E-mail: [email protected] (Received 20 February 2015; accepted 25 March 2015) Abstract As part of floristic inventory work of Myanmar, a preliminary orchid flora of Mt. Popa, central Myanmar, is provided. We herein record 102 taxa of orchids representing 42 genera from this region. Key words : checklist, Orchidaceae, Mt. Popa, Myanmar Introduction central Myanmar (Fig. 1). Working in the 1930s, Frederik Garrett Dickason was probably the first Myanmar (old Burma) is located south of the botanist to make collections on Mt. Popa (Tanaka Himalayan region and, with a land area of et al., 2006). Yin Yin Kyi reported on the vegeta- 676,500 km2 (approximately twice the size of Japan), spans tropical evergreen, mixed decidu- ous, savanna and alpine vegetation types (Tanaka, 2005). An updated checklist of the gym- nosperms and flowering plants of Myanmar has been published (Kress et al., 2003) based on pre- vious or preceding works by Lace (1912), Rod- ger (1922), Hundley and Chit (1961) and Hund- ley (1987), and with additional records accumulated from floras of neighbouring regions. However, no modern critical floristic surveys have been conducted in the country, and much remains to be learnt of its flora as well as of flo- ristic relations with neighbouring regions in Asia (Frodin 2001; Tanaka 2005, 2010). Located in Mandalay Division, Mt. Popa (20°56′N, 95°12′E) is an extinct volcano that, at an altitude of 1,518 m, stands topographically isolated within the dry zone lowland savannah of Fig. 1. Location of Mt. Popa in Myanmar. 70 Nobuyuki Tanaka et al. tion of Mt. Popa and later made a survey of the ENUMERATION OF TAXA crater’s vegetation from which she produced an enumeration of 221 vascular plant species (Kyi, 1. Acampe Lindl. 1992). However, she did not record any orchid species from Mt. Popa (Kyi and Moe, 1997). In 1.1. Acampe joiceyana (J.J.Sm.) Seidenf. in her article, she recognized four forest types, Nord. J. Bot. 22: 532 (2002). namely, dry forest, dry hill forest, dry upper Specimen examined: Western slope of Mt. mixed deciduous forest and Indaing forest, with Popa, 1200–1500 m alt., 30 March 2006, Khin grassland dominating at the summit. Myo Htwe 102 (spirit collection-MBK, TNS). Owing to its climatic and geological diversity, Life form: Epiphyte. Mt. Popa exhibits great plant diversity, and rich- Distribution: Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet- ness of vegetation has developed since the last nam. eruption about 320,000 years ago (Kyi, 1992). To Note: Tanaka et al. (2011) newly recorded this provide a comprehensive floristic inventory of species from Myanmar based on the specimen the area, a floristic survey in Popa Mountain Park cited above. was carried out by us with cooperation of the Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division of the 1.2. Acampe aff. praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & Myanmar Forest Department. The result of the McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 495 inventory work of all flowering plants except for (1932). [Fig. 2-A] Orchidaceae has already been published (Tanaka Specimen examined: Inside of the crater, Mt. et al., 2006). Subsequent expeditions to Mt. Popa Popa, 1200–1500 m alt., 8 May 2005, Khin Myo focusing on the inventory of orchids documented Htwe 13 (spirit collection-MBK, TNS). fourteen species newly recorded from Myanmar Life form: Epiphyte. (Tanaka et al., 2011). Note: Our material matches well an Indian Thus far, seven expeditions to Popa Mountain plant in Wight (1852: tab. 1670) after which Park were conducted with specimens being col- Lindley (1853) described Acampe wightiana lected in both the dry and wet seasons. Sterile (Lindl.) Lindl. This name is widely accepted as a plants were planted in the nursery of Popa Moun- synonym of A. praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & tain Park Office, and spirit specimens were made McCann. The illustration associated with the pro- when they bloomed. Herbarium specimens were tologue of Epidendrum praemorsum, the basi- made in the Park’s Environmental Education onym of A. praemorsa, in Roxburgh (1795: tab. Centre. The first set was retained there, while 43) is also similar to our material but the spur of duplicates were sent to three Japanese institu- the lip is scarcely developed. Some contempo- tions, namely the Makino Botanical Garden rary illustrations of A. praemorsa based on (MBK), the University of Tokyo (TI), and the Indian plants