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ﬁanbhooh g o f Engli ﬁb turcb Exp am aion

E DITE D B Y

T . H . D O D SO N , M . A .

’ P ri ci a l o S . P a u l s M i ssio a r Co lle e Bu r h a nd Ca n on o n p f n y g , g ; f L i nc o l n Ca thed r a l

A N D R B U LL K-WE B E R A G . . O C ST , M . .

o n a o E l a thed ra l H . C no n / y C

\VITH A G ENERAL PREFACE BY

THE B I S HO P O F S. A L BA N S iba nbhook s of E nglish QIburcl) E xpansion

i t H D E d ed b T . . D N y O SO , Pri n c ipa l o f ' S . Pa s M i s s i o n a r C o e e r a n d ul y ll g , Bu gh ,

Ca n o n f i n c R . o L o l n Ca th ed ra l ; a n d G . L L C K- B f U O E STE R M . A n o n Ho n . Ca o B W , . , l a E y C thed ra l .

1 . J A PA N . B M r EDWA R D B C KE y s . I R

STETH . W 2 . E S N CA N A th TE R DA . By e R v A C A e . L . N O M K M . . R N TU ER , , G en e ra l Sec reta ry o f th e Missio n a r y So c iety o f th e Chu rc h o f a n a da a n n r n C , d Ho . Ca n o n o f To o to

Ca th ed ra l .

HIN A . B th R v. . N o m u s . L 3 C y e e F . , M i M . A o f th e rc o f E n la n d s . Chu h g s o n Pek n Ex a m n n a la n i , i g ; i i g Ch p i o h f N r n t te Bish o p o o th Chi a .

I . h v . E U B te Re . A . 4 . A S TRA L A y V D M . A . s m etm e A rc DA I , , o i h a o n o f Br ba n d e c is e .

SO UTH F . B th e t 5 . A RICA y Righ v A A Y ES Re . B s o A . H M O B i h p ILT N N ,

tm B o f N a ta l . D . D . so e e s o , m i i h p

I N P RE P A RA TI ON

B th e Rev . C . F . 6 . NO RTH IN DIA . y w f r k e N D RE W S M . A . Fe o o Pe o A , , ll mb Co e e Ca r i e a n d M e er o f th e ll g , mb dg , mb Ca m b ri dge M i ss i o n to D e lhi .

P h o to b Ru ssell n y " [j . 67 So .

TH E M O S R R A M A Z M H W . IT T E V . D . S U RE S ,

Arc b s o f o dn e Pr m a te o f A stra l a a n d Ta sm a n a . h i h p Sy y , i u i i

Fr o n i s i e c e t p . m annhonk s of E ngli sh c ntcl) E xpans ion

’ ﬁnstralta

B Y TH E

E D V ID M A R V . A E . . . . A ,

’ So m eti m e A r e/za ea eo n of B r i sba n e

’ E x a m i n i ng C/I apla z n to ﬁl e B i s /z ap of R oc h ester a n d Cbap/a i n of D el /wi c k Co llege

WI TH I LL US TRA TI ON S A N D M A P

W A . . M BRA C LTD R O Y O . .

LO D O r t a tl tr x f W ea s e eetO o rd rc s . N N 34 G C S , Ci u , ’ O X FO RD : 1 06 S Ald a te s Street F r s t r n te d 1 08 i p i , 9 G EN ERAL P RE FACE

T I was said , believe by the late Bishop O f Lightfoot , that the study history was the I best cordial fo r a dro o pi ng courage . can imagine no study more bracing and exhilarating than that of the m odern expansion O f the Church O f England beyond the seas during the past half O f century , and especially since the institution the Day O f I ntercession fo r F o reign M issions . I t is only when these matters are studied historically that this expansion comes out in its o m true proporti ns , and invites co parison with the progress O f the Church in any si m ilar period O f ’ ’ the wo rld s history since our L O R D S Ascension i nto heaven . But for this purpose there must be the accurate O f O f marshalling facts , the consideration the O f special circumstances each country , race and O f M ission , the facing problems , the biographies O f o O f great careers , even the bold f recast

conquests yet to come . I t is to answer some O f o to these questi ns , and enable the general reader to gauge the progress O f Church of E ngland M issions , that Messrs . A . R . Mowbray CO O f and . have designed a series handbooks , 4 3m g ? vi G E N E RAL PRE FAC E o f which each volu m e will be a m onograph o n the work Of the Church in some particular country o r region by a competent writer Of o o Th e special l cal experience and kn wledge . whole series will be edited by two m en who have given themselves i n E ngland to the work o f o — o and study F reign Missions Can n Dodson , f ’ O S . Pri ncipal Paul s Missionary College, B urgh , - El and Canon B ullock Webster , Of y . I a ll commend the project with my heart . Th e I ﬁrst volume , which have been able to i n study in proof, appears to me an excellent tro d u c ti o n to the whole series . I t is a welcome feature Of missionary work at home that we have now passed into the stage Of literature and study , and that the co m ity Of M issi o ns allows us to o learn fr m each other , however widely methods Th e O f may vary . series handbooks appears to me likely to interest a general public which has not been accusto med to read missionary I to magazines , and desire bespeak for it a fo r n o sympathetic interest , an d to predict it mean success in fo rming and quickening the public mind . E G R LB N D A A A .

H A M S I G H , WO O D O D E S S E X F R G REEN , ,

N o vem ber 70, 7907. ED ITO RS ’ PREFAC E

EW facts in modern history are more arrest ing o r instructive than the rapid extension Of the Church ’ s responsibilities and labours in the

o colonial and missi nary ﬁelds ; yet , until recently , few facts perhaps have been less fa m iliar to those who have not deliberately given themselves to a study Of the subj ect . I t has therefore been felt that the time has

O f m come when a series onographs , dealing with the expansion Of the Church Of E ngland beyond

O f the seas , may be service towards ﬁxing the popular attention upon that great cause , the growing interest in which con stitutes so thank ’ to - worthy a feature i n the Church s outlook day . Th e range Of this series is conﬁned to the work E T in which the Church Of ngland is engaged . hat story is too full to allow Of any attempt to include the splendid devotion , and the successful labours ,

Of other Missions Of Christendom . But , for a fair understanding either Of the Christian advance generally or o f the relative position o f our o wn

Vl l ’ viii E D I TO Rs PRE FAC E

- work , a knowledge Of those M issions is essential ; and it is in the hope o f leading some O f its readers to such further comparative study that this series has been taken in hand . Th e E ditors have tried to keep i n view the [ fact that , while the wonderful achievements here recorded have been accomplished in large part

O f o u r through the agency M issionary Societies ,

o yet these S cieties are , after all , only the hands and arms O f the Holy Church i n the execution

O f her divine mission to the world .

Th E ey have directed their work , as ditors , si mply to s ec u r i n g general uni formity O f plan fo r the series , and have left each writer a free hand in the selection O f material and the ex pression Of Opinion . AU TH O R ’ S P RE FACE

N the foll o wing pages n o attempt has been m ade to trace the devel o p m ent O f the civil government fro m Crown Colony to Common wealth . For this aspect Of Australian life the reader is referred to the list Of bo o ks o n page ’ 2 2 2 Tre a rth e n s A u s tr a li a n Co m m o n , especially g ’ wea lth P r o d/em s i n Co l o n i a l N a ti o n a l , and J ebb s i s m Th e . latter Of these gives a fair indication Of

o o r fo r modern tendencies which , for g od evil , cannot fail to inﬂuence the destinies Of the

Australian Church in the future . O f Little , also , has been said Of the work

o c o n individual clergymen , whose pioneer l ab u rs tributed so largely to the extension O f the Church

Th e Of in the early days . brief account given th e E experiences Of the Rev . . Synge in New South Wales may be taken as an example Of what might be written Of many another, who ,

m e through perils and hardships al ost incredibl , carried spiritual ministrations to the child ren o f - E the dispersion i n the Back blocks . ach diocese AUT H OR ’ S P RE FAC E

o wn o has its roll Of hon ur in this respect , and the Church in Australia owes more than it is

to to possible express this band Of devoted men , u pon the foundation Of whose labours the Bishops

afterwards built .

Very slight , too , is the acknowledgement made Of the services Of the large body Of able and

wh o devout laymen , whether as legislators ,

lawyers , and merchants , have played a great part in the moulding O f the organization O f the

o r Church , who , as voluntary lay readers , Sunday

school teachers , and in other capacities , have brought their gifts to the treasure chamber Of

o f m e the Church , and have given assistance al c u la ble value to Bishops and clergy i n diocese - and parish throughout the island continent .

T o hese omissi ns are serious , and detract much from the living interest Of the story t o ld in these

chapters , which is a description of results rather

than Of processes ; and , if the personal element ’ be largely lacking from the narrative , the writer s

apology must be that , in order to secure a connected account Of the chief events i n over o n e hundred years Of Church history , he has felt

obliged to rigidly exclude details , to the attractive

n ess Of which he is far from being insensible . AUTH OR ’ S PREFAC E

A full history o f the gradual growth and organization Of the Australian Church , correlating

O f the l ives and labours its leaders , both clerical

m and lay , is a great desideratu , and , as a slight contribution towards this end , and that , despite its many and Obvious defects , it may serve to m ake better known in E ngland the problems and vicissitudes Of one Of the great Daughter E Churches Of the mpire, this little book has been written . E A . . D .

C O N TEN TS

CHAP . P AG E

INTR O D U CT O R Y

I I . THE F O UNDING O F THE CH URC H

F S B S O P O F S I I I . THE IR T I H A U TRALIA

P O V C F N E W O S IV . THE R IN E O S UTH WALE

P O V C O F V 1CT0R 1A V . THE R IN E

P O V CE O F S D V I . THE R IN Q UEEN LAN

O O M O S D O C S S V I I . THE A UT N U I E E

D C O V I I I . E U ATI N

X M 1 SS I O N S o H I . T THE EATHEN

CH U RC H O RG ANI Z ATI ON

G ENERAL IN D E x

BI B LI O G RA P H Y

’ Ha na éooé s of E ng /biz G/Il e /Z E xpa nsion

AUSTRAL IA

CH A PTE R I

INTROD UCT O RY

“ U STRA L IA is no longer the great u n ” kn o wn land which it was to our fore

Th e O f fathers . growth Australasian commerce and the increased facilities for intercommunication

n have changed all that , and have bridged the eleve thousand miles which separate the great island

O f E continent from the heart the mpire . None the less there are many aspects o f life in the southern seas about which the knowledge O f the E average nglishman is al l too scanty , and in j udging of the problems which the life O f the Church in this new world presents some a c q u a i n tance with the general conﬁguration Of the f country , the ef ect Of soil and climate upon the AUSTRALIA

development Of industries , and the distribution ’ o f c o n population , together with the special d iti o n s which tend towards the formation O f a distinct type Of character , are necessary . NO

fo r apology , therefore , is needed making at the outset a brief reference to the chief physical

o f features Of the land , now the home a growing n a ﬁo n . Austral ia must be conceived Of as an immense continent three million square mi les in extent , and carrying a population Of about four mil lion i n h a bi tants . Compared with other continents which - have the coast line indented by large gulfs , and

o u t Si n push great peninsulas into the sea , it is

u la rl g y compact . I n fact , its coastl ine is smaller in proportion to its area than that of any other continent . Broadly speaking , its surface consists Of i mmense plateaux and plains which are sepa rated from the coastal valleys and belts Of low lying country fringing the sea by a strip Of highlands running from north to south along the “ o f eastern coast , bearing the general name the ” — Great Dividing Range . I n the south eastern

O f corner Australia this range tends westwards , traversing the whole Of Victoria , and ending near - h the south eastern border Of South Australia . T e I NT RO DUCTO RY

“ position and character o f the Dividing Range

Th e has great inﬂuence upon the cl imate . chief - rain bearing winds , blowing from the east and

o meeting these highlan ds , provide the c astal dis tri c ts with a plenti ful rainfall . But beyond , the

o rainfall is scanty and i rregular, gr wing less in

o o to pr p rtion the distance from the eastern coast . Hence the interior Of the country suffers from dryness , and , as the evaporation is rapid , Central

ln Australia is normally arid , and at recurring te rva ls subject to periods Of prol o nged drought

m T which render close settlement i possible . his feature is also intensiﬁed by the position Of the

Dividing Range , which naturally forms the main

Th e n ec e s watershed . rivers flowing eastward are s a ril o f y Short , but some of them are considerable volume , creating large estuaries which form mag n i fic e n t O f natural harbours . those flowing west

o wards , the nly river of any Size is the Murray , which , rising i n Q ueensland , traverses nearly the whole Of Australia , and drains into the Great Australian Bight thro ugh a shallow lake near O Adelaide . ther rivers ﬂowing west , such as the

o o m Diamantina and the Barc , lose the selves i n the

o r O f desert sands , trickle into the salt lakes the interior . AUST RALIA

D i s tri b u When the contrast between coastal Australia ti o n o f P o u l a ti m — p and the interi o r i s considered the o n e district well watered and possessing short but navigable

rivers , the other arid and lacking rivers communi cating with the sea—i tis not surprising to ﬁnd that the bulk of the population has settled near

the coast . I ndeed , it is estimated that some four ﬁfths O f the to tal O f four millions reside within O ne

o f - Th e o f hundred miles the sea line . centres

o n ec es settlement , d tted along the seaboard , are s a ri ly separated from one another by great

distances , and in the early days when intercom m u n i c a ti o n was difﬁcult the country was Split up into different states for the purposes Of govern E ment . ach of these states lay around its capital ,

m o u a seaport town , which for ed the centre of p p

lation and trade , and from these , during recent

years , have been constructed railways extending

in some cases far into the i nterior . Sydney and

fo r Melbourne , instance , not only possess mag . n iﬁc e n t O f harbours , but are the centres large railway systems o n which the produce of the interior is conveyed fo r shipment to all parts Of

T o the worl d . hese c astal districts are largely

m agricultural , and contain s all towns which form ” Th e o r farming centres . interior, back country , I N TRO DUCTORY

is given up to grazing , where vast ﬂocks Of sheep and herds Of cattle are depastured o n grazing ” runs , which i n the more remote districts equal

o in extent some o f the smaller English c unties . Th e distribution O f the mineral wealth O f the continent is sporadic , and follows no known law , consequently large mining centres have sprung up in districts which otherwise would not have

o been closely Settled , such as C olgardie and Kal

o o rli e g in West Australia , Ballarat and Bendigo

o in Vict ria , Broken Hill i n New South Wales , and Charters Towers and Mount Morgan in

Q ueensland .

Th e s Australian , it will be seen , thus dwell either in the large state capital , the population Of

o o r which is Often c ngested , in the agricultural districts i mmediately behind the coast , which are capable Of, and are actually , supporting a rapidly increasing population ; o r in the min ing town “ o r o ships , in the back c untry , with its grazing

Th e C O f areas . ity man speaks Of the rest “ Australia under a co m prehensive title as Th e ” Bush . Dwellers in the agricultural districts “ speak O f the country further inland as the back “ o c untry , whilst those who live in the back country have behind them a region , Often deso 6 AUST RALIA

late and partly unknown , which they call the “ ” Never Never Land . TO a population thus l iving under very di fferent conditions the C hurch has to bring her message .

O f I n the early days coloni zation the ﬁ rst workers , wholly inadequate in numbers , consisted Of chap

to T lains the various convict settlements . hen “ ” o f came the period free settlement , when squatters were able to acquire by purchase , or rent o n leaseh o ld under easy terms from the

Government , vast tracts of country on which to graze sheep and cattle ; and these men , not alto gether un mindful O f their responsibilities to thei r employees , gave at times generously towards the

O f work the Church . But recently a change has been wrought in the pastoralist industry , for owing to a variety Of causes , private ownership “ O f runs is being transferred to banks and other ﬁ nancial institutions , which , as corporate bodies , have a weakened sense of their Obligations

o to those whom they employ . N ext there f llowed the discovery Of gold , accompanied by feverish

to rushes localities difﬁcult Of access , and mush

o u room t wns sprang p almost in a night , where previ o usly there had been stony ridges o r sandy T wastes . his sudden Shifting Of the population

AUSTRALIA

where help in any form O f adversity is naturally

claimed and as naturally given . Sentiment and

o A u stra religion are cl sely connected , and i f the l ian appears careless Of the outward Observances

O f o O f religi n , his attitude is the result lack Of Oppo rtunity rather than Of any inherent incapacity

n o t o r dislike fo r religion itsel f. H e is so much

o n o n - i rreligi us as religious , because the claims and duties Of this side Of his nature have n o tbeen adequately placed before him ; and it is the ex pe ri en c e o f the maj ority Of workers that he is more responsive to spiritual appeal than is the E case with the average nglishman . B ut in the “ back blocks his experience Of religious teachers

has not always been fortunate , and he may have been the victi m Of some disreputable So i -disant evangelist Whose life and doctrine were in strong “ ” Th e contrast to one another . Bush is full Of

O f traditions as to the doings such men . Australia

O f is still a young country , and the most Obvious ’ O f the Australian s faults are those youth , which , s o far , has been untouched by the chastening dis c i li n p e Of life . As the country grows Older there can be no question that at least some Of these

o O f will disappear , for he is the pr duct a strange environment . I f he be boastful , he lives in a land I N TRO DUCTO RY 9 abso lutely destitute O f the m onuments O f ancient

m civilization , and is far re oved from personal

O f contact with nations the Old world , in the li fe and achievements Of which he could ﬁnd standards Of comparison . I f he be given over to the gambling spirit , which assumes with him f di f erent shapes and forms , the uncertainties Of the climate under which he l ives make the tak ing o f speculative risks a natural a n d normal

O f condition his life . I f he be immoderately

to o - devoted vari us kinds Of sport , the Open air

o occupations , with their unc nscious training Of

th e eye and hand , combined with monotony of his toil and the absence Of l o ftier interests in

m his i mediate surroundings , sufﬁciently account for this attitude .

