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Évaluation De La Vulnérabilité De Composantes Biologiques Du Saint-Laurent Aux Déversements D’Hydrocarbures Provenant De Navires

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Évaluation De La Vulnérabilité De Composantes Biologiques Du Saint-Laurent Aux Déversements D’Hydrocarbures Provenant De Navires Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique (SCCS) Document de recherche 2018/003 Région du Québec ÉVALUATION DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ DE COMPOSANTES BIOLOGIQUES DU SAINT-LAURENT AUX DÉVERSEMENTS D’HYDROCARBURES PROVENANT DE NAVIRES Christine Desjardins Dominique Hamel Lysandre Landry Pierre-Marc Scallon-Chouinard Katrine Chalut Institut Maurice-Lamontagne Pêches et Océans Canada 850 route de la Mer Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4 Mars 2018 Avant-propos La présente série documente les fondements scientifiques des évaluations des ressources et des écosystèmes aquatiques du Canada. Elle traite des problèmes courants selon les échéanciers dictés. Les documents qu’elle contient ne doivent pas être considérés comme des énoncés définitifs sur les sujets traités, mais plutôt comme des rapports d’étape sur les études en cours. Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans la langue officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit envoyé au Secrétariat. Publié par : Pêches et Océans Canada Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique 200, rue Kent Ottawa (Ontario) K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Sa Majesté la Reine du chef du Canada, 2018 ISSN 2292-4272 La présente publication doit être citée comme suit : Desjardins, C., Hamel, D., Landry, L., Scallon-Chouinard, P.-M. et Chalut, K. 2018. Évaluation de la vulnérabilité de composantes biologiques du Saint-Laurent aux déversements d’hydrocarbures provenant de navires. Secr. can. de consult. sci. du MPO. Doc. de rech. 2018/003. ix + 280 p. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES TABLEAUX VI LISTE DES FIGURES VI RÉSUMÉ VIII ABSTRACT IX 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. CONTEXTE ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1. Initiative de planification d’intervention localisée 1 1.1.2. Plan d’intervention et vulnérabilités biologiques 1 1.1.3. Cadre national du MPO 2 1.2. OBJECTIFS ................................................................................................................. 2 2. LE PÉTROLE ET SES EFFETS EN MILIEU AQUATIQUE 3 2.1. LE PÉTROLE : NOTIONS DE BASE ........................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Définition et composition du pétrole 3 2.1.2. Comportement et devenir du pétrole dans le milieu aquatique 3 2.1.3. Influence du lieu et du moment du déversement 6 2.1.4. Type d’impacts 7 2.1.5. Toxicité et sensibilité 8 2.2. CONCEPT DE VULNÉRABILITÉ ................................................................................. 9 2.3. EXEMPLES D’EFFETS DE DÉVERSEMENTS PÉTROLIERS SUR LES ORGANISMES MARINS ET ESTUARIENS ..........................................................................10 2.3.1. Algues et plantes marines et estuariennes 10 2.3.2. Invertébrés marins et estuariens 12 2.3.3. Poissons marins, estuariens et diadromes 15 2.3.4. Mammifères marins 16 2.3.5. Premiers stades de vie des invertébrés et des poissons 18 3. ÉVALUATION DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ 19 3.1. LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................................19 3.2. MÉTHODOLOGIE.......................................................................................................19 3.2.1. Aire d’étude 19 3.2.2. Méthode d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité 20 3.2.3. Choix des taxons et des niveaux de classement 23 3.2.4. Cotation des critères et évaluation de l’incertitude 25 3.2.5. Traitement des résultats 26 3.3. RÉSULTATS ...............................................................................................................27 3.3.1. Algues et plantes marines et estuariennes 27 3.3.2. Invertébrés marins et estuariens 32 3.3.3. Poissons marins, estuariens et diadromes 49 3.3.4. Mammifères marins 55 4. MODIFICATIONS APPORTÉES AU CADRE NATIONAL 58 4.1. CHANGEMENTS APPORTÉS AUX GROUPES ET SOUS-GROUPES ......................58 4.1.1. Enjeux rencontrés 60 iii 4.2. CHANGEMENTS APPORTÉS AUX CRITÈRES PROPOSÉS PAR LE CADRE NATIONAL ............................................................................................................................60 4.3. CHANGEMENTS APPORTÉS DANS LA COTATION, LE TRAITEMENT ET LA PRÉSENTATION DES RÉSULTATS ....................................................................................63 4.4. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................63 5. CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE 64 6. RECOMMANDATIONS ET TRAVAUX FUTURS 65 7. REMERCIEMENTS 65 8. RÉFÉRENCES 66 ANNEXE 1. LEXIQUE 77 ACRONYMES .......................................................................................................................77 DÉFINITIONS .......................................................................................................................77 RÉFÉRENCES DU LEXIQUE ...............................................................................................79 ANNEXE 2. PRINCIPAUX DÉVERSEMENTS PÉTROLIERS 81 ANNEXE 3. LISTE DES EXPERTS CONSULTÉS 82 ANNEXE 4. ESPÈCES POSSÉDANT UN STATUT OFFICIEL 83 ANNEXE 5. TABLEAUX D’ÉVALUATION DU POTENTIEL D’EXPOSITION ET DE LA RÉSILIENCE 84 5.1. ALGUES ET PLANTES MARINES ET ESTUARIENNES ...............................................84 5.1.1. Potentiel d’expostion 84 5.1.2. Résilience 94 5.1.3. Références : Algues et plantes marines et estuariennes 107 5.2. INVERTÉBRÉS MARINS ET ESTUARIENS ................................................................110 5.2.1. Porifères, cnidaires et cténophores 110 5.2.2. Vermiformes 121 5.2.3. Mollusques 133 5.2.4. Arthropodes 149 5.2.5. Échinodermes 176 5.2.6. Autres embranchements 184 5.2.7. Références : Invertébrés marins et estuariens 191 5.3. POISSONS MARINS, ESTUARIENS ET DIADROMES ...............................................216 5.3.1. Potentiel d’exposition 216 5.3.2. Résilience 223 5.3.3. Références : Poissons marins, estuariens et diadromes 234 5.4. MAMMIFÈRES MARINS .............................................................................................. 243 5.4.1. Potentiel d’exposition 243 5.4.2. Résilience 245 5.4.3. Références: Mammifères marins 247 ANNEXE 6. LISTE DES TAXONS D’INVERTÉBRÉS MARINS ET ESTUARIENS 249 PORIFÈRES, CNIDAIRES ET CTÉNOPHORES ................................................................249 VERMIFORMES .................................................................................................................251 MOLLUSQUES ...................................................................................................................259 iv ARTHROPODES ................................................................................................................265 ÉCHINODERMES ...............................................................................................................277 AUTRES EMBRANCHEMENTS .........................................................................................278 v LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1. Critères évaluant le potentiel d’exposition. ...............................................................21 Tableau 2. Critères évaluant la résilience. .................................................................................22 Tableau 3. Incertitudes (%) de la cotation des Algues et plantes marines et estuariennes pour chacun des groupes de taxons (nombre de groupes de taxons sur le nombre total de cotations) par critère. ...........................................................................................................32 Tableau 4. Incertitudes (%) de la cotation des Invertébrés marins et estuariens pour chacun des groupes de taxons (nombre de groupes de taxons sur le nombre total de cotations) par critère. .................................................................................................................................49 Tableau 5. Incertitudes (%) de la cotation des Poissons marins, estuariens et diadromes pour chacun des taxons (nombre de taxons sur le nombre total de cotations) par critère. ...........55 Tableau 6. Modifications de la région du Québec à la classification du Cadre national. ............59 Tableau 7. Description et justification des modifications apportées aux critères du Cadre national et utilisés par la région du Québec. ........................................................................60 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1. Modèle de planification et d’intervention en cas de déversement pétrolier (adapté de Thornborough et al. 2017). ................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Illustration des principaux processus d’altération du pétrole dans le milieu aquatique (ITOPF 2012). ...................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3. Processus d’altération du pétrole dans le milieu aquatique en fonction du temps (ITOPF 2012). ...................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 4. Devenir du pétrole en milieu aquatique en présence d’un couvert de glace (modifié de Potter et al. 2012 dans CEAEQ 2015). ................................................................................. 7 Figure 5. Aire d'étude située à l’intérieur de la zone pilote du PIL Saint-Laurent. ......................20 Figure 6. Modèle de la matrice de vulnérabilité. ........................................................................27 Figure 7. Matrice de vulnérabilité de la composante Algues et plantes marines et estuariennes.
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