also have a saccate, rather than National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS) spurred lip (e. g., Rao, 1998; Misra, 2004). for identification. Besides, our material is also similar to material As the result of our identification, a checklist from tropical and subtropical Africa, although of orchids of this region is provided in which 103 the shapes of spur, mid lobe of the lip, and lateral taxa belonging to 42 genera are recorded. Scien- lobes of the lip vary in the figures that were con- tific names are arranged alphabetically. Myanmar sulted (Verdoorn, 1954; Cribb, 1989; Geerinck, vernacular names for each species followed 1992; Linder and Kurzweil, 1999). Currently, A. Hundley (1987). Additional notes are provided pachyglossa Rchb. f. is the most widely accepted for certain taxa as appropriate. name for the African plants (e. g., Cribb, 1989). The plants from Mt. Popa are unusual in their flower colour, the well-developed spur and the Orchid Checklist of Mt. Popa, Myanmar 71 Fig. 2. A. Acampe aff. praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann. B. Armodorum siamense Schltr. C. Calanthe tripli- cata (Willem.) Ames. D. Cheirostylis spathulata J.J. Sm. (Photo A by K.M. Htwe; B by Y. Tsujita; C by S. Watthana; D by S. Gale) shape of lateral lobes of the lip. The flower omy of this complex. shows pale green with dark red-purple spots on the tepals and white with dark red-purple mark- 2. Aerides Lour. ings on the lip. Further comparative studies using Indian and African specimens are indispensable 2.1. Aerides crassifolia C.S.P.Parish ex Burb. to reach satisfactory conclusions on the taxon- in The Garden 3: 461 (1873). 72 Nobuyuki Tanaka et al. Specimens examined: In the crater of Mt. from Mandalay Region, central Myanmar. Popa, 1200–1500 m alt., 8 May 2005, Khin Myo Htwe 14 (spirit collection-TNS); cult. in the nurs- 5. Armodorum Breda ery of Popa Mountain Park Office, 1 June 2006, Tanaka et al. 036165 (MBK). 5.1. Armodorum siamense Schltr. in Orchis 6: Life form: Epiphyte. 67 (1912). [Fig. 2-B] Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Specimen examined: Mt. Popa, 10 May 2006, and Vietnam. Khin Myo Htwe 108 (spirit collection-MBK, Local name: Sagalay-ani. TNS). Life form: Epiphyte. 2.2. Aerides falcata Lindl. & Paxton in Paxton’s Distribution: Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet- Fl. Gard. 2: 142 (1851). nam. Specimen examined: Inside of the crater of Note: Tanaka et al. (2011) newly reported this Mt. Popa, 1200–1500 m alt., Khin Myo Htwe 33 species from Myanmar. (spirit collection-TNS). Life form: Epiphyte. 6. Bletilla Rchb.f. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. 6.1. Bletilla sp. Local name: Sagalay-ahpyu. Specimen examined: Near Taung Kalat, ca. 600 m alt., 13 August 2011, Y. Dong et al. MY 524 (herbarium specimen deposited in the Cen- 3. Apostasia Blume tral Forestry Development Training Center). 3.1. Apostasia cf. wallichii R.Br. in N.Wallich, Life form: Terrestrial. Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 75 (1830). Note: Three species of the genus Bletilla, i. e., Specimen examined: East side of Mt. Popa, 12 B. chartacea (King & Pantl.) Tang & F.T.Wang, December 2003, Khin Myo Htwe 030019 (MBK). B. foliosa (King & Pantl.) Tang & F.T.Wang, and Life form: Terrestrial. B. formosana (Hayata) Schltr., have been recorded Note: We examined sterile specimens only. from Myanmar (Kurzweil and Lwin, 2014). The Results of molecular identification showed that it material, however, does not agree with any of differed from Apostasia wallichii (Yukawa et al., these species. 2009). Further study is required to clarify its identity. 7. Bulbophyllum Thouars 7.1. Bulbophyllum picturatum (Lodd.) Rchb.f. 4. Arachnis Blume in Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 262 (1861). 4.1. Arachnis labrosa (Lindl. & Paxton) Specimen examined: Mt. Popa, 25 March 2007, Rchb.f. in Bot. Centralbl. 28: 343 (1886). Khin Myo Htwe 133 (spirit collection-TNS). Specimen examined: Mt. Popa, cult. in the Life form: Epiphyte. nursery of Popa Mountain Park Office, 1 June Distribution: India, China, Myanmar, Thai- 2006, Tanaka et al. 036150 (MBK). land, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Life form: Epiphyte. Distribution: Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Viet- 7.2. Bulbophyllum polyrrhizum Lindl., Gen. nam, China, Taiwan, and Japan. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 53 (1830). Note: This species has been recorded from Specimen examined: Mt. Popa, 21 March Mon State and Taninthayi Region in Myanmar 2006, Khin Myo Htwe 98 (spirit collection -MBK, (Kress et al., 2003) and is here newly recorded TNS). Orchid Checklist of Mt. Popa, Myanmar 73 Life form: Epiphyte. circular forest road, 2 March 2006, Tetsuo Ohi- Distribution: India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Toma 035000 (MBK)． and Thailand.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Introduction to the Epiphytic Orchids of East Africa