T O ld - hus the Anglo Saxon race , cradled i n northern seas and disciplined by nature in her sterner moods , is producing a new type in the

o o m O f sunny S uth . S e the Old rugged traits may b be disappearing , but their place is being taken y

o others m re versatile and supple , i n the growth Of which there see m s to be n o exclusion Of ancient

m grit and deter ination , for i n the struggle against adverse natural conditions by which the waste places Of the l and are being peopled , courage and I O AUSTRA LIA

endurance o f a high order have been displayed

which afford the brightest promise .

N o ta s th e s o n gs O f o th er l a n d s H er so n s a be g h ll , Wh e re di m h er p u rpl e s h o reli n e sta n d s Abo v e th e se a " A s e s sh e s to o d s h e s a n d s a o n e r t t l , ” H er n s a n I i pir ti o i s h er o wn .

’ Th e o f young nation , as this latest poet Australia s

li fe i mplies , is growing up and becoming conscious

Of its strength . But the environment is ful l Of temptations which constitute a serious menace to

the moral future Of the Commonwealth . H ere is ’ the Church s call and opportunity . I n more potent form and larger measure she must provide “ ” those elements i n the inspi ration referred to , which alone can prove the safeguard to national

life and character . P o s i t i o n o f I n this connection it must be borne in mind th e Chu r c h . that the position Of a Colonial Chu rch differs i n ’ o n e respect widely from that enj oyed by the

F o r fo r Church o f the motherland . good or evi l , the conception o f the Anglican Church as the recognized Church Of these new nations has

I The ec r etKe a nd oth er Ver ses b eo e E ssex S y , , y G rg

Ev a n s . I NTRO DUCTO RY

passed away . I n Australia , though numerically predominant over any other single religious

n o t o f body , and though without leaders great ability in the past , the Anglican Church has n o tsucceeded i n maintaining a position of prom i n e n c e in civi l affairs . She is merely one among other religious agencies , organized apart from the State , which recogni zes her existence only as a body corporate , holding property , like any

- o f other j oint stock company , in Virtue articles

re Of association . As an observant writer has “ Th e m o n o f marked , ﬁrst i pression the mind a new -comer to Australia is the entire oblitera tion o f the C hurch (the term is used in i ts ” o widest sense) fr m the political landscape . T his position , however much i t may be deplored i n regard to secular education and similar ques

a d va n tions , is not without certain compensating

Th e tages . Anglican Church has been left free

to to develop upon her own l ines , subj ect no limitations other than those which she has i m

O r posed upon herself, which are imposed by the possession o f trust property ; and her exclusion from the regi o n o f tem poral po wer has led her to use her i nﬂuence through other channels more

1 h u r d C c h a n E m i r e . 1 . p , p 5 4 I 2 AUST RALIA spiritual and more in accordance wi th the design

O f L RD Wh o o o f her O , sp ke the work of the “ ” “ Church under the terms of leaven , salt , and ” T light . hus , though the position Of the Chu rch is less Obvious to the eye than elsewhere , this fact by no means necessarily indicates that her i n ﬂ u e n c e is less real i n the hearts and consciences

T o Of the people . hat pportunities have been missed , and Openings , which Offered possibilities

m Of advance ent , declined , it would be i dle to deny ; but the bla m e does not rest s o lely upon the Church in Australia . From the very outset Of her history to the present day she has been

- struggling with a well nigh insuperable task . f Scantily endowed and insufﬁciently staf ed , she has had to cope with demands utterly beyond her

Th e m o ld resources . tide of i m igration from the country which set in last century brought tens Of

o to o th usands the sh res of Australia , the majority o f whom at the outset of their venture co uld con tribute little o r nothing to the support o f a local

Church , but added enormously to the cost and

m Th e difﬁculty o f supplying spiritual inistrations . M o ther Church was not altogether unmindful Of

’ Th e the daughter s needs . assistance received through the Society for the Propagation Of the I N TRO D UCTO RY

Gospel and the Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge was invaluable i n the early days , and without this help it is di fﬁcult to see how any actual Church extension and educational work

o u t could have been carried , smal l as these were .

o But the Mother Church , as a wh le , never realized how vital were the necessities which Bishop after - Bishop asked her to supply ; and even to day , when s o large a pro portion Of the revenues Of Australia are transmitted to the p o ckets o f British investors and shareholders i n Australian stock and other securities , it is the very few who recognize that this far -off land i n the South has the right

o f to claim a part thei r dividends .

n e w I t would seem , however , that a era is beginning to dawn for the Church i n Australia . Th e sense of nationality is becoming more and more potent ; and the growth o f an indigenous clergy , especially in the southern states , i mbued with this national spirit , is a factor which must

' ﬁn u re Th e d eve k n n e n t o f } i nﬂuence her . n p m

Vi n c i a l o organization , als , within the last few years i s not without its signiﬁcance . Animated by national sen timent , and strengthened by greater coherence , if the Anglican Church in Australia be

to o true her missi n , she will gain a vast ﬁeld of I 4. AUSTRALIA

spi ritual inﬂuence which , as the power of the

Commonwealth increases , will be not without effect upon the destinies o f the whole Angl ican

o communi n .

AUSTRA LIA obj ect of the expedition being the observation o f o f — the transit Venus and later , proceeding westwards , after exploring the islands of New

o n 2 1 0 Zealand , he anchored , April 7, 77 , i n - a roadstead on the south east of Australia . T here , Sir J oseph Banks and Dr . Solander “ gathered plants , and hence the name Botany ” Bay , which in after years had such a terrible signiﬁcance . Cook ’ s report as to the possibili ties of the

- o island continent came at an opp rtune moment , fo r the declaration o f American I ndependence had j ust closed the doors in that part o f the world to the transportation of convicts and

o further British settlement , and a new utlet was earnestly desired . Australia seemed to fulﬁl

fo r every requirement in this respect , it lay far w E a ay from ngland , was isolated in the southern seas , and possessed apparently a ferti le soil and healthy climate . Accordingly , the British Govern

o f ment eagerly seized the Opp rtunity thus of ered , and determined to transport without l o ss o f time those who had offended against the laws and l iberties O f their native land . 1 8 I n May , 7 7, an expedition was ﬁtted out and “ o f despatched , consisting the Sirius , frigate , the TH E FOU N D I N G O F T H E C H U RC H I 7

Supply , armed tender , with si x transports , con ve i n 6 1 2 y g 5 5 male , and 9 female convicts , with

2 00 o f a guard Of troops , and , after a voyage over eight months , the whole ﬂeet anchored safely

2 0 1 8 8 Th e at their d estination on J anuary , 7 .

Government , however , whilst eager to bestow the undesirable porti on o f the population at

E n o t a safe distance from ngland , were equally solicitous as to thei r reformation , and no provision was at ﬁ rst contemplated for the spiritual needs o f h o w those transported . Private sympathy , f f ever, was able to obtain what o ﬁcial i ndif erence had failed to supply . Owing to the efforts of

o Sir J seph Banks an d Bishop Porteus , the Govern ment , at the last moment , was induced to appoint

o the Rev . Richard Johnson as chaplain t the T expedition . his initial act of callousness was not only indicative o f the religious condition of

E O f ngland at the ti me , but was ominous the attitude hereafter to be adopted by the civil auth o rities towards the ministrations of the

Church .

O n arrival , Botany Bay was quickly found to be deﬁcient fo r the settlement of convicts in several essentials , notably in the supply Of water , and leaving his ﬂeet at anchor , Captain Arthur I 8 AUST RALIA

o f Phillip , the Governor the proposed settlement ,

’ o explored the coast to the n rth in a ship s boat .

to H e was agreeably surprised discover , at a

o f short distance , a magniﬁcent harbour , capable

o f receiving the navies the world , which had been

’ bo a th a r bo u r marked in Captain Cook s chart as a , and called after the name Of the sail o r who dis

i t o To covered , Port J acks n . a favourable site , about seven m iles from the entrance o f the

o harbou r , the wh le party was safely conveyed three days later, and , amid much rej oicing , the

Union J ack was un furled , the health of King

George I I I toasted , and success to the new colony “ ” T drunk with all the honours . hus the infant

m com unity , numbering souls , was launched upon its career in these southern seas . Unhappi ly , no religious cere m ony seems to have consecrated proceedings so memorable in the history o f

o o Australia . I t cann t be said that the G vernor wa s unfriendly to the perfo rmance o f religious

o duties by the chaplain . But the w rk of the l atter see m s to have been regarded as outside

o the Ofﬁ cial r utine , and , whilst barracks were

o being built and fﬁcial residences constructed , n o steps were taken for providing for the decent

o f . performance divine worship . M r J ohnson TH E FOU N D I N G O F T H E C H U RC H 1 9

was left to do what he could wi thout ofﬁcial

recognition by holding services in the open air ,

and it was not until si x years later that , at his

own expense , the chaplai n was able to erect a small building O f wattl e and daub in which to

carry on his ministrations . I t is reported that a Roman Catholic priest wh o disembarked from a Spanish ship which visited the harbou r ex “ o u o f m claimed , seeing the state affairs , I f y

country had settled this place , before any house fo r man we should have built a house for the ” O D l iving G . With the single exception of ignoring the

’ chaplain s duties , the Governor , who was entrusted

to with almost absolute power , seems have been sufﬁciently i mpressed wi th the responsibil ities o f

o his posi ti n , and ruled the little colony with great

L o wisdom . ater on , his c nscience would seem to have been touched by the general neglect Of ﬁ religion , and he issued of cial orders , ﬁ ning con

- o victs for non attendance at public w rship , which

he himsel f attended , and thereby inﬂuenced the

o higher ofﬁcials to f llow his example ; and , although no building was erected , sites were set

m o u t apart for chu rches , and endow ents provided o f fo r land for these , and schools , within two 20 AUST RALIA

o f th e PO S years the foundation of settlement .

Sibl y , at the outset , the state of affairs was so utterly bad that the policy of the i ron hand was regarded as the only feasible method of main taining order , and to the ofﬁcials , religion , as a

o f means reforming character , especially when represented by a mild , though devoted , chaplain ,

o o r c unted for l ittle nothing . Afterwards , when

o the c lony had reached a more settled condition , f O ﬁcial attention , stirred by the repeated appeals o f M r . Johnson , was directed towards securing

m per anent provision for religious ministrations . Partly owi ng to the difﬁculty o f Obtaining

fo r supplies , which the colony became dependent upon the resources o f Batavia and the Cape o f

o o f Good H pe , partly also i n consequence the frequent escape of convicts into the interi o r o f

to Australia , the authorities determined ﬁnd a more fertile region where facilities for escape could not exist , and Norfolk I sland was selected fo r E M r the next consign ment from ngland , . J ohnson taking the ﬁ rst Opportunity o f following them with his ministrations . But , although Lieut .

o f King , commandan t this new settlement , was most solicitous fo r the spiritual needs o f those over whom he had been placed , several years TH E FOU N D I N G O F T H E C H U RC H 2 1

o elapsed before a resident chaplain was app inted .

m I n the i nterval , the Rev . H . Fulton , a clergy an wh o had been transpo rted from I reland fo r seditious practices , was allowed to minister in

o f 1 2 cases urgency , and i n 79 the Rev . J . Bain , o f o o chaplain the N ew S uth Wales C rps , spent a short ti m e o n the island ; but as it became the practice to c o nsign the worst Offenders to this

o wo n o place , N rfolk I sland gradually a notori us

m reputation , and its history for s a dark page in

O f o o o the annals British c l nizati n . By 1 79 1 the number of convicts in Sydney had risen to o u to f a total white population o f and the outlo o k was extremely gloo m y

n o n e in every di rection . O the side the settle ment was continuously threatened with extinction

o m o f thr ugh fa ine . Much the soil i n the imme diate neighb o urhood of Sydney was p o or and sandy , whilst competent agriculturists were few .

O n the other , the accommodation was defective , and the moral condition O f the c o mmunity

fo r o scandalous , the col ny was subj ected to a

o f deluge ﬁery spirits , and rum became recognized

m o f as a edium exchange . Where hunger pre vailed , thefts and robberies were incessant , and the punishments fo r these offences became i n 2 2 AUSTRALIA

c re a s i n l o f g y severe . A str ng and ef ective Church m ight have s u cceeded; where repressive measures

m o to m o f were i p tent ste the tide corruption , but

o still M r . J hnson remained the sole chaplain , and

o to he was still Wi th ut a church . I t is pathetic “ to read his appeal the Governor , whether , before

w o m o f o the approaching inter , s e place w rship sh o uld not be thought of and built b o th in ” m Sydney and at the new settle ent at Parramatta . But fo r the ti m e being the ofﬁcial ear c o ntinued deaf to his earnest protests and solicitations .

o wn 1 At his expense , in 79 3 , Mr . J ohnson built a church , the cost of which partly

o paid in spiri ts , ﬂour , p rk , and tobacco , after

o m any vexati us delays , was refunded by the T Goverment . his building was also used on

- fo r . week days as a school , Mr J ohnson felt that the only ho pe o f moral and religi o us refor m ation lay with the children , who should be segregated

o fr m their parents , since , as long as their off spring remained wi th those wh o m he describes “ as m iserable wretches lost to all sense o f virtue ” “ o m and religi n , he fears that every eans used ” o fo r their instruction w uld be ineffectual . Aided b o o f y the Society for the Propagati n the Gospel , he united several small schools i nto one at Sydney

24 AUSTRA LIA

E n unrequ ited labours , M r . J ohnson returned to g

i n 1 800 land , having seen his original church ,

o - which was burnt by s me evil disposed persons , replaced by a larger stone church in Sydney , and a church of smaller size erected at Parra

O n matta , his departure M r . M arsden was , for seven long years , left as the only clergyman in charge of a population now nu mbered by thou

o sands , though he was not the s le representative

Wh o of religion , for a Roman Catholic priest , had been transported , was given permission to exercise clerical functions for members o f his communion once in three weeks at Sydney , Parramatta , and

o f on the H awkesbury River , where a number farmers had settled . From the moment of his arrival , M r . Marsden made his personality felt , and q u ickly came into conﬂict with the civi l authorities , especially i n connection with the

o f formation Sunday schools outside his control . B ut his efforts were not solely directed towards en forcing recognition of his position . H e threw himself with great vigour into the work o f better ing the conditi o n o f the women convicts in the factory at Parramatta , and insisted upon thei r receiving better accommodation . When this had been obtained he was instrumental in establishing TH E FOU N D I N G O F T H E C H U RC H 2 5

a school for orphans , which was urgently needed , and also in building a school -church o n the

Hawkesbury , where a teacher was maintained through a voluntary assessment paid by the T settlers . hese efforts for the education and

o f betterment the community were , however , seriously discounted by the dual position which , as chaplain and magistrate , M r . Marsden was

Th e o f called upon to occupy . expiry their sentences created a class of ex -convicts known “ as emancipists , who presented a problem Of great difﬁ culty to the Government . For the most part they were men of abandoned character , over whom it beca m e necessary to exercise severe discipline . Magistrates were appointed fo r this purpose , and , amongst others , the chaplain was

Th e selected for this ofﬁce . combination Of the two Ofﬁces was a blunder, the effect of which

Th e became i mmediately apparent . chaplain had to order men to be ﬂogged , to whom later on he would be called upon to act as spiritual adviser, and in this dual capacity M r . Marsden i ncurred the i m placable hostility both of the convicts and 1 802 emancipists , which , in , cul minated in a

o conspi racy against his life . An ther cause als o

to Th e contributed his unpopularity . young 2 6 AUSTRALIA

c o lony had been more than once o n the verge o f o o f o f famine , i n c nsequence the neglect culti 1 vation , and , in 79 5 , Governor H unter, with a

view to stimulating the progress of agriculture ,

to o made a grant every fﬁcer , civi l and military ,

o n e o f to of hundred acres land , and assigned

o f o each a body thi rteen c nvicts as farm servants .

Already , at Camden , a M r . John Macarthur had

o o f - laid the f undation the wool growing industry , and had Shown the way to develop o n e o f the resources o f the country by careful i mprovement

o f his ﬂocks and herds . H is example was followed

wh o by M r . M arsden , was quick to see the possi

bi liti es o f the industry , and , moreover, desired to dem o nstrate to the colonists in a practical way the “ i vast opportunit es which lay before them . As the best practical farmer in the colony he grew rich

o f m i n spite hi self, and was able to increase his

Th e original holding by several hundred acres . charges brought against hi m for cruelty in dis

fo r charge of his magisterial duties , and enriching

to o f a hi mself the neglect his duties s chaplain , led to a deep antagonism between him and the

civil authority , which , as it affected the public

m o o f welfare of the colony , beca e the occasi n

a formal inqui ry by M r . Commissioner Bigge . TH E FOU NDI N G O F T H E C H U RC H 2 7

After a close investigation , M r . Marsden was acquitted of the graver charges , though it was made clear that some O f his arrangements were hardly consonant with his eccles iastical position .

