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National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity MENU Confinement and Ethnicity: Table of Contents Abstract An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites Acknowledgments Introduction Essay Brief History Gila River Granada Heart Mountain Jerome Manzanar Minidoka Poston http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/index.htm (1 of 2)5/3/2005 1:35:49 PM National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity Rohwer by with an essay by Jeffery F. Burton Eleanor Roosevelt Topaz Mary M. Farrell Florence B. Lord cartography by Tule Lake Richard W. Lord Ronald J. Beckwith Isolation Centers and a contribution by Irene J. Cohen Add'l Facilities Assembly Centers Western Archeological and Conservation Center DoJ and US Army National Park Service Facilities U.S. Department of the Interior Prisons Publications in Anthropology 74 1999 (rev. July 2000) References Appendix A Continued Appendix B Cover illustrations: pencilled inscriptions at the Tule Lake stockade jail; Appendix C translation of Japanese text — Japanese Empire (left), Down with the United States (middle), Please be a second when I commit harakiri ... (right). Confinement and Ethnicity is out of print. The National Park Service no longer has any paper copies of this publication. History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top Last Modified: Fri, Sep 1 2000 07:08:48 pm PDT http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/index.htm http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/index.htm (2 of 2)5/3/2005 1:35:49 PM National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Table of Contents) Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites Cover Page by J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, and R. Lord MENU Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract Cover Acknowledgments Page 2 Abstract Introduction Acknowledgments Essay Project Summary Brief History Chapter 1 Gila River Sites of Shame: An Introduction Granada Chapter 2 To Undo a Mistake is Always Harder Than Not to Create One Originally Heart Mountain by Eleanor Roosevelt Chapter 3 Jerome A Brief History of Japanese American Relocation During World War II Manzanar Chapter 4 Gila River Relocation Center, Arizona Minidoka Chapter 5 Poston Granada Relocation Center, Colorado Rohwer Chapter 6 Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Wyoming Topaz Chapter 7 Tule Lake Jerome Relocation Center, Arkansas Isolation Centers Chapter 8 Manzanar Relocation Center, California Add'l Facilities http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/cet.htm (1 of 3)5/3/2005 1:36:18 PM National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Table of Contents) Assembly Centers Chapter 9 Minidoka Relocation Center, Idaho DoJ and US Army Facilities Chapter 10 Poston Relocation Center, Arizona Prisons Chapter 11 Rohwer Relocation Center, Arkansas References Chapter 12 Topaz Relocation Center, Utah Appendix A Chapter 13 Appendix B Tule Lake Relocation Center, California Appendix C Chapter 14 Citizen Isolation Centers Moab, Utah Leupp, Arizona Chapter 15 Additional War Relocation Authority Facilities Antelope Springs, Utah Cow Creek, Death Valley, California Tulelake, California Chapter 16 Assembly Centers Fresno, California Marysville, California Mayer, Arizona Merced, California Pinedale, California Pomona, California Portland, Oregon Puyallup, Washington Sacramento, California Salinas, California Santa Anita, California Stockton, California Tanforan, California Tulare, California Turlock, California Chapter 17 Department of Justice and U.S. Army Facilities Temporary Detention Stations Department of Justice Internment Camps http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/cet.htm (2 of 3)5/3/2005 1:36:18 PM National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Table of Contents) Crystal City Internment Center, Texas Kenedy Internment Center, Texas Kooskia Work Camp, Idaho Fort Lincoln, North Dakota Fort Missoula, Montana Fort Stanton, New Mexico Santa Fe, New Mexico Segoville, Texas U.S. Army Facilities Camp Lordsburg, New Mexico Fort Sill, Oklahoma Stringtown, Oklahoma Alaska and Hawaii Other U.S. Army Sites Chapter 18 Federal Bureau of Prisons Catalina Federal Honor Camp, Arizona Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kansas McNeil Island Federal Penitentiary, Washington References Cited Appendix A Relocation Center Drawings in Records Group 210, National Archives, Cartographic Division compiled by Irene J. Cohen Appendix B Tule Lake Relocation Center Drawings at the Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls Office Appendix C Selected Relocation Center Blueprints List of Figures List of Tables History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top Last Modified: Fri, Sep 1 2000 07:08: http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/cet.htm http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/cet.htm (3 of 3)5/3/2005 1:36:18 PM National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Abstract and Acknowledgments) Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites Cover Page by J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, and R. Lord MENU Abstract Abstract Acknowledgments This report provides an overview of the tangible remains currently left at the sites of the Japanese American internment during World War II. The main focus is on the War Project Summary Relocation Authority's relocation centers, but Department of Justice and U.S. Army facilities where Japanese Americans were interned are also considered. The goal of the study has been to provide information for the National Landmark Theme Study called for in the Manzanar National Historic Site enabling legislation. Archival research, field visits, and interviews with former internees provide preliminary documentation about the architectural remnants, the archeological features, and the artifacts remaining at the sites. The degree of preservation varies tremendously. At some locations, modern development has obscured many traces of the World War II-era buildings and features. At a few sites, relocation center buildings still stand, and some are still in use. Overall the physical remains at all the sites are evocative of this very significant, if shameful, episode in U.S. history, and all appear to merit National Register of Historic Places or National Historic Landmark status. Acknowledgments As would be expected with a project taking nearly six years to complete, the authors are indebted to many. Three of the authors (Mary, Dick, and Flo) volunteered hundreds of hours of their time. Funding for the senior author was provided by Manzanar National Historic Site. The support, encouragement, and patience of park superintendent Ross Hopkins is gratefully acknowledged. George Teague supervised the project. AutoCAD maps were drafted by Ron Beckwith. Uncredited photographs in the report were taken by the authors. http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce0.htm (1 of 3)5/3/2005 1:36:20 PM National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Abstract and Acknowledgments) Translations were furnished by Shoko Fujita-Ehrlich and a volunteer. Mary Blackburn, Roger Daniels, Susumu Toyoda, and Sue Wells pointed out some egregious errors in earlier printings. The authors would also like to thank the following persons and institutions for their help: Joe Allman Archaeological Research Services Jane Beckwith Arizona Chapter of the Japanese Birt Bedeau American Tink Borum Citizens League James Bryant Arizona Daily Star Daniel Burton Bancroft Library Irene Cohen Coronado National Forest John Collins Crystal City Town Hall Phyllisa Eisentraut Eastern California Museum John Ellington Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Terry Hendricks Great Basin Museum Gerald Gates Heart Mountain Memorial Foundation Jane Goldstein Kenedy Chamber of Commerce Rosalie Gould Klamath National Wildlife Refuge Elizabeth Greathouse Lordsburg Information Center Farrell Hatch Los Angeles County Fairplex Gary Hathaway Los Angeles Times Dale Heckendorn Mack Alford Correctional Center Taro Hirama Manzanar Advisory Commission John Hopper Mayer Public Library Mas Inoshita Museum of Northern Arizona Kent Just North Dakota State Historical Society Erik Kreusch Prescott National Forest Jim Kubota Prescott Public Library Signa Larralde Puyallup Fair Frank Makamura Santa Anita Racetrack Nathan Mayo Seattle Times Jim McDonald Sharlott Hall Museum Lynne McDonald Topaz Museum Foundation Jim McKie Trans-Sierran Archaeological Research Angela Nava UCLA Special Collections Joe Norikane Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Tom Pittman Twin Falls Chamber of Commerce Garth Portillo United States National Archives Nicole Ramos University of Arizona Special Collections Mary Robertson Yuba County Library Roger Roper Ann King Smith Kenji Taguma James West http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce0.htm (2 of 3)5/3/2005 1:36:20 PM National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Abstract and Acknowledgments) Project Summary WACC Project Number: MANZ 1944 B. Type of Project: Overview/survey. Project Team: Jeff Burton, Mary Farrell, Dick and Flo Lord. Field Work Dates: Intermittently 1994-1999. Person Days in Field: ~80. Project Location: Western United States. Project Scope: Field review of 35 sites associated with Japanese American internment during WW II. National Register Status: Seven of the visited sites are listed on the National Register (Granada 5/18/94; Heart Mtn. 12/19/85; Manzanar 7/39/79; Minidoka 7/10/79; Rohwer 7/30/74; Topaz 1/2/74; and Moab 5/2/94). Collections Accession Information: MANZ
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