    Sphyrarchynchus sp. Cyrtorchis crassifoHa Schltr. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE EPIPHYTIC ORCHIDS OF EAST AFRICA. By W. M. MOREAU AND R. E. MOREAU. C()IYl,tents. 1. Introduction. 2. Nomenclature and classification. 3. General ecology. 4. The orchid flower. 5. Published and unpublished sources of East African records. 6. Tentative field key to the genera. 7. Annotated check-list of species. 1. INTRODUCTION. Over fifteen thousand species of orchids have been described, the vast majority of them tropical, and the greater part of them epiphytic, that is, normally growing on trees without deriving sustenance from them. But little more than ten per cent of the majestic total belong to Tropical Africa and moreover, so far as is known at present, within that area ground orchids predominate over epiphytic in the proportion of more than three to one. There is reason to believe that these figures are a reflection rather of our ignorance than of the truth. Because the Tropical African epiphytic orchids are not characterised by the magni• ficence and opulence of those of other regions, they have not attracted the commercial collector and certainly are most imperfectly known. Yet the local orchids display a delightful diversity of adaptation and of form. None are flamboyant, but many are beautiful, some are exquisitely dainty and a few are bizarre. They appeal to the same feelings and are capable of arousing the same enthusiasms as succulents or alpine plants. Moreover, anyone who takes the comparatively little trouble required to collect and grow them has the additional satisfaction of knowing that he is contributing to scientific knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Cairns Regional Council Water and Waste Report for Mulgrave River Aquifer Feasibility Study Flora and Fauna Report
    Cairns Regional Council Water and Waste Report for Mulgrave River Aquifer Feasibility Study Flora and Fauna Report November 2009 Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Scope 1 1.3 Project Study Area 2 2. Methodology 4 2.1 Background and Approach 4 2.2 Demarcation of the Aquifer Study Area 4 2.3 Field Investigation of Proposed Bore Hole Sites 5 2.4 Overview of Ecological Values Descriptions 5 2.5 PER Guidelines 5 2.6 Desktop and Database Assessments 7 3. Database Searches and Survey Results 11 3.1 Information Sources 11 3.2 Species of National Environmental Significance 11 3.3 Queensland Species of Conservation Significance 18 3.4 Pest Species 22 3.5 Vegetation Communities 24 3.6 Regional Ecosystem Types and Integrity 28 3.7 Aquatic Values 31 3.8 World Heritage Values 53 3.9 Results of Field Investigation of Proposed Bore Hole Sites 54 4. References 61 Table Index Table 1: Summary of NES Matters Protected under Part 3 of the EPBC Act 5 Table 2 Summary of World Heritage Values within/adjacent Aquifer Area of Influence 6 Table 3: Species of NES Identified as Occurring within the Study Area 11 Table 4: Summary of Regional Ecosystems and Groundwater Dependencies 26 42/15610/100421 Mulgrave River Aquifer Feasibility Study Flora and Fauna Report Table 5: Freshwater Fish Species in the Mulgrave River 36 Table 6: Estuarine Fish Species in the Mulgrave River 50 Table 7: Description of potential borehole field in Aloomba as of 20th August, 2009. 55 Figure Index Figure 1: Regional Ecosystem Conservation Status and Protected Species Observation 21 Figure 2: Vegetation Communities and Groundwater Dependencies 30 Figure 3: Locations of Study Sites 54 Appendices A Database Searches 42/15610/100421 Mulgrave River Aquifer Feasibility Study Flora and Fauna Report 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Orchids of Bhutan Susanne Masters Outlines the Species Found in This Small Country In