Th e whole controversy , and the report issued in

fo r connection therewith , showed the necessity

n o t better ecclesiastical supervision , and was with o u t good result , in that it led to the appointment

o fo r of an Archdeac n New South Wales . I n the circu m stances it was i m possible to appoint

M r . Marsden to this ofﬁce , and , through the inﬂuence of the Commissioner, the post was given T to the Rev . homas Hobbes Scott , who had been

’ the latter s private secretary . H e held Ofﬁce for

ﬁve years , but , although interested in educational

o f n o t m to matters , his period service does see have been marked by great vigou r o r ecclesiastical

. s 1 8 8 foresi ght M r . Mar den died at Sydney in 3 , his ministry having extended from the earliest days Of the col o ny to the foundation o f the

o f Diocese Australia . H is name will always be

n o t o n o f h i s o revered , only account lab urs as “ h e senior chaplain , but more particularly as t ” o f fo r Apostle New Zealand , he was the ﬁ rst clergyman to i nterest hi m s elf in the welfare o f

O n the Maori race . the appointment of Arch 2 8 AUSTRALIA

o o f deac n Broughton as ﬁ rst Bishop Australia , although representing an entirely opposite school o f o n e o f thought , M r . Marsden became his ’ o n strongest supporters , and , the latter s death , “ B ishop B roughton spoke o f him as o n e who had so Often stood by his side, whose genuine piety and natural force of understanding he held in highest esteem while he lived , and would ever retain in S incerely affectionate remembrance . Before leaving thi s peri o d of the early days o f

m o f colonial settle ent , i n order that the difﬁculties

o the situation may be fully realized , s me extracts as to the general moral an d religious condition o f the c o nvicts and settlers are appended . I n

1 8 . addressing a grand j ury in 3 5 , M r J ustice

o f m o o f Burton , the Supre e C urt N ew South

to o o Wales , whose eff rts , in conj unction with th se

o f o o o Archdeacon Br ught n , the mitigati n of the enorm ous moral evils which threatened the ruin of “ the colony was chieﬂy due , said , I t would seem as i f the business o f all the com m unity were the c o m m ission of crime and the punishment o f i t~ as if the whole c o l o ny were continual ly in m o ti o n

o f t o wards the several c o urts j ustice . And the m ost painful reﬂecti o n o f all is that so m any

o f m capital sentences , and the execution the , have TH E FOU N D I N G O F T H E C H U RC H 2 9 not had the effect O f preventing cri me by way of

O n e o f example . grand cause such a state of things “ was the overwhel ming defect of the rel i ” o n m m Th e o f gi s pri nciple in the co unity . state

o o Th e Norf lk I sland was still w rse . pictures presented to his mind on visiting the place in

1 8 o f 34 was that of a cage unclean birds , ful l

O f G O D m a n cri mes against and , Of murders , blas ” O n e o f phemies , and all uncleanness . the prisoners represented the place to be “ a hell

” ’ o Le t up n earth , adding , a man s heart be what ’ it will , when he comes here , his man s heart is taken from him and there is given to hi m a ” o f d o n ot heart a beast . Another said , I want

o n o f m to be spared , condition re aining here . ” Life is not worth having upon such terms . I n deed i twas no uncom m on occurrence fo r one convict to m urder another i n order to suffer the extreme penal ty o f the law and so escape from

a s to s uch a terrible Situation . For details general conditions o f convict l i fe the reader is referred to

’ o o Mr . Marcus Clarke s lurid descri pti n c n tained

F o r th e Ter m o h i s N a tu r a l L i e i n f f . With so

o a wful a mass Of moral c rruption at its centre , l ittle wonder can be fel t that the whole situation Th e i n New South Wales was deplorable . con 3 0 AUST RALIA

victs exceeded the free population in nu mbers , and the ranks of the latter were being continually r ecruited from the former , an d this daily passing from one class to another without moral improve

ment tended to universal degradation . An insight into the conditions prevailing in Sydney is afforded by a report o f the H ouse o f C o mmons on Trans “ o rta ti o n 1 8 8 p in 3 , which showed that Sydney

o f contained inhabitants , whom were convicts , mostly assigned servants , and about T had been prisoners of the Crown . hese , together

o with their ass ciates among the free population , were persons o f violent and uncontrollable pas sions , incorrigibly bad characters , preferring a l ife

of idleness and debauchery , by means Of plunder,

o n e o f m to honest industry . More i morality pre vailed i n Sydney than in any o ther town of the ” o Th e same size in the British domini ns . testi mony o f Archdeacon Broughton in reference to the spiritual destituti o n of the greater part of the

In population is to the same effect . an appeal to the ho m e Church he says that thousands of c o n victs are annually transported and cast fo rth

o o up n the sh res of these colonies , without any

precaution being taken , or effort made , to prevent

o m their bec ing instantly pagans and heathens .

3 2 AUSTRALIA

CH A PTE R I I I

TH E FI RST BI SHO P O F A USTRA LI A

HE o 1 8 2 o f app intment , in 9 , William Gran t

B roughton as archdeacon , marked the ﬁ rst step t o wards the dawn of a brighter day in the

o - dark c ntinent of Australia . As assistant curate of Farnham he had been brought previ o usly under

O f o f the notice the ﬁ rst Duke Wellington , who ,

m e n with his keen eye for , had discerned in the

m O n young priest qualities Of peculiar pro ise .

’ m o o the duke s n o inati n Mr . Br ughton had been

o To app inted Chaplai n of the wer , and it was after h o lding this o fﬁce fo r a few m o nths that the d uke Offered h i m the vacan t Archdeaconry o f N ew

o o o f South Wales . I n this connecti n it is w rthy ’ o o E n te , as marking the tardy gr wth of ngland s conscience in regard to her responsibilities to

o those whom she was sending acr ss the seas , that

o in an interview with M r . Br ughton , the duke , after speaking o f the possibilities which lay before the colonies , should have concluded with the preg TH E FI RST B IS H O P O F AUSTRA LIA 3 3

“ o T T nant w rds , hey must have a Church . hat Church owes a deep debt o f gratitude to the great s o ldier fo r his selection o f one who in after years

’ s o ably and faithfully translated the duke s w o rds

m m 1 8 2 into an acco plished fact . I n Septe ber , 9 ,

o to M r . Brought n arri ved in Sydney take up the

o f duties his ofﬁce .

a t I n the Letters Patent constituting the See O f ‘ ‘ s cIi o Cese .

Calcutta , Australia had been included within the

o f o m j urisdiction that bishopric , fr the occupant o f which i t could naturally expect no direct epis

o m c pal oversight . Referring to this arrange ent ,

o f o wn o and the size his area Of j urisdicti n , Bishop Bro ughto n at a later peri o d described his p o sition

o n e as having church at S . Albans , another in

o o Denmark , another at C nstantin ple , while the

u m o Bishop wo ld be at Calcutta , hardly re d istant from England than from m any parts o f the Arch ” o o f O n o deac nry Australia . arrival he at nce pro ceeded to acquaint hi m self with the spiritual

o f o o f condition the populati n . I n the course ﬁ ve years he had visited all the different settle

to s ments , and endeavoured excite the ettlers and the G o vern m ent to undertake the erecti o n Of

m schools and churches , devoting also what ti e he could Spare to the c o mpilation o f a gram m ar o f D 3 4 AUST RALIA

to aboriginal dialects , with a View the evangeli

z a ti o n o f o the blacks , who wandered r und the occupied country in considerable numbers . Mean

o while the p pulation was rapidly i ncreasing , and , although so m e years before his arrival ﬁ ve chap lains had been co m m issioned to min ister in New

o O f S uth Wales , the spiritual needs the colony had far outstripped the powers o f o n e archdeacon and hi s handful of clergy . To meet these overwhelming necessities he . to E 1 8 determined Visit ngland in 34 , and in his appeal to the Society for the Pro pagati o n o f the Gospel and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge sta ted that since the establish m ent o f the c o l o ny m o re than con victs had been

o f transported , whom i t was esti mated T were still resident i n the place . his number was being increased by annual additi o n s o f

’ D i e m a n s to New South Wales , and to Van

to 1 8 2 6 Land . Up the British Govern ment had

o assisted in erecting chu rches and pr viding schools , but since that date the burden of this pro visi o n

had been thrown on the colony , with the result 1 8 2 1 that since , notwithstanding the enormous

o f increase in population , no additions worthy

o o n tice , except churches at Newcastle and P rt TH E F I RST B I S H O P O F AUST RALIA 3 5

o m Macquarie (then ccupied as penal settle ents), had been m ade to the number o f places o f wor

o ship belonging t the Church . I n the interior a

u n ﬁtted fo r few meagre buildings , the decent cele b ration Of divine service , had been erected . By his energetic efforts public interest at length ﬁgs li s h s u c c e s sfu llv o was ar used , and in answer to his appeals the home Church , through the Society fo r Pro m oting Christian Kn o wledge and the

o o o f o Society for the Pr pagati n the G spel , granted

fo r o considerabl e sums Church extensi n , which ,

o o to with private c ntributi ns , amounted

o o m Als , the archdeac n was enabled by these eans to o m o f o f d uble the nu ber his clergy , each one “ whom , as he stated , would have the effect of

to o r v adding a year his life , pre ent its being shortened by that interval through o verwhelming ” o anxiety and distracti ns . But the most i mpor tant result o f his visit to E ngland was that he was enabled to induce Church and State to c o -operate

o n 1 in founding a see in Australia , and February 4 , 1 8 6 3 , he was consecrated , under Letters Patent ,

its o n by A rchbishop Howley , as ﬁ rst Bish p . O his return he found that English aid had created a better disposition among the settlers to con tribute t o ward s pro viding the essential s O f divine 3 6 AUSTRA LIA

fo r m worship , at a eeting Of the principal colonists ,

o o held s n after his return , a sum of was

fo r subscribed this purpose . A year later a diocesan c o mmittee Of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Society for the

o o f Pr pagation the Gospel was formed , which i n thei r ﬁ rst annual report ( 1 8 37) stated that thirty two additional churches were i n c o urse of con

struction , and that a gratifying increase had taken

T o f place in the ranks Of the clergy . hese signs local gro wth are noteworthy as indicating that the Church was at last entering up o n a new phase of

its life , in which it was no longer to be an exotic

o instituti n , but was striking its roots deep into the new soil with good promise Of future self-propaga T 1 8 0 tion . his movement was aided in 4 by the determination o n the part of the home Govern

to ment , in deference to colonial remonstrances , stop the transp o rtation o f c o nvicts to New South

Wales , though the system continued i n force else E where in Australia . ngland thus was no longer to send out the dregs and scum o f her population

o f o n as the founders empi re . From this time ward Australia occupied a n important place in the

o f E Th e system nglish colonization . capabilities

o o of the c untry were becoming kn wn , and they TH E F I RST B IS H O P O F AUSTRA LIA 3 7

o tempted , not nly capitalists , but also workers , to

o exploit her latent res urces . I n less than half a century from the time that the ﬁ rst convicts touched her shores Australia had gro wn into a

o m dependency which , despite her origin , gave pr ise

o o f developing into one o f the nations of the w rld .

As a separate see which demanded fuller Co n tr o ve r

m es . o o f organi zation , and with vast p ssibilities future expansion before it , the new Church also possessed Opp o rtunities which Bishop Broughton was n o t

to Slow recognize , and he threw himsel f vigorously

o into the varied and extensive w rk of his Ofﬁce , O f which the salient features only can be here

m o f recorded . As a me ber the Legislative Coun cil he fo ught hard for the maintenance o f the

o f o f E privileged position the Church ngland , and Offered strenuous though futile o ppositi o n to the measure introduced in 1 8 34 fo r the equal treat ment Of all religi o us bo dies i n the matter o f State

o o assistance . I n this c nnection als he was called upon to take part in a pro longed struggle upo n

o the education questi n , ﬁ rst of all against the

o o f s u b intr duction undenominationalism , and sequently against proposals by which R o man Catholic schools would receive an undue pro por

o f o o f tion the education grant , in b th which 3 8 AUSTRA LIA

O f cases his Opposition was successful . the latter “ struggle he wrote , I am set in the front of the

o n battle against the f rces of the Roma Catholics , and have al most singly to sustain against them ” o f E Th e the cause of the Church ngland . 1 8 appointment , in 4 5 , of Dr . Polding as Arch bisho p O f Sydney and Vicar -Apostolic o f New Holland caused great apprehension and excite ment in Sydney , and was met by a ﬁ rm and

o digniﬁed pr test from Bishop B roughton , who denied the right of the Roman Church to intrude “ a Bish o p into the j urisdiction of a lawful Bishop of Australia according to the canons and usages ” o f Th e o i n the Church . Bish p regarded this stance O f Papal aggression as an invasion of the rights o f Canterbury and an attack up o n the supremacy of the Crown , consequently he was disappointed that the question was not taken up E in ngland , and his experience in this matter led

to hi m regard the oath Of supremacy as useless ,

o o and to adv cate its abolition in the c lonies . I n connecti o n with this question o f the Royal

o c o n Supremacy , he was also inv lved in a nother tro ve rs o y which caused much fricti n . Chaplains were sent o u tby the E nglish Go vern ment enti rely ’ a o o part from the Bishop s contr l , and fr m time

40 AUSTRALIA energies and generosity were almost overwhelm

O n e o f o n ing . his ﬁ rst acts entering upon his episcopate was to c o llate to the newly -formed ’ Archdeaconry o f Van D i e m a n s Land an o ld c o l lege friend , the Rev . William Hutchins , whose name and labours are co m m em o rated in the grammar school at H obart . Archdeacon H ut 1 8 1 chins died in 4 , but his work prepared the

fo r o f o f T way the establishment the See asmania , which was founded in the following year . I n

1 8 6 n o w 3 the settlemen t of Port Phili p , the state

O f o Victoria , was f rmed , and grew rapidly . Shortly after its fo undati o n the town was visited by Bishop

Broughton , and arrangements were made for settling a perm anent clergyman in the place wh o should minister in a little wo o den church already

‘ T to o To erected . hence he proceeded H bart wn ,

m N e w fro which place he sailed for Zealand , where ,

o to after Visiting the vari us missions , he ordained

o O H a d ﬁe ld the priesth od the Rev . ctavius , sub

o o f o 1 8 0 sequently the ﬁ rst Bish p Wellingt n . I n 4 the islands o f New Zealand were formally added to the British dominions , and , through the assistance

- o o o of the newly f rmed Colonial Bish prics C uncil , o o f o Blo m ﬁeld f unded at the instance Bish p ,

o 1 8 1 they were c nstituted a diocese , to which , in 4 , TH E F I RST B IS H O P O F AUSTRALIA 4 1

wa s c o n se the Rev . George Augustus Selwyn

T o o f crated Bishop . his subdivisi n his vast area ,

o f together with the appointment the Rev . Francis

a s o o f T Russell N ixon ﬁ rst Bish p asmania , came

o o as a welcome relief to Bishop Br ught n , who was enabled to give greater attenti o n to the affairs o f

o n - o f the Church the island continent Australia , where new settlements were springing up o n all sides .

1 8 6 o f A u s tra r I n 3 , under the auspices the South aggggg; o o lian Colonization Ass ciati n , which in the previous year had obtained a grant o f lands in that part of Australia from the I m perial Government , the

o f colony South Australia was practically founded ,

two . o i and years later the Rev . C B . H ward arr ved 1 8 2 as its ﬁ rst resident chaplain . I n 4 the Moreton

Bay district , in what is now Q ueensland , had been

m to proclai ed a penal settlement , which convicts were transferred notwithstanding the n o minal

f o m O n cessation o the transportati n syste . the

o o district being thr wn pen for free settlement ,

o Bishop Brought n dispatched the Rev . J ohn

o 1 8 to Si x Greg r , i n 43 , minister to the hundred

s o o o f settler in that l cality , the populati n which T was rapidly increasing . hus in the course Of a few years Bish o p Broughton found himsel f called AUSTRALIA upon to o versee an area c o mprising the wh o le of - w - the south east of Australia , hich to day is the

o scene o f the lab o u rs of thirteen Bish ps . Referring to o o o o these pr l nged Visitations , Bish p Br ughton “ 1 8 wrote pathetically in 4 3 , I have j ust been a

o f o j ourney ﬁfteen hundred miles , ccupying more

o than three months , and I ught to start again ” - o o o n . to morrow . I t cann t , must not , g I n 1 844 he urged stro ngly upon the Arch bishop O f Canterbury the necessity fo r establishing

to d ifﬁ a see in South Australia , but owing c u lti e s O felt by the Colonial fﬁce , he received no

Two encouragement . years later , however , the matter was taken up by the Colonial Bishoprics

o fo r C uncil , and arrangements were made the

o m o o — f r ati n of three new di ceses Adelaide,

T o Melbourne , and Newcastle . hr ugh the gen e ro s i ty of the late Baroness Bu rdett -Coutts the See O f Adelaide was endowed ; whilst by the aid o f contributions and the self- sa c ri ﬁc i n g surrender o f a large pro p o rtion of his inc o me by Bishop

o d o m o f o f Br ughton , the en w ent the Sees T Melb o urne and Newcastle was facilitated . his subdivision of his diocese relieved Bishop Broughton o f a j urisdiction o f square miles Th e D ioceses of Melbourne and Adelaide TH E FI RST B IS H O P O F AUSTRALIA 4 3 were c o -extensive with the settlements o f Port

o f Philip and South Australia , whilst that New castle c o mprehended a n area o f square ’ to o f miles lying the north Sydney . S . Peter s

1 8 m Day , 47, ust ever remain memorable in the

o f fo r o n annals the Colonial Church , that festival there were consecrated by Archbishop H owley i n Westminster Abbey four Bishops who would in after years play an i m po rtant part in inﬂuencing

m o o f its destinies , na ely , R bert Gray , Bishop

o o f Capetown ; Charles Perry , Bish p Melbourne ;

o o f Augustus Short , Bish p Adelaide ; and William

T o f T o yrrell , Bishop Newcastle . hrough this l ng w delayed for ard movement , the original Diocese ” o f Australia was reduced to an area Of

n o square miles , and , as it could longer be properly “ ” ’ termed Australia , Bishop Broughton s charge was reconstituted , and under fresh Letters Patent he was created Bishop of Sydney and Metro politan of Australia , with ju risdiction over the

o f T Bishops asmania and New Zealand . H is inducti o n to the metropo litical see took place o n 2 1 8 8 J anuary 5 , 4 , being the sixtieth anniversary o f o f the foundation the colony . Bishop Bro ughton had n o w more time to visit the many settlements springing up within his o wn 44 AUSTRALIA

o f o diocese , but the state and prospects the utside “ h i m m districts ﬁlled with dis ay . Wherever I ” “ to go , he wrote home , it is but witness a scanty po pulation scattered over tracts Of country hun

o f o r dreds miles in extent , without churches

o r o o f ordinances , clergy instruct rs any kind , and without any means o f Christian education ” To for the children . meet these wants he made

o f o wn a large sacriﬁce his income, and with the assistance o f grants from the Society for

o f the Propagation the Gospel , he was enabled to o Th e provide a few additi nal clergy . previous decade had brought troubl o us times to the colonists owing to bad seasons and dissensi o ns

o wa s connected with land tenure , and m ney scarce ; still the pro gress o f diocesan affai rs was by no means stayed , and at Sydney and within the more closely settled area church building

o n o f went steadily , assisted by the liberality E several active and generous workers in ngland ,

Re E Th e fo u n d a notably the v. dward Coleridge . ’ o f tion stone S . Andrew s Cathedral had been laid by the Governor, Sir Richard Bourke , as

1 8 n o o early as 37, but great pr gress had been

1 8 6 o m m made until 4 , when a new c ittee was 1 8 6 formed and fresh plans adopted . I n 4 , TH E FI RST B IS H O P O F AUSTRALIA 4 5

’ m o o f S . Ja es s C llege , for the training candidates fo r o O — H ly rders , was opened at Sydney the

o f o o o 1 8 6 precursor M re C llege , founded in 5

m u n i ﬁc en c e o o by the of a wealthy c l nist , M r .

wh o i n Moore , bequeathed about money

o to the di cese , and also a considerable area of

fo r o o f land , the latter the purp se endowing a

to theological college , be called after his name .

Th e discovery of gold during the last years G o ld . ’ Of the Bishop s episc o pate added much to his

Th e o ld ﬁe ld s labour, and anxieties . rush to the g

o f brought a mass people , representing all classes ,

o f sects , and creeds , into the Diocese Sydney .

Th e O ﬁ rst rush was to phir, near Bathurst , in

1 8 1 o o 5 , where th usands c llected in a few months , and much social disorder and laxity o f morals

Th e prevailed . Bishop was one of the ﬁ rst to appreciate the necessity of bringing religious inﬂuences to bear upon the cosmopolitan p o p u la tion attracted in such large numbers to one district . He i mmediately hurried to the Spot , and , sti mulated by his precept and example , the miners erected a canvas church on a wooden

m o f o fra e within a period f ur days , in which the Bishop wa s able to preach and celebrate H o ly

o T Communion on the Sunday f llowing . his is a AUSTRALIA typi cal instance O f the unforeseen demands made upon the resources Of the Church by the sudden displacement of population owing to the gold discoveries . Sailors deserted their Ships in the harbour, teachers abandoned their schools , whilst

m o artisans , trades en , and thers , left their pursuits , to join the mad rush in o rder to become rich T in a day . hat this mineral wealth enriched

o m the c munity goes without saying , but the

o m ral effect of the gold fever was disastrous .

Disturbances were frequent and widespread , and the Church in New South Wales and Victoria was confronted with a new call upon her energies , to which she found the greatest difﬁculty in responding . Fo r s o me ti me past the necessity for a more central form of organization in the m anagement of Church affairs , especially in regard to matters o f ecclesiastical discipline , had been keenly felt by the Bishops . I n practice the exercise of j urisdiction through Letters Patent had proved nugatory , whilst the confusion occasioned by the Gorham J udgement was creating unsettle m ent

to m in Australia . With a View deter ining such matters and formulating a po licy fo r the Church

s o c o n in Au tralia , the Metropolitan summ ned a

4 8 AUSTRALIA

o laity were recommended , whilst questi ns affect ing the temporalities of the Church sh o uld not be decided with o ut the concurrence of these c o n ‘ ven ti o n s m . ( 3 ) Church me bership , giving a title

o f to the ministrations the Church , should be

o n secured to the baptized , condition that they were conformable to the doctrine , govern ment , rites and ceremonies contained in the Book of

m o Com mon Prayer . (4) Com unicants only Sh uld be eligible as members of the conventions . ( 5 ) Discipline should be exercised over Bishops by the Bishops of the province ; over clergy by the diocesan synod ; over laymen by private a d m o n i

m tion , by excluding from Holy Co munion according to the rubric , and in the last resort by excommunication , which would release the clergy from the Obligation to use the Burial Service 6 over them . ( ) Clergy Should not be removed from their ben e ﬁc es except by sentence of the

Th e diocesan synod . (7) rubrics should be

Observed , and clergy who concluded the Ante O Communion Service with the ffertory Sentences , and Church M ilitant Prayer were n o t to be regarded “ as holding Opinions at variance with ” o f 8 the sound teaching the Church . ( ) Warnings were issued against the solemnization or contract TH E FI RST B IS H O P O F AUSTRA LIA 4 9

d ing marriage within the prohibited egrees , and persons contracting such marriages were stated to o be liable to be expelled from H ly Communion . “ (9) I n order to relieve the perplexity o f pious ” and thoughtful men , a clear pronouncement was

o f made upon the doctrine baptismal regeneration , from which the Bishop of Melbourne unhappily

1 o i n d . 0 e ﬁ dissented ( ) All defective , err neous ,

o nite , religious instructi n in Government schools

m 1 1 Th e was e phatically discountenanced . ( ) establish m ent O f an A ustralian Board O f M issi o n s for the evangelization of the heathen of Australia and o f the islands o f the Western Paciﬁc was urgently advised .

T m o f hese recom endations , which , in the light

o after events , discl se remarkable wisdom and foresight , were subsequently submitted to the

s o various dioce es for their appr val , but the ti me

n o t was yet ripe for independent synodical action , and the answers returned deprecated any action which see m ed to infringe on the prerogative of

o o f m the Cr wn . I n view the i portance and the

O f s Obscurity thi question , the Metropolitan decided to Visit England in order to take counsel with

o s o 1 8 the h me epi c pate . He arrived in 5 3 , as the bells were tolling fo r the funeral of his Old friend E 5 0 AUSTRALIA

E and patron , the great Duke Of Wellington . arly in the following year, after a Short illness , he was cal led to rest , and was buried in Canterbury

m a n o f Cathedral . H e was a great power and intellectual capacity, and through his apostolic labours in laying the foundation o f the Church in Australia he will always stand fo rth as one of the most pro minent ﬁgures in the history o f that

o Church . Hon u red by friend and foe alike , he advocated u n ﬂi n c h i n gly the cause o f what he to felt be true and right , and he passed from his labours followed by expressions of universal

To regret . quote Si r Alfred Stephen , Chief “ o N O J ustice Of New S uth Wales , man ever went down to his grave full O f years and h o n o urs carrying with h i m m ore deservedly the respect

o o f - and venerati n his fellow colonists . I believe that by al l classes and by all sects no man in the colony was m o re universally respected ” o To la than Bish p B roughton . this y testimony

o f o : may be added that his successor, Bish p Barker “ Th e mem o ry o f the late Bishop may well be held in hon o ur thro ughout the Province Of Australia . - H is zeal and diligence , his high minded and

o disinterested sacriﬁ ces , the f resight displayed in

o f the creation new dioceses , the patience with TH E FI RST B IS H O P O F AUSTRALIA

f o f which he met the di ﬁculties his position , are well kn o wn to me : and although it was n o tmy privilege to be numbered among his personal

u o f be c o m friends , the Opport nities I have possessed ing acquainted with the excellences o f his character and the pri mitive vi rtues of his life have inspired me with a genuine and affectionate regard fo r ” O f the ﬁ rst Bishop Australia . AUSTRA LIA

CH A PTE R I V

TH E P RO V I N CE O F N EW SO U T H

WA LES

r A n e w e a . H E death of the ﬁrst Bishop of Australia practically closes the ﬁ rst period in the histo ry

Of the Chu rch , for during the later years of his life rapid changes had been taking place which both civilly and ecclesiastically were introducing a new

Th e o m era . c nvict syste , as we have seen , had “ m m been ter inated , and although the e ancipists

o m stil l formed a p nderable ele ent in the population ,

they were largely outnumbered by the free settlers .

o f Again , the discovery gold not only further

o f increased the proportion this latter class , but , \ i n s ti m u la ti n o g commercial devel pment , raised an

s T enti rely new set of problem . hrough these changes Australia found herself “ precipitated into ” manho o d and plunged into the vortex o f poli T Of tical struggle . hus questions trade, land , and

labour became the burning topics o f the hour .

5 4 AUST RA LIA

O n o thus taken away . the c ntrary , the pernicious

o f example the State was followed , and the glam o u r o f autonomy proved so attractive that

o wn fo r each diocese , left to go its way except such slender limitations as were subsequently

o f o i mposed by the constitution General Syn d ,

Th e became a distinct unit of government . his

o f tory the Church , therefore , from this point bec o mes chieﬂy the history o f separate and inde

o a t pendent dioceses , meeting t gether stated intervals fo r purposes o f consultation and the

o f ta preparation legislation , but careful to main in individual authority intact . I n tracing this his tory it will be preferable for convenience ’ sake to

o depart fr m strict chronological order, and in the ﬁ rst place to deal with such dioceses as have grouped themselves into ecclesiastical provinces ,

to and subsequently take those which , owing to geographical position , have been unable to reach this stage o f organization and remain auto

cephalous . I t is Obvious that in the cou rse o f thei r growth the maj o rity of dioceses must present many Similar

features . At the outset there is the missionary stage , during which the diocese is dependent upon

iti n e ra t external help , and the ministry is mainly TH E PROV I N CE O F N Ew SOUT H WALES 5 5

T ing . hen follows the period of organization , in which constitutions are fo rm ed and provision made fo r self-govern m ent and the development o f l o cal

o o f res urces . Finally there comes the stage

o c o m maturity , when the rganization has been ple te d and the diocese has been furnished with the various means o f maintaining its i n dep en

vi z o dence , . , synods , sustentati n and pension funds ,

o f o colleges for the training l cal clergy , and so

O f o forth . Some the Older di ceses have reached this ﬁnal stage , such as Sydney , Newcastle , Mel

o to T m b urne , and , a certain extent , as ania , Ade O laide , B risbane , and Ballarat . thers are still in an

- o intermediary position , whilst a few newly f rmed dioceses , such as Carpentaria and Bunbury , have

o f not been able , SO far, to divest themselves their

o missionary character . I n tracing this ev lution it is unnecessary to enter into details repeated in the

Th e o f case Of each diocese . description given the ' ’ ' development O f Sydney applies m u ta tzs m a ta rz a zs to other parts of Australia , so that salient features alone will be noticed . Also it may seem that in the fo ll o wing pages undue stress is laid upon the

o f o f work Bishops , and that the labours the

o o par chial clergy ﬁnd little rec gnition . I n a new

Th e country this is al most necessarily the case . AUST RALIA personal Side of the equation has a far greater ‘ value th a n i s possible in long -established c o m m u n iti es o f , and i f the policy and leadership the Bishops is dwelt up o n to the exclusion of the hu m bler tasks O f the parochial clergy and thei r

o lay helpers , the reas n is that , in the early days at

o f least , the personality the Bishop was the chief

o element in diocesan pr gress . Australia has been singularly happy in the pers o ns of her diocesan

o o f f unders , chosen from the rank and ﬁle the

C o o home lergy , and their w rk in the Antip des is a pro of o f the w o nderful reserve force which is possessed by the Anglican Chu rch .

TH E D IOCESE O F SY D N EY

T s m his , however , is a digre sion , and we ust resume the narrative at the death o f Bisho p

o F o r B r ughton . three years the Metropolitan

a a n a d m i i ste r d o f v c t_ n e Diocese Sydney lay , by

o f Archdeacon Cooper, the father the late vene

o f 1 8 rated Dean Sydney . I n May , 5 5 , the newly

o . appointed Metr politan , the Right Rev Frederick B arker, arrived , accompanied by two chaplains ,

E . . . . the Rev . dward Synge and the Rev P G Smith

o - C o H e found f rty eight licensed lergy in the di cese , T o f whom ten were resident in Sydney . his TH E P ROV I N C E O F N EW SOUT H WA LES 5 7

wa s ﬁft - number quickly increased to y six , but the rapid growth o f po pulation o wing to the devel o p m ent o f the mining industry m ade additional

o f m clerical assistance a matter extre e urgency , and the question o f the supply o f locally -ordained

h is clergy at once engaged attention . Th e diocese wa s n o twithout so m e provision fo r E duc a tIO n a l p r o o f E V i s i o n . this purpose . A Church ngland Grammar

’ o o o o m Scho l , kn wn as King s Sch l , Parra atta , had

o been f unded in the days Of his predecessor , and i n this instituti o n the sons o f the more wealthy o c lonists were being educated , but owing to lack o f o m end w ent and for other reasons , the usefulness

o m of the school was seri usly i paired . Connected

- with the recently established University , a hostel

’ fo r s — o resident undergraduate S. Paul s C llege 1 8 had been started in 54 , in order to give theo logical instruction to Church students and so sup

o plement the University c urse . Finally , advantage was taken o f the m u n iﬁc e n tbequest o f Thomas

o fo r o f M ore , and a college the training candidates

o O wa s o for H ly rders established at Liverp ol , t o wards the building o f which Bishop Barker him self c o llected a sum o f o ver During the ﬁ rst eleven years of its existence

Moore College , under its ﬁ rst principal , the Rev . 5 8 . AUSTRALIA

m o o o u t - to Willia H dgs n , sent thirty three clergy — the various Australian dioceses a valuable addi ti o n to the handful o f workers struggling to cope “ m with de m ands wellnigh overwhel ing . Without

o o o o m M re C llege I should be c paratively hel pless ,

o o f o f wr te the Bish p a few years later, and the ef ect these reinfo rcements was s o on felt in the increased

o f 1 86 vitality Church life . I n 3 he was able to report that since his arrival eighty -eight new

s o — churches and ch ol churches had been Opened , whilst the cathedral , begun by his predecessor , was

o o o Th e making rapid pr gress towards c mpleti n .

o o f Sydney Church Society , to the foundati n which allusion has been already made , had also felt the sti mulus , and in ﬁve years had provided whereby thirty -o n e additional clergy were being

o m o f maintained , and the t tal nu ber clergy had

-two T o to risen to ninety . hus , b th i n regard the

o f m o supply and training the inistry , and als in

o f o o f respect their support , the Di cese Sydney was in a fai r way o f becoming independent o f

o the M ther Church . Th e life o f a Colonial Bishop is largely occupied

o o f by l ng and exhausting periods Visitation , and although the area o f the Diocese of Sydney

s o o had been largely reduced by subdivisi n , vast TH E PROV I N C E O F N EW SOUT H WALES 5 9 districts o utside the centres o f settlement de

s o m a n d ed the pers o nal o versight Of the Bi h p . To the west lay Bathurst and the extensive plains of the interior b o rdering the banks Of the

o f Murray , S ince constituted into the D iocese

Ri ve ri n a o - , whilst to the south and s uth west

o was Situated the r ugh , broken country running inland fro m the c o ast and containing mountain

s o f o o range considerable altitude . Pi neer w rk i n these places was ﬁ rst undertaken by the

’ s c h a l a i n E Bi hop s p , the Rev . . Synge , and to his energy and perseverance the Church owed her kn o wledge o f these vast ﬁelds Of uncultivated

o E o m - lab u r . quipped with a c pass , pack horses ,

. and the barest necessities for travel , it was not an uncommon thing for him to make itinerating journeys in the bush extending over a peri o d o f nine m o nths at a time and covering a distance of over

m ﬁve thousand iles . H is diaries afford an interest ing record o f the experiences o f a pioneer clergy “ i n o man the early days . Steering by c mpass

N . N E o . . over a wil d and pen plain , where kan g a ro o s and emus were the o nly companions o f his

o s to s litude , he describe his passage from station

o h is s o o f stati n , le reward being the opportunity

holding a Short service , when the day was done , 60 AUSTRA LIA i n some w o o lshed among shearers and people to whom no priest had ministered for sixteen years .