    The orchids in habitat Orchid Review Susanne Masters Susanne Susanne Masters Susanne Orchids of Bhutan SuSanne MaSterS outlines the species found in this small country in the Himalayas, the diversity of their Coelogyne nitida was one of the orchids featured in Bhutan’s set of orchid stamps issued in 1976 habitats, and also discusses uses of Masters Susanne orchids locally and their conservation Epiphytic Dendrobium falconeri can be seen growing on trees near Dochula Pass Susanne Masters Susanne Dochula Pass is a gateway through the mountains when heading east from Butan’s capital, Thimphu. 108 chortens on the pass commemorate Butanese soldiers killed fighting Indian rebels in 2003 Galearis spathulata, prevoiusly Aorchis spathulata, grows on damp ground, in open spaces ➤ 96 June 2015 June 2015 97 The orchids in habitat Orchid Review HuTaNEsE ORCHIds Environmental protection A diversity of habitats and 4,000m, forests are home to Masters Susanne span the alphabet from Economic exploitation of Bhutan’s Bhutan is one of the smallest countries orchid species that flower from spring BAcampe to Zeuxine. In the natural resources has been tempered in asia, occupying 384,394sq km. It through to autumn. In the subtropical capital city, Thimphu, it is easy and by legislation that prioritizes preserv- is located in the eastern Himalayas, at zone, between 150m and 2,000m, inexpensive to buy excellent, English ation. In fact, the Constitution of the the intersection of two biogeographic there are tropical and subtropical language wildlife guides, written Kingdom of Bhutan states in article realms, the warm Indo-Malayan and forests, and grasslands, and orchid by Bhutanese people able to bring 5.1 that ‘Every Bhutanese is a trustee the temperate Palearctic.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article Journal's Webpage in Redalyc.Org Scientific Information System Re
    Lankesteriana ISSN: 1409-3871 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica Pedersen, Henrik Æ.; Find, Jens i.; Petersen, Gitte; seberG, Ole On the “seidenfaden collection” and the multiple roles botanical gardens can play in orchid conservation Lankesteriana, vol. 18, no. 1, 2018, January-April, pp. 1-12 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica DOI: 10.15517/lank.v18i1.32587 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44355536001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative LANKESTERIANA 18(1): 1–12. 2018. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/lank.v18i1.32587 ON THE “SEIDENFADEN COLLECTION” AND THE MULTIPLE ROLES BOTANICAL GARDENS CAN PLAY IN ORCHID CONSERVATION HENRIK Æ. PEDERSEN1,3, JENS I. FIND2,†, GITTE PETERSEN1 & OLE SEBERG1 1 Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark 2 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark 3 Author for correspondence: [email protected] † Deceased 2nd December 2016 ABSTRACT. Using the “Seidenfaden collection” in Copenhagen as an example, we address the common view that botanical garden collections of orchids are important for conservation. Seidenfaden collected live orchids all over Thailand from 1957 to 1983 and created a traditional collection for taxonomic research, characterized by high taxonomic diversity and low intraspecific variation. Following an extended period of partial neglect, we managed to set up a five-year project aimed at expanding the collection with a continued focus on taxonomic diversity, but widening the geographic scope to tropical Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Seidenfaden Malaysia: 0.65 These Figures Are Surprisingly High, They Apply to Single Only. T
    BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MALESIAN ORCHIDACEAE 273 VIII. Biogeographyof Malesian Orchidaceae A. Schuiteman Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands INTRODUCTION The Orchidaceae outnumber far other in Malesia. At how- by any plant family present, accurate estimate of the of Malesian orchid is difficult to make. ever, an number species Subtracting the numberofestablishedsynonyms from the numberof names attributed to Malesian orchid species results in the staggering figure of 6414 species, with a retention of 0.74. This is ratio (ratio of ‘accepted’ species to heterotypic names) undoubtedly a overestimate, of the 209 Malesian orchid have been revised gross as most genera never their entire from availablerevisions estimate realis- over range. Extrapolating to a more tic retention ratio is problematic due to the small number of modern revisions and the different of treated. If look for Malesian of nature the groups we comparison at species wide ofretention ratios: some