Such clergymen as M r . Synge formed the back

o f o bone the Australian Church , and th ugh their

o fo r heroic determinati n and faithfulness , the most

o part , have been unrec rded , the present generation

o Fo l has entered into the fruit of their lab urs . “ l o wing i n his fo otsteps and those o f other heralds ” o f o the dawn , Bish p Barker undertook lengthened

s o f vi itations these bush districts , stimulating the settlers to renewed effo rts in the provision o f buildings fo r divine worship and in ﬁnding suf

ﬁc i e n tsupport for resident clergy . O n e result o f these j ourneys was the foundation “ o f o o the Clergy Daughters Sch l at Waverley ,

Sydney , which has had a very prosperous career , and has relieved the bush clergy o f much anxiety in connection with the education of their daughters . Another and m o re i m p o rtant development arising o u tof these visitations was the establishment of

o f o 1 8 6 the new See G ulburn in 3 , comprising the districts lying to the south and s o uth -west o f the original diocese . Six years later a further sub division was effected by the foundation o f the

o f Bishopric Bathurst , by which the Metropolitan

62 AUSTRALIA

the Crown was necessary , and to this policy T Bishop yrrell gave a reluctant consent , though pers o nally he was in favour o f securing synodical action by means o f a consensual compact accord ing to the precedents set by the Di o ceses Of New

Zealand and Adelaide . After much conference between the representa

tives o of the Di ceses of Sydney , Newcastle , and “ ” Goulburn , a Church Act was passed by the Legis

la tu re 1 866 in , by which the State gave legal sancti o n to the constitutions o f the Church in New

South Wales , and granted undeﬁned legislative

powers to the synods of the same . I mmediately after the passing of this Act the Metropolitan

o O f summ ned his synod for the dispatch business . Th e Syn o d o f the Diocese o f Newcastle had met al ready in the previous year witho ut waiting fo r

o legislative sancti n . A constitution having thus been framed pro viding fo r pro vincial and d i o

o f cesan synods , the opportunity f ered by the presence o f seven Australian Bishops at the c o n ’ o f secration S . Andrew s Cathedral , Sydney , i n

1 86 o to 7, was taken by Bish p Barker hold a conference upo n the questi o n O f fo rming a supreme leg islative body for the whole Australian

o o Church . At this conference certain res luti ns TH E PROV I N C E O F N EW SOUT H WA LES 63 were adopted embodying the principles up o n w o hich a General Synod Sh uld be founded . These resolutions were submitted to the vari o us dioceses of Australia , and received general

1 86 o o f approval . I n 9 the Provincial Syn d New S o uth Wales met for the ﬁrst ti m e to consider what further steps should be taken fo r the better

m o f d es i ra govern ent the Church ; but , whilst the bilit o f y forming a General Synod was afﬁrmed , the discu s sions upo n the questi o n o f Church auton o my were much ha m pered by the prevailing opinion in favour o f the validity o f Letters Patent , and the fear o f taking any action which might see m to Violate the relations thought to subsist

o between the Chu rch and the Cr wn . Finally an attempt was made to compro mise matters by adhering to the issue o f Letters Patent whilst maintaining that each di o cese should have a

o f o wn So voice in the appointment its Bishop .

o f o far, the Bishop Newcastle was the nly leader in New S o uth Wales wh o had a clear perception o f s o Th e C - the ecclesia tical Situati n . oping stone to the organi zation of govern m ent of the Church wa s ultimately placed in po siti o n by the fo rmati o n o f o 1 8 2 T General Syn d in 7 . hus the gradation

w o o s bet een diocesan , pr vincial , and general syn d 64 AUSTRALIA

was c o m pleted after m any years Of discussion

Th e o o f and struggle . considerati n the nature

o o f o and character of this gradati n , and the vici us

o o principle ad pted , whereby the di cesan synod

m to is rendered actually supre e , must be deferred

o an ther chapter . I n the m eanti m e the Metro p o litan was actively

f fo r h engaged upon diocesan af ai rs , , thoug the subdivision o f the original Di o cese of Sydney had

o h i m o m o o f br ught welc e relief, the extensi n the city o f Sydney itself taxed his energies in no smal l

o o f o degree , whilst up n hi m lay the burden th se po rti o ns o f Australia not as yet incorpo rated in

s 1 8 1 8 6 any dioce e . I n 74 , and again in 7 , he paid Visits to the far -distant territory o f N orth

o s o Q ueensland , and was successful in ar using much interest that the Di o cese of N o rth Q ueensland was T founded in the latter year . his was practically

o f m his last undertaking any i portance , and , after a l o ng and arduous episc o pate of twenty -eight 8 8 2 to 1 . years , he was called rest at San Remo in H is death rem o ved fro m the diocese an a d m i n i s

o f trator no mean capacity , under whose wise and energetic rul e it had bec o me equipped with the necessary spi ritual and m aterial resources fo r f Th e carrying on the ca m paign o the Chu rch . TH E P R OV I N CE O F N EW SOUT H WA LES 65 handsome chapter - house connected with the cathedral at Sydney , erected in his memory , testiﬁes to the general esteem in which he was held . Holding pronounced evangelical Views ,

o Bish p Barker succeeded , as men of distinct

d o convictions are wont to , in giving a deﬁnite

to direction the theological teaching of his diocese ,

o f which , in after years , proved a source difficulty to n o t his successor , and has been without influence i n the wider field o f Church o rganization i n

Fo r o f Australia . the Diocese Sydney has shown itself somewhat jealous of any changes which , in

m o f the j udge ent its leading clergy and laity , see m ed to Open the way to interference with its distinctive character . Th e episcopate thus closed covered a period of critical i mportance to the Australian Church , during which problems o f great moment were

Th e o f - o directly raised . granting self g vernment to the colonies opened up i mmediately the

o f question of the relations Church and State , and the decisi o ns given in the C o lens o tro ubles showed

fo r - o the need self g vernment within the Church , and the withdrawal of State aid to ecclesiastical bodies rendered the reconstruction of the whole system o f the supply o f material resources a F AUSTRALIA

o f m Th e matter i perative necessity . scarcity of clergy led to the provision o f a theological college

o and local ordinati ns , a step which , in view of

o recent national aspi rati ns , was an event of

o pri mary importance , whilst the rapid subdivisi n o f the larger dioceses proved once m o re the value o f m o f episcopacy , as the essential for Church “ government . I n this period lay those seeds of things ” from which has emerged the Church of - to day , i n its weakness and its strength , but full o f promise of larger growth and greater strength in the future . Th e new method o f election to the See of Sydney adopted by General Syn o d proved s o

m o cu br us and unsatisfactory , that the new Pri m ate of Australia and Metro politan o f New ’ o r o f S uth Wales , Canon Bar y , Principal King s

o o College , L nd n , was virtually chosen by the

o f Th e Archbishop Canterbury . new Bishop

o fo r succeeded to a diocese fairly well rganized , m ost o f the constructive work had been already accomplished , whilst synodical action had become

o o m better underst d and was working s oothly . ’ T o n e hus the record Of Dr . Barry s episcopate is o f steady development , though , unhappily , dis tu rbed on more than one o ccasi o n by ritual TH E P ROV I N C E O F N EW SOUT H WA LES 67 tro ubles i n connection with the erection o f a reredos i n the cathedral , and the opposition

o f offered to the Principal Moore College . H e

1 8 8 8 to o f resigned in , the great regret his diocese and o f the whole Australian Church . H is Vigor o u s personality and great intellectual gifts , although exercised for so Short a ti m e in Aus tra li a , did much towards enhancing the prestige

o f of the See Sydney , and prepared the way for making the Primacy a fact and n o t merely a name in Australian Church life . He was succeeded by the present Pri m ate in A r c hbi s ho p S a um a r e z 1 8 0 S mi th 9 , Canon W . Saumarez Smith , Principal of ’ Th m S . . e Aidan s College , Birkenhead cu brous method of election was again exempliﬁed in this

m fo r appoint ent , , owing to an informality , the

ﬁrst election was declared invalid , and the whole o f the lengthy process had to be formally repeated . With these examples before them General Synod again and again attempted to devise some method by which the claims o f the See o f Sydney to elect

o wn o o f its Bish p, and the claims the other dio ceses o f Australia and Tasmania to an equal voice

o f in the selection thei r Pri mate might be adjusted , but these efforts were met by a n on -p oss u m u s on

o f the part the Sydney representatives , and , in 68 AUSTRALIA despai r o f reaching a satisfactory conclusion o n 1 00 these lines , General Synod in 9 provided that i n future the Pri mate should be selected from

o T am ng the existing Metropolitan Bishops . hus the historic connection between the Primacy and the mother diocese seems to have been potentially severed . Th e struggle i n c o nnection with this question Shows the i mportant position to which the

Primacy had gradual ly attained , and is indicative o f a new phase in the history of the Australian

Church . Already , in the civi l sphere , tentative efforts were being made towards the federation of the different colonies into a Commonwealth under a Governor-General and a supreme legislative body , and instinctively Churchmen were moving towards the adoption of a policy of greater centralization which the constitution of General

Synod did not render sufficiently actual . I n the undefined powers o f the Pri macy they seemed to T find what they sought . hus during recent years the history of the Diocese o f Sydney is inti mately connected with that o f the Church in other portions of the Commonwealth . I t is a time

o f - of Church Congresses , a general Self Denial

o f o f o Fund , a Missionary J ubilee , and ther

70 AUST RALIA the standard o f intellectual attainment required fo r o admission to H oly O rders . I n ti me the w rk o f the college will be more deﬁnitely felt , and through such agencies there is good hope that the stig m a which in popular Opini o n attaches to O colonial rders may be removed . Whilst thus by the logic of events occupied with m any interests and activities outside his o wn

o pr vince and diocese , the Primate has witnessed a quiet and un o stentati o us growth within his o wn

o m i mmediate j urisdicti n . Sydney tends ore and m ore to bec o me the emp o riu m o f the c o mmerce o f o the southern seas , but the Church , thr ugh the steady labours of Bishop and clergy , has more than held her o wn in the increase of

o o f populati n , as is evidenced by the returns the

o Th e o - last decennial religi us census . l ng deferred foundati o n o f the new Federal Capital within the Province o f New S o uth Wales in s o me respects m a y affect the p o sition o f the Archbishop of f Sydney , and may possibly af ord a satisfactory

o to soluti n the Pri macy question , but whatever

o changes the i mmediate future may bring f rth , the historic position o f the See o f Sydney cannot be altered . I t wi ll remain the mother diocese of

o the wh le Australian Church . TH E P ROV I N C E O F N EW SOUT H WALES 71

TH E D IOCESE O F N EWCAST L E

Th e o o f s o f s o f B i sh O hist ry the ubdivision the Dioce e PL Sydney into the ﬁve existing daughter di o ceses o f the province needs little elaboration . Refer ence has been m ade already to the fo undation o f

o f 1 8 E fo l the See Newcastle in 47. arly in the o T m l wing year Bishop yrrell arrived , acco panied

. O . . . . o o by the Rev . H I rwin and the Rev R G B dle ,

o together with seven candidates for H ly O rders .

Th e o f port of Newcastle , at the mouth the Hunter

fo r o River , formed the natural centre the di cese ,

o o m though M rpeth , a township s me twenty iles

l o f distant inland , was se ected as the place epis

o Se e m copal residence . N minally the e braced 800 00 an area of by 7 miles , but the settled districts c o vered a region o f about 5 00 by 2 50 miles , chieﬂy occupied by squatters , for the larger coal deposits o f the H unter basin had not as

To o yet been developed . the north the di cese

to o - extended Moret n Bay , including the far dis

Th e o tant Burnett and Wide Bay districts . Bish p found fourteen clergy at w o rk attempting to cope

o f with the demands this vast area , and the rein force m ents brought with him ca m e as a welcome

o Th e o o o f additi n to his staff. c nditi ns Church 72 AUST RALIA

o f 1 8 1 life were deplorable . Writing these in 5 the Bishop described the situation as one o f uni versal bankruptcy . A heavy debt hung over every ﬁnished church ; nu m bers o f churches begun

o f re were abandoned owing to lack funds , and mained m o numents of past folly ; large districts were untouched by the ministrations o f the

to Church , and the tendency rely upon the Government for aid had produced a general paralysis . With a View to probing the existing evi ls to the bottom , in three years he had visited

o f the whole his extensive diocese , making j ourneys

m o someti es extending ver twelve hundred miles .

A ready response was made to his efforts , and at the close o f this peri o d he was able to report that

o every church was free of debt , and the w rks pre vi o u s ly abandoned in despair had been resumed

c o m with renewed energy , and were approaching

le ti o n p .

m i n -s o Such a result , acco plished short a time , affords eloquent testimony to the inspiring i n

ﬂ u e n c e o f a striking personality , and whether as

o f o r chief pastor a diocese , as an ecclesiastical

o f statesman the ﬁ rst rank , the ﬁgure of Bishop Tyrrell stands forth prominently in the early

o f annals the Australian Church . Brief reference TH E PROV I N C E O F N EW SOUT H WALES 73 has already been made to his lab o urs in the latter sphere ; in the former he was no less conspicuous , t and , assis ed by liberal grants from the Society fo r the Propagati o n of the Gospel and the Society

to for Promoting Christian Knowledge , which societies he frequently expressed his indebtedness , in the course o f a few years he was able to state “ that throughout the peopled portion o f my dio cese the Gospel is now preached and the ” Th e Sacraments administered . principle upon which he acted throughout his visitations was that of enfo rcing a recognition of the true priesthood o f the laity , and whenever he went among squatters and selectors he taught them to help themselves by holding family prayers in the evening , by reading the Morning and Evening Services o f the

o u to f Church on Sundays , and a sermon a book

o f provided by himself, and by the formation a lending library o f devotional and other literature for the use o f the men and Shepherds employed

Th e on each station . effect upon the rising generation o f this early training in devo tional - habits was thorough , and is felt to day in many an Australian family . I n 1 8 5 9 he was relieved o f the care o f the e n Biggi -

w s e n . Moreton Bay district , hich he had twice Vi ited , m t 74 AUSTRALIA and in 1 86 7 o f the greater part of the intervening

o f E portion his diocese , embracing the New ngland

o f o plateau and the adj oining strip c ast , by the fo rmation of the Sees o f Brisbane and Grafto n

and Armidale respectively . With a smaller area

to oversee , and less demands made upon his time , he was better able to devote his attention to the task of building up the material fabric o f the T Church . his had become a practical necessity , for the New South Wales Legislature had at last given effect to its long -threatened measure for abolish ing State aid to religi o n by limiting the grants previously given to the various deno m inations to

f m the lives o f those already in receipt o the . I n 1 864 the Bishop inaugurated a scheme for a

diocesan endowment of at once , and ultimately o f to form the nucleus o f a central fund out o f which the stipends of Clergy

Th e should be paid . principle which he laid down was that no parish sh o uld be end o wed to

o f C the full amount the lerical stipend , but that a pro p o rtion sh o uld be contributed each year fro m

to local sources , be added to the income derived

- from endowment . Living a frugal and self deny

m ing life , he gave large su s personally to this

o fund , and his example was f llowed by the faith TH E PROV I N C E O F N EW SOUT H WALES 75

ful laity . But he himself, as in spiritual , SO in

o to temporal things , was the greatest benefact r

o s o s o his diocese , which he l ved well and served

to 1 8 faithfully . When he was cal led rest i n 79 ,

o f -tw o after an episcopate thi rty years , during “ ” which he never came home , he bequeathed all

o that he possessed , invested chieﬂy in stati n pro

o f Th e perty , to the Diocese Newcastle . bequest ,

o f o then estimated at a quarter a milli n sterling , was intended as an endowment o f the chief di o

o cesan instituti ns , but owing to the depreciation in the value of pastoral property , prolonged droughts , etc . , the diocese had been obliged to raise money in order to retain this property . Bishop Tyrrell was succeeded in 1 8 80 by the B i s h o p P e a r s o n . o Rev . J . B . Pears n , Vicar of N ewark and Fellow ’ o f . o o S J hn s College , Cambridge , whose pr found learning was o f great value in the deliberations

o f Of the bench Bishops . H is episcopate , which

o o f re lasted ver a period ten years , saw a markable advance i n the trade o f the district through the development Of the coal deposits , and the port o f Newcastle in consequence became

o a place of export , whence the ther Australian

o m colonies were supplied fr its mineral wealth . Th e ti me had arrived when it was felt that the AUSTR A L IA

erection o f a mother church fo r the diocese was

o desirable , and the f undations were laid and a portion o f the superstructure of a c athedral begun o n a commanding site which overlooks the ba r h o u r o f and city Newcastle , but owing to the

o f fo r ‘ illness the Bishop , and other reasons , the

n o w fo r cathedral , though roofed in and used

divine service , still remains in a state of partial ’ Th e o f completion . later years the Bishop s epis copate , which had been marked by much earnest ness and ability , were unhappily clouded by such an utter prostration o f health that he was physi

to cally unable resign his see . During the three ’ years interval thus occasioned , the diocese was

m E ad inistered by the Dean , the Very Rev . A . .

Selwyn . Ultimately the Bishop so far recovered

to to as be able resign his see , and the diocese , which had suffered severely through this period o f uncertainty , was placed in a position to elect E his successor . Bishop Pearson died in ngland fou r years after his resignation , having partially recovered from his long and distressing afﬂiction . I n 1 89 1 synod chose the Bishop o f North

Q ueensland (D r . Stanton) as his successor , and he was accordingly translated fro m th e ' n o rth e rn

Th e see . choice was in every respect a happy

78 AUSTR A LI A

ﬂood and drought , had made both material and

o spiritual pr gress . O n his decease the synod elected as fourth

o Re v . Bish p the Right . J . F Stretch , at that time

Dean and Assistant Bishop of the Diocese . An

Australian by birth , and educated at the Geelong Grammar School and the University of Mel bourne , Bishop Stretch was the second native born Australian to be summoned to the episcopate, in the ﬁ rst instance as Coadj utor Bishop o f Bris T bane . hat Australia can educate and train such men as the new Bishop of Newcastle and the

o f present Bishop of Ballarat , capable maintaining the best traditions of the episc o pate in pastoral

en care, learning, and eloquence , furnishes an c o u ra i n g g prospect for the future , and marks an

o evident gr wth towards maturity of organization .

TH E D IOCESE OF GO U LB U R N Reference has already been made to the pioneer E labours of the Rev . . Synge , and it was mainly to these that the formation o f the See o f Goulburn

Th e o o f in 1 86 3 was due . n mination the ﬁrst

wh o Bishop rested with Archbishop Longley ,

R ev M e sa c T selected the . homas , then Secretary to the Colonial and Continental Church Society . TH E PRO V I N CE O F N EW SOU T H WA L ES 79

He was the last Bish o p to be appointed to an

Australia see under Letters Patent , the validity o f o which , as conveying territ rial jurisdiction , he

o f consistently upheld to the end his life . Bishop

T m ho as , on arrival , at once set vigorously to work

o o amongst a populati n of fifty th usand , scattered over districts varying from twenty -five to four hundred and fi fty square miles in extent . By 1 8 6 5 the presence o f a Bishop had given a marked

to impetus Church work , and the number of clergy

o m to -o n e Th e o had risen fr twelve twenty . br ken character of the country made the work of visita

o o tion excepti nally difﬁcult , and these j urneys

m m — so eti es occupied twenty four consecutive weeks , during which the Bishop travelled a distance of

o . o ver three thousand miles I t was , theref re , with no small feelings o f thank fulness that he was able - o f 1 8 8 to transfer one third his j urisdiction , in 4 , to

- o m o o f Ri ve r i n a a the newly f r ed Di cese , leaving reduced area o f ﬁfty thousand square miles to his

o wn supervision . During his long episcopate ,

o f twe n tn n i n e which lasted over a period y years , he saw many changes in the social conditions of

o wn s Australian li fe , and not least in his dioce e . He records how o n o n e o f his early visitations he had the melancholy privilege o f preaching to men AUSTRA LI A

who had n o t had an o pportunity o f attending divine service fo r twenty -ﬁve years in o n e instance

o and thirty in an ther . 1 8 2 Before his death , in 9 , the main line between Sydney and Melbo urne passed within a Short dis

o f tance his doors , a beautiful little cathedral

had been erected in the see city , and he could

- speak of ninety two churches , with accommoda tion for eleven thousand worshippers , and of

ﬁ fteen parishes , enriched by valuable glebes pre sented by generous donors or purchased by the ” liberality of parishioners . He came to a district ,

o f a large portion which was practically unexplored , with a scattered handful o f clergy ministering to pioneer settlers ; he left a diocese equipped in almost every department o f diocesan organi

ti o n z a .

Th e vacancy was ﬁlled by the election of the ’

Rev . William Chal mers , Vicar of S . Andrew s ,

o f Brighton , Victoria , a priest considerable colonial experience, who had previously worked as an

P G . S. . . missionary in Borneo Both as a parish priest in Melbourne , and in the the wider sphere

o f . Australian ecclesiastical affairs , Dr Chalmers already had attained considerable prominence . To his able advocacy was due the establish

A USTRA LI A

by synodical election to the vacant see . I n view o f the proposal to erect the new Federal Capital somewhere within the district c o vered by his j uris diction , the battle in connection with which is still being waged , the diocese may expect great changes in the future , and in all probability these will take the shape of adapting the ecclesiastical a d m i n i s tra ti o n so as to c o nform to the central organi z a ti o n o f m the State . I n situation and cli ate , sites in the neighbourhood of Goulburn present many advantages fo r the erecti o n of an Australian

o f Washington , and in the unsettled state the

o f o Pri macy question , some rearrangement di cesan boundaries may enable the Church to ﬁnd a s o lu

o f tion , satisfactory to all interests , in the creation a new Pri matial See in cl o se proxi mity to the

future Federal Capital .

TH E D IOCESE O F G RA FTO N A N D A RM ID A LE

' 1 86 m ea su re s we re I n 7, taken to reduce the li mits o f the Diocese of Newcastle by the forma

tion of the new See of Grafton and A rmidale , thus relieving the original diocese o f the whole of its

Th e m n o t northern territory . arrange ent was ideal since it involved the creati o n O f two eccle

s a s i c a l i t centres within the new area , virtually TH E PROVI N CE O F N EW SO U T H WA LES 8 3

o n e o o unconnected with an ther , namely , Graft n o n the Clarence River, near the coast , and E Armidale situated o n the New ngland plateau .

h e T Rev . W . C . Sawyer was chosen by the Arch

o f o bu tto bishop Canterbury as ﬁ rst Bish p , the sorrow of his diocese he was drowned within

o f three months his arrival , as he was retu rning to o r his house after h lding se vice in Grafton .

m T i s o After so e delay the Rev . . F . urner was B h p J Tu m “ nominated to the vacant see , and reached his

o f 1 86 o diocese towards the end 9 , to enter up n 1 8 labours which lasted until 94 . During this period the organization O f the diocese slowly took form and Shape . At Armidale , a substantial

o 1 8 cathedral church was c nsecrated i n 75 , o o 1 8 1 f ll wed in 9 , by the erection of a large

m o residential gra mer school , which thr ugh the

o s o f exerti n Archdeacon Ross , obtained a share o f the Mo o re bequest after successful litigation

m with that Obj ect . At Grafton , si ilarly , a cathe

wa s o d ral chu rch partially built , and pened for

1 8 8 Th e worship in 4 . difﬁcult nature of the

o s fo r d io c e c untry , and the neces ity duplicating

o o s san machinery , which inv lved c n tant travelling , ’

s s . wore down the Bi hop s trength , and after a long peri o d o f c o ntinued ill -health he resigned his s e e AUSTRA LI A

1 8 E i n 94 , intending to return to ngland , but he

o n o m died at Naples his h eward voyage . A V He was succeeded by the Very Rev . . . Green ,

o f o n e o f o f Dean Ballarat , the most brilliant the

o E younger Australian clergy , who , th ugh nglish by bi rth , had received his education and training

o i i n Melb urne . H is arrival infused fresh life nto a diocese , the work in which had languished

’ during the later years o f his predecess o r s epi sc o

o a t pate . M netary di fﬁculties beset him the o utset , but the diocese responded generously

E c o n to his leadership , and , assisted by nglish tribu ti o n s o f , succeeded in restoring much the endowment funds which , as in the case of Goul burn , had been depleted through inj udicious

o investment . Australian in educati n and spirit , it was natural that Bishop Green should adopt measures tending towards greater self—reliance on

o f o n e o f the part the Australian Church , and the chief beneﬁts which he conferred upon his diocese was the establishment o f a Theo logical C o llege at

fo r Armidale , where local candidates the ministry could receive a sound and efﬁ cient training .

T o his instituti n , begun in a small way , has largely contributed towards o n e o f the m ost pressing

— o f needs o f a country diocese the supply clergy .

AUSTRA LI A years Bish o p Barker felt the increasing i m p o s s i bility o f giving this district its due need o f

o episcopal versight , and his efforts to constitute Bathurst a separate bishopric were eventually 1 86 successful . I n 9 , all the preliminaries had

o f been settled , and a vast area about

Th e square miles was assigned to the new see .

o f R ev E appointment as ﬁ rst Bishop the . S . .

o o f Marsden , b rn i n Sydney , and a grandson the Rev . Samuel Marsden , whose work among the convicts Of Botany Bay , and amongst the

O f Maori New Zealand has been recorded , revived

o o f many ancient mem ries , and assured him a more than ordinary welcome . A rriving in his “ o 1 8 0 di cese in 7 , he was appalled by the magni ” Th e tude of the work , which lay before him .

o f city Bathurst contained some inhabitants , but to reach the scattered population in the outside districts clergymen s o metimes had to travel more

o f o than miles a year . Work this kind c uld o nly be carried o n at high pressu re . Bathurst became its natural centre , and the Church of All

Saints was constituted the cathedral . Gradually the diocese was mapped o u tinto parishes and

m to m districts , inistered for the ost part by itinerating clergymen , and in these ci rcumstances TH E PRO V I N CE O F N EW SO U T H W A LES 87 it came as a welcome relief when by the formation o f o o f Ri ve ri n a the Di cese , some square

w to miles ere transferred the new see . For sixteen years Bishop Marsden faithfully carried out his 1 8 8 laborious duties until , in 5 , ﬁnding his strength

to unequal the task , he resigned , and accepted at the i nvitati o n o f the Bishop o f Gloucester and Bristol the lighter wo rk Of an Assistant Bishop

s i n that dioce e .

A period o f two years intervened before his B i s h o p a i C m dg e . o success r was appointed , Canon Camidge , Vicar o f T S hirsk , a turdy Yorkshi reman , who in Spite ’ o f o o nearly twenty years c ntinu us labour, and

o f recently impai red health , still discharges the

o f duties Of his ofﬁce . Despite the vicissitudes

o o o o f ﬂ d and drought , and the c nstant need

o o f o n e workers , the rec rd these years has been o f steady growth and o f difﬁculties surmounted among which pro vision o f spi ritual ministrati o ns

n o t in the outer bush districts has been the least . H ere Bishop Camidge has been enabled to “ ” o o o n f und at Dubb a Bush Brotherhood , the example o f that previously established by the

o o f Bish p Rockhampton at Longreach , which bids fair to solve o n e o f the most difﬁcult problems

o o f which beset the Bish ps these large dioceses , AUSTRA LI A

o f C namely the removal lerical isolation , and at the same time the prom o tion o f efﬁcient service .

TH E D IOCESE O F R IV ERI N A

Carved o u to f the Di o ceses o f G o ulburn and

o f Rive ri n a o Bathurst , the See owes its f undation

m u n i ﬁc e n c e o f o m to the a pr inent laymen , the

H on . J ohn Campbell , who generously gave a sum of for its endowment . As

o its name i mplies , the di cese lies chieﬂy within the

o f banks several navigable rivers , and consists of a series o f apparently interminable plains covering

o f E an area about square miles . xcept fo r the great mining centre o f Broken Hill with its inhabitants , connected with Adelaide by rail , the population is mainly pastoral , and the country is divided up into large sheep stations . Th e absence o f railways renders necessary the same l o ng and exhausting journeys on horseback which marked the life o f the pioneer i n the early

Th e o . days . ﬁ rst Bish p was the Right Rev

o Sydney Linton , previously a N rwich vicar, who

o f during his short episcopate ten years , by his saintly life wo n the affectionate regard Of his

Th e diocese . small township of H ay was selected

AUST RA LI A

made it a conditi o n of endowing the see that all future Bishops should be consecrated in E n g i n 1 8 . o land Ultimately , 9 5 , the new Bish p was consecrated by the Archbishop o f Canterbury in

o f compliance with the terms the trust . Th e expansion o f the Province o f New South

o n e o f Wales from diocese into six , the outline which has been brieﬂy traced , furnishes a good example of the process of Church extension which is being gradually carried o n throughout Greater

Britain . I n its main features the process has been repeated in the story o f the development o f o n e the ther dioceses in Australia . O after another they have passed from the stages to which allusi o n has been made into a self-con ta i n ed o f Th e and i ndependent form life . withdrawal o f the State connection and State aid led to the establishment o f synodical action which provides fo r all matters of internal govern ment and outward development , whilst the chief part of the material needs are being met from local

o res urces . I n this connection it is noteworthy that o n e family gave towards the endow m ent o f the See O f Goulburn : an Australian layman gave to that o f the Diocese o f

o Ri ve ri n a Graft n and A rmidale , whilst the See of TH E P ROV I N CE O F N EW SO U T H WA L ES 9 1 o wes its existence to the m u n i ﬁc en t gift o f

by a member o f the C o l o nial Legislature .

I n these and other ways , particularly in the

o o o f pr visi n Of local clergy , the Province New

o s S uth Wales has led the way , and left an impre s upon the life o f the Australian Church which is

to likely remain indelible . 92 A USTRA LI A

C H APTE R V

THE P RO V INCE O F V ICTO RIA

HE o f wa s settlement Port Philip , as it then

o f called , coincided with the foundation the

o f Bishopric Australia , and resulted from the — enterprise o f two Tas m anian c o l o nists Batman

— 1 8 o f and Fawkner who in 3 5 , learning the fertile

o n districts the opposite shores of Bass Straits ,

o o proceeded thither , and btained fr m the local blacks what purported to be a conveyance o f six hundred thousand acres in return for a n o m inal

o f Th e payment knives , hatchets , blankets , etc . Government i mmediately disall o wed the trans action ; but dispossession was no easy matter , for

Batman , backed by wealthy capitalists , had already transferred ﬂocks and herds to the neighbourh o o d of Geelong ; and Fawkner , similarly supported , had

o o f taken possessi n the banks of the Yarra , where a small township was rapidly being built . Clearly it was a matter for compromise, and the company represented by these two settlers received a grant

TH E PROVI N CE O F VI CT O RI A 93 o f land valued at i n consideration o f the trouble and expense to which they had been put . I n the foll o wing year Captain Lonsdale was

o o u la app inted police magistrate , and , as the p p tion which was rapidly advancing at this time

m nu bered about fou r hundred , sites for towns

’ m F a wk n e r s m were arked out , and settle ent on the Yarra received the na m e of Melbourne after

m o f Th e the great inister the day . ﬁ rst religious

o service was held in the house f M r . Batman by

Re o o T m v . O m the J seph rton , a Wesleyan fr as ania ; and it is interesting to note that the afternoon service o n the same day was attended by about

wh o ﬁfty blacks , watched the proceedings with great interest .

TH E D IOCESE O F M ELBO U R N E

o o T. . o Du ring the f ll wing year the Rev . B Nayl r ,

T m a asmanian priest , Visited the new settle ent and baptized the ﬁ rst white child b o rn in Mel b o urne ; also the Chu rch of England received a

o f m o o s o f grant land fro the Cr wn , c n isting ﬁve

s o n o f L acre either side ittle Collins Street , on which a s m all w o o den church was subsequently

1 8 8 o erected . I n 3 Bish p Broughton Visited the

o fo r m little c mmunity the ﬁ rst ti e , and , much 94 AUSTRA LI A

“ i mpressed by its prospects , he wrote , Although

o hitherto but little kn wn , it held forth expecta

o o o f o ti ns of future i mportance , w rthy the m st — attentive regard a forecast m ore than justiﬁed

o f o o f by the future growth the metrop lis Victoria .

T G r lls hrough his representations the Rev . J . C . y was sent fro m England in the same year as permanent chaplain . Meanwhile a c o m mencement of Church ministra 1 8 tions had been made elsewhere . AS early as 34 the Messrs . Henty , who had taken up land at Port

i n o - o f land the extreme s uth west the colony , held

m é services for thei r e ploy s in a barn , which later o n wa s replaced by a brick chu rch ; and at Geelong , fo r o f some ti me the rival Melbourne , efforts were

m being ade to provide a church , the foundation stone o f which was laid by Bish o p Brought o n o n

o 1 8 Th e m a second visit t the district in 43 . ti e was one o f feverish land speculation and c o n se

o o o quent c m mercial depressi n , so that little c uld 1 8 6 o . be done to prom te church bui lding I n 4 , however , the Government made a grant of

o o f to meet local c ntributions a like sum , and this , supplemented by a gift of £5 00 from funds in

o o o the hands of Bish p B r ught n , enabled Mel bourne Churchmen to complete the building which

96 AUSTRA LI A

T E o A . C . hompson , . Collins , and J . G . Wils n , to m h i s o wn whom were now added three fro party , O f besides three candidates for Holy O rders . this band of early pioneers the most notable in after days was the Rev . K . B . Macartney , who ,

o ﬁ rst as Archdeacon of Geel ng , and afterwards as

o f o Dean Melbourne , took a large part in the w rk

o of organizing the di cese , and lived in active dis

o f o ld charge his duties to an advanced age .

Th e o n m Bishop , landing , was by no eans encouraged by the conditi o n o f Church affai rs . Th e Govern m ent chaplains were overweighted by the magnitude of the work which they had

to undertaken , and seemed have lost heart ; the

o o churches were poorly attended , and the sch ls were far from satisfactory , so that , notwithstanding a very general desire o n the part of the laity to c o - operate , Chu rch life was languishing . Th e Bishop at once set himsel f to strengthen the centres , and when these had been partially

o to pr vided for, he turned his attention the country T districts . hese j ourneys have been vividly de

o f . o scribed by the lively pen M rs Perry , wh se

to o letters record visits Gippsland , P rt Fairy , Port

m o Th e e x e land , and the re inland districts . p r ie n c e thus gained by the Bish o p in doing the TH E P ROVI N CE O F VI CTO RI A 97 work o f an itinerating clergyman convinced him

’ o f the settlers anxiety fo r the ministrations of

o o f o f religi n , and the need clergy working from ’ o centres with a ﬁ fteen miles radius . Additi nal E arrivals from ngland , and the ordination of local O candidates for Holy rders , enabled him to occupy some of the vacant ground ; and although progress

o f o was slow owing to lack b th workers and funds , the fo undations o f the future diocese were being wisely laid , and a more hopeful S pirit animated the Church . I n order to provide an episcopal

o f residence , the Government made a grant two

’ o f acres land at a short distance from S . J ames s

fo r o f Cathedral , and the erection a house . This sum the Bishop wo uld gladly have appro

r i a ted o f p for the purpose Church extension , but

n o t to it could be diverted such an object . Funds ,

fo r however, were being gradually raised outside

o f work through the agency a diocesan society , similar in character to the Church Society o f the

Diocese of Sydney , which had proved SO valuable

Th e in evoking help from local resources . Mel bourne institution showed itself no whit behind

o that of the m ther diocese , and its annual festival was henceforth to be a marked feature in the life o f the Melbourne Church . 98 AUSTRA LI A

o f I n the midst this work the Bishop , who had already m ade the acquaintance o f his Metropolitan

o n o at Albury , the borders Of his di cese, was sum m o n ed to the i m portant c o nference o f Bishops at

o f Sydney , the circumstances which have been “ ” Th e detailed . Gorham controversy at the

o ti me was producing a go d deal of unsettlement , and the Bishops took advantage o f the conference to make a clear pronouncement upo n the vexed

o f m To question baptis al regeneration . this

o wh o declarati n Bishop Perry , held strong views

fo l upon the subject , took exception , and in the

o f lowing year , when the minutes the proceedings were submitted to the clergy of Melbourne and the o ther di o ceses for thei r Opinion upon the ~ matters discussed , he issued a pamphlet recapit u la ti n g his Views upon the question , in which , whilst expressing his cordial agreement with all the Articles o f the Church o f E ngland in their plain and full meaning , and in their literal and grammatical sense , he stated that the Church , in O f o f her ﬁce for the Baptism infants , and in that

o f u for the Baptism adults , uses the lang age of faith and hope ; and is not to be understood as declaring positively a fact , which it cannot certainly

i z v . know , , that every baptized infant , or every

A USTRA LI A

fo r Th e ment , praying separation . petition was 1 8 1 granted and a Constitution Act passed in 5 , by which the new colony was granted autonomy ,

’ o f and received , i n honour the event , the Q ueen s — name Victoria . Al m o st simultaneously with the change in civi l status , steps were taken by the Church to provide a more complete form of diocesan organization , and a con ference of the clergy and representative laity met the Bishop to consider matters regarded as of

to T Vital i mportance the Church . hese embraced ( 1 ) the provision o f a permanent endowment fo r the diocese ; ( 2 ) Church patronage ; ( 3) the estab l ishment o f synodical action ; (4) the laws reg u la t ing the temporal affai rs o f the Church i n the

Th e e ffe c colony . session lasted ten days , and tu a lly prepared the way fo r the future sel f-govern o f ment the Church . But before any further action could be taken in this direction a great change occurred in the c o m

r i a l o f T m e c and industrial aspect Victoria . his was due to the discovery in the same year o f

rich gold deposits at Ballarat , Bendigo , and other

places . Within eighteen months of separation the population o f the colony increased by seventy thousand and the output o f gold during the ﬁ rst TH E PROVI N CE O F VI CTO RI A 1 0 1 y ear reached the astounding ﬁgure of fou r million

Si x hundred thousand ounces , an enormous pro duction , which was altogether unprecedented even in California . Melbourne , from a comparatively small town , expanded suddenly into a big city .