recently revised groups, we encounter a range Bulbophylluw sect. Uncifera (Vermeulen, 1993): 0.24 Dendrobium sect. Oxyglossum (Reeve & Woods, 1989): 0.24 Mediocalcar (Schuiteman, 1997): 0.29 Pholidota (De Vogel, 1988): 0.29 Bulbophyllum sect. Pelma (Vermeulen, 1993): 0.50 Paphiopedilum (Cribb, 1987, modified): 0.57 Dendrobium sect. Spatulata (Cribb, 1986, modified): 0.60. Correspondingly, we find a wide rangeof estimates for the ‘real’ numberof known Male- sian orchid species: from 2050 to 5125. Another approach would be to look at a single area, and to compute the retention ratio for the orchid flora of that area. If we do this for Java (mainly based on Comber, 1990), Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992) and Sumatra (J.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Therapeutic Uses of Some Indigenous Orchids of Bangladesh
    ® Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2009 Global Science Books Traditional Therapeutic Uses of Some Indigenous Orchids of Bangladesh Mohammad Musharof Hossain* Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh Correspondence : * [email protected] ABSTRACT The traditional therapeutic uses of some indigenous orchids of Bangladesh are described in this paper. Terrestrial (11) and epiphytic (18) orchids, 29 in total, are used by Bangladeshi rural and tribal people for the treatment of nearly 45 different diseases and ailments. Roots, tubers, pseudobulbs, stems, leaves and even whole plants are used. Some herbal preparations have miraculous curative properties. Unfortunately, these preparations have not typically been subjected to the precise scientific clarification and standardization which are consequently required for clinical implementations. Some of the orchids are endangered due to over-exploitation and habitat destruction. Conservation strategies for orchids and further pharmacological studies on traditional medicines are suggested. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: astavarga, conservation, ethnomedicine, herbal remedies, rasna INTRODUCTION the underground tuber of Orchis latifolia is used in the drug ‘munjatak’ pacifying cough (Khasim and Rao 1999). The Orchidaceae is the largest and most evolved family of the leaves of Vanda roxburghii have been prescribed in the flowering plants, consisting of 2500 to 35,000 species bel- ancient ‘Sanskrit’ literature for external application in rheu- onging to 750-800 genera (Dressler 1993). They are found matism, ear infections, fractures and diseases of nervous in virtually all regions around the world except the icy system. Besides these, other orchids used in local systems Antarctica, but their greatest diversity occurs in tropical and of medicine are Cleisostoma williamsonii (for bone frac- sub-tropical regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Orchid-List USA Autumn 2013.Pub
    www.hengduanbiotech.com e-mail: [email protected] Orchid-List USA, Autumn 2013 (We attend the 2013 Fall Mid-America Orchid Show and Sale in Dayton , Ohio, October 19-20) Welcome at Hengduan Mts. Biotechnology! Hengduan Mts. Biotechnology is a German-Chinese company dedicated to the conservation and cul- tivation of native Chinese orchids. Our base is in Sichuan, Southwest China, in one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world, the Hengduan Mountains System (synonym Mountains of Southwest China), home to about 400 orchid species and the Giant Panda. Our laboratory and subtropical nursery in Chengdu, Sichuan’s capital, as well as the alpine nursery beds in North Sichuan are the tools for in vitro propagation and subsequent raising of a wide range of Chinese orchids, with our specialty be- ing slipper orchids (Cypripedium & Paphiopedilum, but also Phragmipedium and Mexipedium). We create also orchid hybrids and our modern laboratory is further engaged in the production of fruit crop plants and medicinal herbs. Hengduan Mts. Biotechnology is registered with the State Forestry Agency (SFA, the CITES authority of the Peoples Republic of China), as in-vitro propagation facility of CITES appendix I & II orchids and grower of these artificially produced plants. We legally export flasks as well as seedlings of all stages from recently deflasked to flowering size of Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium and many other types of or- chids to North America, the European Union, Japan and other countries. Because the paperwork for every single export involves 7 different governmental agencies with 12 steps, and requires at least 3 months (usually more), we only export once or twice a year to a given region.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Organic Compounds: Contents and Their Role in Improving Seed Germination and Protocorm Development in Orchids