I ts streets swarmed with strange ﬁ gures , whilst its public houses were thronged with rough men who - rioted in folly and extravagance . Sea captains

o f feared to enter Port Philip , since the desertion their crews was certain , for the wildest tales of

n o t o sudden wealth were impr bable , and all who

i i o could made their way to the d gg ngs , aband ning thei r ordinary business pursuits . I n the midst o f this excitement the difﬁ culties which faced the Bishop and his small band o f

Th e ra c clergy were appalling . population had p tically doubled itself i n the course of a few months , - and from all parts of the island continent , especially

T o f asmania , a steady stream the most undesi rable persons had been pouring in , with which lawless element the police were to o few and to o i n e x pe ri en c ed to cope . Naturally anxious for the future , the Bishop took comfort i n the fact that this inﬂux had n o toccurred befo re Vict o ria had attained self go vernment and when Church organization was less f ef ective . None the less , the strai n was intense , I 02 A USTR A L IA and though eleven new clergy were shortly added

re to the staff, death , sickness , and other causes moved nine , so that the actual addition to their

two s trength was only .

Th e o gl omy prospect , as far as ﬁnance was 1 8 2 concerned , was partly relieved in 5 by the passage through the Legislature of an Act “ more effectually to promote the erection of buildings fo r public worship , and to provide for the main ” te n a n c e of ministers of religion in the colony . By this Act a sum o f afterwards i n creased to was to be annually set apart for religious purposes , and distributed to the

f er c a i tal dif erent denominations o n a p p basis . Th e Bishop objected to the principle of the Act on the ground that it recognized all denominations as equally teaching religious truth , but nevertheless

o f made use the grant , as did the Roman Catholics

o o and other religi us b dies , except the Congre g a ti o n a lis ts and the United Presbyterians ; and it was the strenuous Opposition o f these last named bodies which , in the end , secured the abolition of the system . I n the meantime the Th e spiritual wants o f the go ldﬁe lds were urgent . Bishop personally visited the different mining townships , and arranged temporarily for the pro

1 04 AUSTRA LI A which should provide fo r the due regulation of patronage and the administration of ecclesiastical discipline o n a wider basis than that o f his own

to personal authority . I n regard patronage , he desi red to give each parish a di rect voice in the appointment of its clergyman , whilst in respect o f ecclesiastical discipline he wished to associate with hi mself a responsible body of clergy and laity in whatever action it might be thought j udicious to adopt . I t was thought , however, that i f such machinery were to be set up , it w o uld be necessary to call in the aid o f the 1 8 0 Colonial Legislature . Accordingly in 5 , two

to Bills , with a View popularizing the authority

th e o f E i n Church ngland , were introduced into the Sydney Legislature ; but o wing to an u n expected o pp o sition o n the part o f the Mel

wh o bourne press and people , petitioned against

them , they were withdrawn . I n the meanti me

o the important c nference met at Sydney , and , fo rtiﬁed by the resolutions o f the assembled P Bishops , Bishop erry summoned a conference o f the clergy and representative laity o f his diocese to consider what steps sh o uld be taken

- o fo r the self government f the Church . Th e conference expressed itself in favour of TH E PROVI N CE O F VI CTO RI A 1 0 5

o 1 8 m synodical acti n , and in 54 a si ilar gather ing was held in order to c o nsider a draft Bill prepared by M r . W . F . Stawell . After having

o been carried by a decisive maj rity , the Bill was

e n submitted to the Legislature , and though it

o o o o c untered s me oppositi n , on the gr und that the whole movement was an attempt to make the Church o f E ngland the d o minant religi o us

o Th e b dy , was ultimately passed . measure needed

o f c o n the assent the Crown , and since certain s titu ti o n a l obj ections might be raised , the B ishop proceeded to E ngland with a view to their ’ m m re oval . After nine months weariso e delay he was successful in o verco ming the opposition o f o f o n the law Ofﬁcers the Crown , and his return to Melbourne learnt that the Royal c o n

Th e sent had been given . measure was the ﬁrst

o Church Act passed by any C lonial Govern ment , and served as a useful precedent fo r future legis

To lation . the foresight , legal grasp and deter minati o n o f the Bishop its successful acc o m plish ment must be mainly attributed . Furnished with

o r o statutory powers the ﬁ rst Assembly , syn d , Of

1 8 6 to the diocese met i n 5 , and proceeded fo r m ulate provisions for the govern m ent o f the

Church i n the diocese . I n the determination A USTRA LI A

o f these matters the Bishop and Assem bly were greatly assisted by the legal knowledge o f Si r

a n d 51 William Stawell M r . Beckett , the result being that the Diocese o f Melbourne framed for itself a c o nstitution and administrative machinery

o of the highest value , the nly i mportant extension

o f 1 8 8 which has been the creation in 5 , by Act

o f O f the Legislature , a body corporate for the purpose o f h o lding pro perty o n behalf o f the

diocese . ai lii f ﬁ o n a l J ust as the c o nstitution thus owed its o rigin to ’ s o to o Bishop Perry s initiative , , , the chief educa ti o n a l establishments of the diocese were founded

Th e during his episcopate . Church in Victoria ,

as in the other colonies , found it i mpossible to

cope with the demands for primary education . ’ As already stated , at the time of the Bishop s

arrival , the provision of schools was scanty and f ine ﬁcient , and i n order to remedy matters the

o Government ﬁrst intr duced a dual system , and ﬁnally undertook the whole responsibility o f edu

It o cation . is a matter for regret , h wever, that the Church had not sufﬁcient inﬂuence to prevent the entire secularizati o n o f primary education

o Th e throughout the c lony . question will be

dealt with in a separate chapter . I n secondary

1 08 AUSTRA LI A

College was erected in 1 870 ; Since which date the institution has supplied a large number Of men ,

o f to s o me them with distinguished degrees , the

o f sacred ministry the Church . Th e end o f this long episcopate was now drawing to a close . With advancing years the Bishop was m o re and more feeling the strain o f work , intensiﬁed by the withdrawal Of the grant annually contributed by the State . He had asked for a coadj utor with the right o f suc cession , but the diocese had deemed the policy

E o unwise . fforts also to subdivide the di cese , by the creation o f either Sandhurst o r Ballarat into a separate see , had for a long time proved

E o f fruitless . ventually , through the exertions

Archdeacon Stretch , all preli minaries had been arranged fo r the formation o f a new diocese with Ballarat as its centre, an endowment pro

d ed 1 8 vi and the boundaries declared . I n 74 the Bishop proceeded to E ngland entrusted with

o the resp nsibility of selecting , in conj unction with

o f the Archbishops Canterbury and York , and

Sir William Stawell , the ﬁ rst Bishop Of the new see . I n the following year he resigned , after an - episcopate of twenty eight years , and settled down

o f o f N O to the quiet duties a Canon Llandaff. TH E P ROV I N CE O F VI CTO RI A

’ o o f H e h a d peri d repose was better earned . seen Victoria develop from a district o f New S o uth

- o Wales into a self governing col ny , and Mel bourne into o n e of the largest and ﬁnest cities in

Th e the world . population , owing to the mineral

o wealth of the c lony , had grown with such rapidity that it was found i m possible to supply adequate

o Spiritual ministrati ns . None the less , strenuous

o m o f C eff rts had been ade , and the staff lergy had been increased from three to o n e hundred and thirty . Churches si milarly had been supplied , and the diocese provided with a constitution

o f which , tested by the passage years , has required singularly little amendment , and has proved the soundness of the policy o f those responsible for its orig in . Fair and j ust , though holding narrow

o n a Views cert in questions , Bishop Perry showed himsel f a wise and able ruler, and no circumstance gives better evidence Of his inﬂuence than his

o f ability to evoke the aid distinguished laymen , j udges , senators , and others , who bore so large a Share in shaping the early destinies o f the

Church in Victoria .

Th e o f 1 8 i s o departure the Bishop in 74 was B h-p M o o n o se . ’ h u m te rre n u m i followed by a three years g , dur ng which the management o f diocesan affai rs was 1 I O AUST RA LI A

o f entrusted to the Dean . By an Act the Church

o m Assembly , the app int ent of a successor was E 1 8 6 delegated to ngland , and in 7 the Rev . J ames ’ o f Moorhouse , Vicar S . J ames s , Paddington , was

o selected . H e com menced an episc pate extending o ver nine years in the early part o f 1 8 77,during which he exercised an extraordinary inﬂuence in

n o t Victoria , only among Churchmen , but among

o f o f all classes the community . A man Vigorou s character and broad intellectual sympathies , he was pre -eminently a citizen Bishop ; and there was

o o f hardly a pr blem , from that water conservation to o f the building a cathedral , upon which he had n o t r something effective to say . Well ead in philosophy , and a clear thinker, his lectures were

o o f m dels lucid statement , and , whatever the subj ect , attracted large audiences ; whilst his theological teaching tended to broaden the narrow

o o attitude which prevailed up n religious questi ns . I n this latter connection his inﬂuence was more

an d particularly felt , his voice was constantly heard urging the i mportance of securing an

fo r educated clergy the service of the Church .

o f T As a result his leadership , rinity College , afﬁliated to the University , was enlarged , and students preparing for H oly O rders were brought

AUSTRA LI A

S ec a r ul Th e o f i n system secular education in the State E du c a t o .

schools , established before his arrival , naturally

A u stra drew from hi m continuous protest ; but , as

lian experience has proved , when once established , f a secular system is very di ﬁcult to dethrone . H e advocated simple Bible instruction to be

given by the teacher , subj ect to a conscience

clause , and was in favour of the State making grants to Roman Catholic schools i n payment for secular results ; but public opinion preferred

the single system , and Roman Catholic inﬂuence was to o strong to allow o f any alterati o n o f the

Act without apparent beneﬁt to that Church .

Th e o f o spiritual destitution the c untry districts ,

no less than secularized education , he felt to be

- o f a menace to the well being the State, since it was estimated that at least two -thirds o f the

country people attended no place of worship . This deplorable neglect was as much due to lack

Th e o n e o f opportunity as to indifference . ,

Th e indeed , was largely the cause of the other .

o f remedy lay in the provision more men , and

m o re money . I n regard to the ﬁ rst he proposed

to found a permanent diaconate, but the proposal was n o t received favourably by the Church

Assembly . I n connection with the second he TH E P ROVI N CE O F VI CTO RI A 1 1 3

“ was successful in starting Th e Bishop o f

’ ” n Melbou r e s Fund , which as a home missionary agency has continued to do excellent work . Th e translation of Bi shop Moorh o use to Man chester , was an i rreparable loss to the Australian

to Church , whatever the gain may have been E the nglish d iocese . During his episcopate

o n o t the diocese had been making rapid pr gress , s o o f much in the direction fresh organizations , fo r the diocesan equipment had been largely

o n pr vided before his work bega , but in the whole

o f tone Church life , and the publ ic attitude towards

o f E the Chu rch ngland . By this time a new

o f generation Austral ians had grown up , unac

u a i n ted E q with nglish traditions , but strenuous

o f and versatile in commercial pursuits . I t was

to the utmost i mportance , therefore, in order win

o f their allegiance , that in the sphere thought and action the Church should prove her clai m to

It to leadership . is not too much say that during the episcopate o f B ishop Moorhouse this position wa s o s o being attained , and that the rem val of

s o vigorou a pers nality was a misfortune , the extent o f i s which it difﬁcult to gauge . O nce more the Diocese o f Melbourne determined Bi s ho p G o e to delegate the appointment o f i ts Bishop to I 1 4 AUST RA LI A

E ngland , and again an interregnum occurred

E Rev lasting thirteen months . ventually the .

1 88 to Field Flowers Goe was selected in 7, preside over what had now become o n e o f the most

o f o i mportant dioceses the Anglican c mmunion .

Th e o n e appointment was not altogether a happy . Th e diocese missed the Vigorous leadership o f

o f to the B ishop Manchester, and a tendency narrow the comprehension o f Anglican teaching

o f a ttra c became observable . A man gentle and

G o e tive temperament , Bishop showed a disposi tion to place his episcopal auth o rity in com mis sion , and to be led by the more active of his clergy .

Two W events marked this episcopate , hich termi ’ n a td 1 e in 90 1 by the Bishop s resignation . I n the ﬁ rst place the ﬁne cathedral was completed

o 1 8 1 . o and c nsecrated in 9 Secondly , alth ugh ’ f not actually within Bishop Goe s tenure of o ﬁce , the arrangements fo r the further subdivision of the diocese were consummated . Various propo sals from time to time had been put fo rward for this purpose , embracing the constitution Of Sandhurst and Sale into separate sees . Ultimately a well considered and thorough schem e for subdivision

o m was appr ved by the Church Asse bly , and three 1 02 ‘ T separate sees were formed early in 9 . hese

AUSTRA LI A

appointed by election o f the B ishopric Co m

m ittee 1 02 Th e o f ﬁve in 9 . existence dioceses within the State of Victoria , now rendered pos

o sible the creati n of an ecclesiastical province , ’ o n and the new Bishop s arrival , steps were

fo r o o taken its formati n . Some delay was cca s i o n ed owing to the reluctance of Ballarat to c o n sent to the proposed scheme ; butthe difﬁculties

o were smo thed over after conference , and the province formally constituted prior to the meeting

1 0 O o f of General Synod in 9 5 . I n ctober the

o f Same year, the Churches the Anglican com munion were formally notiﬁed by the Pri mate

o f that the Bishop Melbourne , as Metropolitan of

o f the Province Victoria , had been accorded the title of Archbishop .

THE D IOCESE OF B A LLARAT Reference has already been made to the way i n which Ballarat suddenly rose to i mportance

1 8 1 to through the discovery of gold in 5 , and the

f o f 1 8 ef orts Archdeacon Stretch , which , in 75 , were

o f crowned with success by the creation the see ,

o f o and the appointment its ﬁ rst Bish p , the f ’ T o . Rev . Samuel hornton , Rector S George s ,

Th e o Bi rmingham . diocese thus constituted c vers TH E P ROVI N CE O F VI CTO RI A 1 1 7

o f o f the western portion the State Victoria , and i s E about half the size of ngland and Wales .

Th e o f work diocesan organization , rendered comparatively easy by the provision of the Church - Act , and by the experience of the mother diocese , was at once undertaken ; and the i mpetus given to Church li fe in the western districts by the presence o f the Bishop , became i mmediately evident . Apart from the mining centres the population was mainly engaged in the pastoral industries , and as the Sheep stations were chieﬂy in the

o f o f hands Presbyterian owners , the work Church extension i n the poorer and new settled districts

Th e o f could proceed but slowly . problem clerical supply was partially met by using candi

fo r dates Holy O rders as lay readers , working i n large parishes under the clergy , and superintended as to their studies and general efﬁciency by the T Archdeacon . his system has proved by no

o f means ideal , and recent years has been supple m e n ted by the establishment of a theological

Fo r college at Ballarat . the rest , the diocese presents so many featu res similar to those that have been described elsewhere that it is u n n e c es

o T sary to enter into details . When Bish p hornton ’ 1 00 -ﬁve resigned in 9 , after twenty years labou r , AUSTRA LI A

he left a strong and united diocese , fairly staffed h and equipped , the growth of which he had watc ed

To and guided from infancy . his successor , well known to the diocese as Archdeacon and

o f o Dean , and translated from the See Graft n and

o f Armidale , he bequeathed the task completing

o f the cathedral , the building which had been temporarily abandoned owing to lack o f fu nds ; and substantial progress h a s been made in what has been found to be a costly undertaking .

Within a few years of his translation , Bisho p Green was offered the See of Brisbane with its metro politan possibilities ; but , urged to that decision by

o his di cese , he declined , and Ballarat is happy i n retaining o n e who has rendered in these different ofﬁces faithful and loyal service to the Church in

Victoria .