    Hindawi International Journal of Agronomy Volume 2020, Article ID 2795108, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2795108 Review Article Organic Compounds: Contents and Their Role in Improving Seed Germination and Protocorm Development in Orchids Edy Setiti Wida Utami and Sucipto Hariyanto Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia Correspondence should be addressed to Sucipto Hariyanto; [email protected] Received 26 January 2020; Revised 9 May 2020; Accepted 23 May 2020; Published 11 June 2020 Academic Editor: Isabel Marques Copyright © 2020 Edy Setiti Wida Utami and Sucipto Hariyanto. ,is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In nature, orchid seed germination is obligatory following infection by mycorrhizal fungi, which supplies the developing embryo with water, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, causing the seeds to germinate relatively slowly and at a low germination rate. ,e nonsymbiotic germination of orchid seeds found in 1922 is applicable to in vitro propagation. ,e success of seed germination in vitro is influenced by supplementation with organic compounds. Here, we review the scientific literature in terms of the contents and role of organic supplements in promoting seed germination, protocorm development, and seedling growth in orchids. We systematically collected information from scientific literature databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, and ProQuest, as well as published books and conference proceedings. Various organic compounds, i.e., coconut water (CW), peptone (P), banana homogenate (BH), potato homogenate (PH), chitosan (CHT), tomato juice (TJ), and yeast extract (YE), can promote seed germination and growth and development of various orchids.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Orchids in Gunung Jerai, Kedah, Malaysia
    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA DIVERSITY OF ORCHIDS IN GUNUNG JERAI, KEDAH, MALAYSIA UPM NUR ADILAH BINTI AUYOB COPYRIGHT © FS 2016 82 DIVERSITY OF ORCHIDS IN GUNUNG JERAI, KEDAH, MALAYSIA UPM By NUR ADILAH BINTI AUYOB COPYRIGHT © Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science November 2016 All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder, commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM COPYRIGHT © Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science DIVERSITY OF ORCHIDS IN GUNUNG JERAI, KEDAH, MALAYSIA By NUR ADILAH BINTI AUYOB November 2016 Chairman : Professor Rusea Go, PhD Faculty : Science UPM As one of the isolated mountains in Malaysia, Gunung Jerai, Kedah served beautiful scenery to visitors and potentially to be developed as an eco-tourism park in Kedah. Activities such as amenity forests, camping sites and outdoor sports can cause destruction to natural habitat. Geologically, the formation involved granites as the core and quartzite covers the outer layer of the mountain. This indicates the establishment of hill heath forest vegetation, mostly on the summit region and lowland dipterocarp forest vegetation at lower region. The uniqueness of its vegetation attracts botanists and collectors to do series of plant collection since 1845.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytogeographic Review of Vietnam and Adjacent Areas of Eastern Indochina L
    KOMAROVIA (2003) 3: 1–83 Saint Petersburg Phytogeographic review of Vietnam and adjacent areas of Eastern Indochina L. V. Averyanov, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tien Hiep, D. K. Harder Leonid V. Averyanov, Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Phan Ke Loc, Department of Botany, Viet Nam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam. E-mail: [email protected] Nguyen Tien Hiep, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources of the National Centre for Natural Sciences and Technology of Viet Nam, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam. E-mail: [email protected] Dan K. Harder, Arboretum, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] The main phytogeographic regions within the eastern part of the Indochinese Peninsula are delimited on the basis of analysis of recent literature on geology, geomorphology and climatology of the region, as well as numerous recent literature information on phytogeography, flora and vegetation. The following six phytogeographic regions (at the rank of floristic province) are distinguished and outlined within eastern Indochina: Sikang-Yunnan Province, South Chinese Province, North Indochinese Province, Central Annamese Province, South Annamese Province and South Indochinese Province. Short descriptions of these floristic units are given along with analysis of their floristic relationships. Special floristic analysis and consideration are given to the Orchidaceae as the largest well-studied representative of the Indochinese flora. 1. Background The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, comprising the largest area in the eastern part of the Indochinese Peninsula, is situated along the southeastern margin of the Peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphometrics of Selected Dendrobium Spp (Orchidaceae) In
    ISSN (Online): 2349 -1183; ISSN (Print): 2349 -9265 TROPICAL PLANT RESEARCH 7(1): 149–157, 2020 The Journal of the Society for Tropical Plant Research DOI: 10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i1.020 Research article Morphometrics of selected Dendrobium spp. (Orchidaceae) in Sri Lanka P. M. H. Sandamali1, S. P. Senanayake2* and S. Rajapakse3, 1 1Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 2Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka *Corresponding Author: [email protected] [Accepted: 29 March 2020] Abstract: Morphometric analyses of five species of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) found in Sri Lanka; D. aphyllum, D. crumenatum, D. heterocarpum, D. nutans and D. panduratum were carried out to infer their phenetic relationships. Thirty-one morphological characters were considered; six vegetative and twenty-five floral, of which five were qualitative and twenty-six were quantitative characters. The data were subjected to Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis has produced two prominent clusters, D. aphyllum, D. nutans and D. panduratum as cluster 1 and D. crumenatum and D. heterocarpum as cluster 2. Both D. nutans and D. panduratum are producing small sized floral parts, compared to D. aphyllum hence exhibits close similarities in floral morphology which resulted in forming a cluster of most closely related species with least dissimilarity values. With respect to many characteristics, two species incluster 2, D. crumenatum and D. heterocarpum, are found to be similar except for the leaf thickness. Furthermore, PCA also in agreement with the relationships derived from the cluster analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Epilist 1.0: a Global Checklist of Vascular Epiphytes
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 EpiList 1.0: a global checklist of vascular epiphytes Zotz, Gerhard ; Weigelt, Patrick ; Kessler, Michael ; Kreft, Holger ; Taylor, Amanda Abstract: Epiphytes make up roughly 10% of all vascular plant species globally and play important functional roles, especially in tropical forests. However, to date, there is no comprehensive list of vas- cular epiphyte species. Here, we present EpiList 1.0, the first global list of vascular epiphytes based on standardized definitions and taxonomy. We include obligate epiphytes, facultative epiphytes, and hemiepiphytes, as the latter share the vulnerable epiphytic stage as juveniles. Based on 978 references, the checklist includes >31,000 species of 79 plant families. Species names were standardized against World Flora Online for seed plants and against the World Ferns database for lycophytes and ferns. In cases of species missing from these databases, we used other databases (mostly World Checklist of Selected Plant Families). For all species, author names and IDs for World Flora Online entries are provided to facilitate the alignment with other plant databases, and to avoid ambiguities. EpiList 1.0 will be a rich source for synthetic studies in ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology as it offers, for the first time, a species‐level overview over all currently known vascular epiphytes. At the same time, the list represents work in progress: species descriptions of epiphytic taxa are ongoing and published life form information in floristic inventories and trait and distribution databases is often incomplete and sometimes evenwrong.
    [Show full text]