A A B U S H C H U RC H A N D C O N G R E G TI O N .

To fa c e a e 1 1 p g 9 . TH E PROVI N CE O F Q U E EN SLA N D 1 1 9

C H A PTE R V I

TH E P R O V INCE O F Q U EENSLAND

H E history o f the white settlement in Q ueens 1 8 2 land begins with the year 4 , when some o f rty convicts , accompanied by a guard of soldiers ,

o n o f were placed , ﬁ rst at Redcliffe , the shores

o M reton Bay , and later at a spot , sixteen miles

o f up the river , which is now the site Brisbane . Before the close of four years the population

o n e numbered thousand persons , and the district continued to be used as a penal settlement until f 1 8 . 39 Unhappily , the indi f erence to the spiritual needs o f the convicts Sh o wn by the G o vernment in connecti o n with the establishment o f the original penal ' col o ny at B o tany Bay was repeated at

Brisbane . No chaplain was Sent , and the pro vision of a few Bibles , entrusted to the ofﬁcers in charge , was regarded as adequate . However , i n 1 8 fo r 4 3 , when the district was thrown open free settlement and Captain Wickham appointed ﬁ rst police magistrate , Bishop Broughton , within whose 1 20 AUSTRA LIA

j urisdiction B risbane at that ti me lay , took the o o f Rev pportunity commissioning the . J . Gregor , o f rmerly a Presbyterian minister , whom he had O admitted to H oly rders , to minister to the

Th e settlers . white population at the ti me was very small , and consisted of two hundred and seventeen persons in the Moreton Bay district , and three hundred and twenty -ﬁve settled o n the o f ﬁVe rich plains the Darling Downs . For years

M r . Gregor ministered to these people, paying occasional Visits to the Darling Downs , and pene tr a ti n N e w E g even to ngland , several hundred 1 8 8 mi les from his base . I n 4 he was drowned i n attempting to cross a ﬂooded creek , and the district remained for a time without a clergyman . In the meantime the Dioces e of N ewcastle had been formed , and M oreton Bay came under the

T o n e j urisdiction of Bishop yrrell , of whose ﬁrst R v e . acts was to send a young deacon , the Ben j amin Glennie , to ﬁll the vacancy . I n a building ’ formerly used as a carpenter s Shop , and len t by

a the Government as church , M r . Glennie , sub sequently Archdeacon , com menced a ministry in

o ﬁft Q ueensland , which c ntinued for a period of y T two years . Bishop yrrell twice visited Brisbane, 1 8 8 for the ﬁ rst time i n 4 , when he Spent a month

I 2 2 AUSTRA LI A

o was hencef rth to be discontinued , and that he had undertaken the administration o f a diocese virtually unendowed and staffed by three clergy 00 only . Aided by an annual grant of £ 3 from

o o o f the S ciety for the Pr pagation the Gospel , and with the assistance o f six clergy who accompanied E him from ngland , the Bishop was able to provide fo r the chief centres o f population ; but from the beginning to the end of his episc o pate the work o f Church extension in the huge diocese was

o f . seriously crippled through lack clergy Land , however, was given and purchased , and in the

o f course a few years sites , in addition to those already granted by the Government prior to Separa

o u la tion , were secured in localities where the p p E tion was l ikely to increase . ight years , however , elapsed before a diocesan synod was constituted . Th e whole question o f self-government in the

Church , as we have seen , was involved in Obscurity , and at this time was being ﬁercely debated . T Naturally , therefore , Bishop ufnell may have desired to watch the issue o f the controversy before committing his young diocese to what might prove an erroneous line of action . I n 1 86 8 , however , a conference was summoned to consider a draft constitution prepared by M r . TH E PROVI N CE O F Q U EE N SLA N D 1 2 3

L u tw c h e J ustice y , at which it was decided that Brisbane Should follow the example o f Adelaide and New Zealand by basing its constitution up o n the principle of consensual compact rather T than upon that of legislative enactment . his decision left the synod free during a time of tentative construction to regulate its o wn affairs

o without let r hindrance from the State . I n after

n o f c o n s titu years , when the worki g the original tion had been tested by experience , the synod sought and obtained from the Legislature an E nabling Act , applicable to the Church through o u t Q ueensland , which simpliﬁed and facilitated diocesan administration .

1 8 T o i s o I n 74 Bishop ufnell resigned , after f urteen B h p H a l e . o f o years particularly difﬁcult pi neer work , and was succeeded by the Bishop o f Perth (the Right

o n Rev . M . B . Hale), who was translated the appointment of the Australian Bishops . AS one o f o f o f the Archdeacons the D iocese Adelaide ,

e x e r i Dr . Hale had gained considerable colonial p ence , and had especially interested himself, both at Adelaide and Perth , in the evangeli zation of the aborigines . But he was already advanced in

o years , and the change from a Crown col ny , with

- s a State aided Church , to a omewhat turbulent I 2 4 AUSTRA LI A

diocese, scantily furnished with funds , involved a s evere strain upon o n e no longer in the vigour of youth . A drift o f settlement northwards had set in ’ e Tu fn ell s b fore Bishop departure, and prior to his resignation the Metropolitan had made proposals

o f i n for forming the whole North Q ueensland , cluding a small strip within the Brisbane boundary, 1 8 6 into a new diocese . I n 7 this project , which had received the warm support o f the new Bishop

o of Brisbane , was realized , and th ugh the sur

o f o f render territory was small , he was relieved his responsibilities to a growing population which , lying outside his diocese, naturally looked to

fo r Brisbane assistance .

Soon after his arrival in Q ueensland , Bishop

Hale was involved in a - prolonged struggle upon 1 8 the education question . I n 75 the State , as in

o f Victoria , assumed the whole conduct primary ’ ﬁve education , which in years ti me was to be free,

T o f secular, and compulsory . his period grace was occupied by a ﬁerce contest between the combined forces o f the Anglican and Roman

o n o n e Churches the hand , as advocates of the

o f o continuance the den minational system , and o n the other the whole body o f Nonconformist

1 2 6 A USTRA LI A

wooden churches built in every direction , whilst the large unwieldy parishes were subdivided and placed in charge of young Clergy imported from England ; the enactments of synod were also reviewed and re -moulded so as to strengthen

T n o t episcopal authority . hese changes were introduced without creating some soreness , but , ruthless as they may have seemed at the time, the situation demanded drastic measures . A sur ve o f y the diocese , made during the ﬁ rst years of his episcopate , showed the Bishop that the work o f supervision was far beyond the ability of any o n e o f man , and that the central district Q ueens

a land , al ready constituted by the State separate division for civil purposes , formed a suitable area

o f for a new diocese . Pending the raising an

fo r endowment the new see , the Bishop , with

o c nsent of synod , appointed his Archdeacon , the

- Ven . Nathaniel Dawes , as Bishop Coadj utor , and delegated to him the oversight o f this portion o f the di ocese . Four years later the endowment fund was completed , and Bishop Dawes

o f o unani mously elected ﬁ rst Bishop Rockhampt n . By this subdivision the area of the Brisbane Dio

To cese was reduced by square miles . the vacancy in the Coadj utor-Bishopric the Very TH E PROVI N CE O F Q U EEN SLA N D 1 2 7

o f Rev . J . F . Stretch , Dean Ballarat , was appointed 1 8 in 9 5 . An erstwhile m ember o f the Sch o o l Board fo r

o o Lond n , the Bishop naturally t ok deep interest

‘ o 1 8 1 i n the educati n question , and in 9 was

s o in trumental in f unding , after the example of

o o Victoria , a Bible in State Sch ls League , which had as its o bject the introduction into Q ueensland o f the religi o us clauses of the New South Wales

E o fo r o ducati n Act . Little was effected s me

1 00 o o o f years , but in 9 , thr ugh the energetic acti n its secretary , the Rev . G . H . Frodsham , the League undert o o k a voluntary referendum in order to

o f Obtain the views the parents of scholars , which resulted in an overwhelming m aj o rity declaring themselves in favour o f the intro ducti o n of

o o o s religi us instruction into the sch ls . Change in Govern m ent prevented any further steps being

o n e o m taken , but more than Premier has pr ised to submit to Parliament a Bill empowering the Government to carry out a fo rmal referendum o f I s s i o n the whole electorate o n thi q u e t .

s s o Financial di aster , which seri usly affected

s s fo r i h dioce an endowments , the nece sity an

o f o f creased supply clergy , and the raising funds

1 e Th e R e fere n d u m Bill h a s re c e n tly bee n p a s s d . 1 2 8 AUSTRA LI A for the erection o f a cathedral caused Bishop

to E Webber to undertake frequent visits ngland , and in this w o rk more than a third of his epis

o Th e copate of eighteen years was c nsumed .

o f E policy relying upon nglish support , entailing frequent and pro longed peri o ds o f absence fro m

' s i o n II e t . his see , is open to q Financially the diocese was unquestionably advantaged , for

o o thr ugh these mendicant j urneys , the Bishop , wh o SIn u la r possessed g gifts in this direction , succeeded in raisi ng a sum o f over fo r various diocesan purposes , including the k endowment of the Roc hampton Bishopric , the ’ o f o endowment a M issi n Chaplains Fund , the replacement of capital lost thro ugh ﬂoods and

o o bad investments , and the pr visi n for the erection

o of a cathedral . I n c nnection with the supply of clergy the Bish o p for some time relied entirely

E n li s h o upon g res urces , and was fortunate in the assistance of such m en as the Bishops o f Rock

o o n hampt n , New Guinea , and N rth Q ueensla d , a ll o f wh o m originally came to Australia at his

o n n o t invitati . But he was unmindful of the need of making pro vision fo r the supply and training o f o fo r l cal candidates the ministry , and set apart o n e o f the cathedral canonries to be held by

1 3 0 A USTRA LI A o f North Q ueensland occupied the whole o f the northern portion o f the State from Thursday Island in the north to an i maginary line drawn

o f south Mackay , comprising altogether about 1 8 6 square miles . I n 7 , when the diocese

o f was formed , the greater part this country was

o unexpl red , and inhabited by aborigines , the white population being settled chieﬂy on the southern portion of the coast in the neighbour

o f T - hood ownsville, growing sugar cane , and also

o a sto ra l in the interi r , engaged in p pursuits .

E o f 1 8 . arly in 79 , the Rev . G . H Stanton , Vicar ’ S . Giles in the Fields , who had been appointed to the new bishopric by Bishop Barker, reached the

o f m scene his labours . Up to this ti e the district , though n o minally under the j urisdiction of the

Metropolitan at Sydney , was practically regarded as an appendage o f the Diocese of Brisbane ; but the 750 miles which intervened between it and

o ff the capital of the colony , Virtually cut it from

Th e any direct supervision . clergy were few , whilst the industrial development , and consequent

o f O n i ncrease population , was rapid . the coast the growth o f the sugar industry was attracting o f not only planters , but caused the introduction l arge numbers of South Sea I slanders , for the TH E PROV I N CE O F Q U EEN S LA N D 1 3 1

o f cultivation the cane at cheap rates . I n the

o interi r, the discovery of gold , and other minerals ,

o f O f brought a large inﬂux miners , and those who T supplied their wants . hus the work which lay befo re Bishop Stanton was o n e of peculiar d ifﬁ

o f culty . He had to lay the whole foundations diocesan institutions , and cope with an advancing

o population , scattered over a large area , on acc unt o f o f the sporadic character the mineral deposits . That he was able even in a smal l measure to Sho ulder this burden is no slight testi mony to his

o f resourcefulness and power evoking lay help .

Like Bishop Webber of Brisbane , he was depen

o E fo r C dent up n ngland his lergy , and equally

SIn c e o f fortunate in thei r selection , four at least the former members o f his staff have been entrusted with positions of the highest resp o n s ibi lit y in the Australian Church , namely , Albert

Maclaren , the devoted founder of the Anglican

M ission in New Guinea , and the present Bishops

f Th e o Ri ve ri n a . Goulburn , , and Carpentaria

o f o f extent the diocese , and the absence facilities for intercommunication , rendered diocesan cohesion and synodical activity difﬁcult . None the less ,

o f organization slowly grew , and the number

o clergy advanced fr m ﬁve to eighteen . During 1 3 2 AUSTRA LI A the later years o f his episcopate the progress Of railway c o nstructi o n m aterially assisted travel ; but the Gulf o f Carpentaria still remained u n c o n n e c ted , and could only be approached by sea , whilst the western districts o n the South Australian b o rder continued almost entirely without spiritual

o o f ministrations . C nscious that the needs the

o o diocese demanded a y unger man , Bish p Stanton accepted translation in 1 89 1 to the See o f N ew

a castle , which , with smaller area , and long established institutions , he felt to be within the

o range of his p wers .

I n selecting a successor, the choice of synod fell upon Canon Barlow , Vicar of the cathedral

wh o church , as a layman had accompanied Bishop E Stanton from ngland , and had spent the whole of his ministerial life in the diocese . S ome exception was taken by certain of the Australian Bishops to the conﬁrmation o f this election o n the gro und that the Bishop -elect did n o t possess a

Th e University degree . obj ection , however, was over ruled as presenting no valid hindrance to the

N o twith effective exercise of episcopal powers . standing the growth o f an urban population both

To at wnsville , and in such large mining centres as T s Charters owers , which with its inhabitant

1 34 AUSTRA LI A

New Guinea Mission not a few pro mising pupils as teachers ; whilst at Townsville the Chinese residents have been placed under the care

o f a Chinese catechist , and possess a church of

Th e O f their own . northern district Q ueensland has felt acutely the change from private ownership

O f to that public companies , which has taken place

o in connection with pastoral pr perty , and , though

o f the mineral wealth is great , nearly the whole the dividends are paid to n o n -resident Share holders ; whilst the legislati o n o f the Federal Parliament has seriously affected the sugar

plantations . I n these circumstances the diocese

found itself severely straitened in ﬁnance, and the B ishop proceeded to E ngland fo r men and

O n e o O f money . outc me his visit was the com m e n c e m e n to f a scheme fo r the subdivision o f 1 00 the diocese . By 9 the mini mum endowment

had been raised , and in the same year the Diocese

o f Carpentaria was formally constituted , with the

R v . Right e . Gilbert White as its ﬁ rst B ishop

to Dr . Barlow had hardly time experience the

beneﬁt to his own diocese , thus occasioned , when

o o f the Bish pric Goulburn became vacant , to which

see he accepted translation . i o B s h p 1 02 a For the second time the synod , in 9 , selected F r o d s h m . TH E PRO V I N CE O F Q U EEN S LA N D 1 3 5

as Bishop a clergyman working in Australia , the

ro dsh a m T Rev . G . H . F , Rector of oowong , in the

o f to Diocese Brisbane , whom reference has been made already in connection with the Bible i n

o o o n State Scho ls League . B th this ground , and ’ o n o o f F ro d s h a m s f also acc unt Bishop ef orts , as

o f a member the Brisbane Synod , to forward

o o o o f pr vincial acti n , the app intment was full

n o o n e promise , for in Q ueensland had worked

o more earnestly to secure these two bj ects , the latter of which he was soon to see realized . H is experience shortly after reaching his diocese serves to illustrate some of the difﬁculties to which

Church work is exposed in tropical latitudes . A cyclone of extraordinary violence swept the coast at Townsville and its immediate neighb o u r hood with such disastro us results that not o nly

o o was the partially c mpleted cathedral unro fed , but every church in To wnsville and within a radius o f Th e ﬁ fty miles was levelled to the ground . Bishop immediately appealed in person to the

o fo r southern di ceses hel p , and was successful in

o raising a sum sufﬁcient t replace the buildings . Three years later a similar catastrophe befell the

s o o aboriginal mi sion at Yarrabah , and nce m re the Church in Australia provided the bulk o f the AUSTRA LI A

funds necessary to repair the loss . I n the ques tions o f the supply o f clergy and o f the heathen aliens the Diocese o f North Q ueensland has serious problems , the solution of which will be aided , no

o f doubt , by the collective wisdom the recently formed province .

TH E D IOCESE O F ROCKHA M PTO N

Th e 1 8 2 Diocese of Rockhampton , created in 9 , consists o f a comparatively narrow strip of territory

to running westward and inland a great distance . Th e country is occupied by large sheep and cattle stations , whilst small townships are dotted down

n e o o at c o nsiderable distances from o an ther . R ck

m o o fo r ha pt n , the see t wn and port the district ,

o f lies at the head navigation , about twenty miles

Th e up the Fitzroy River . only other town of

o o o f any size is M unt M rgan , a mining centre considerable richness . With a vast hinterland containing n o large

o f o o centres populati n , the chief pr blem of the di o cese lay in the pro visi o n of spiritual ministra tions for the western districts . Here the Bishop realized an idea which had been long suggested as the best method o f mitigating the evils of isolation and the consequent spiritual decline of the clergy

I 3 8 AUSTRA LI A

fo r o o f some ﬁnancial assistance , and its hist ry monetary and other struggles suggests the ques

o tion as to whether the p licy of subdivision , in cases where the end o wment provided is slender and the latent resources small , really contributes ’ to the Church s strength . As a rule , the endow ments of the mother diocese are not available

o ff for the daughter , and she is cast in infancy , as it were , to lead for years a starved li fe , depen dent upon outside assistance for her sustenance . ” Th e day o f small things is not always an i n

o n e fo r o r spiring clergy laity .

TH E D IOCESE O F C A RP E N TARIA

Th e youngest of the Q ueensland dioceses ,

wa s o 1 00 Carpentaria , f unded in 9 , and presents the unique feature o f containing territory in the

States o f Q ueensland and South Australia . I t consists of the whole o f the northern portion o f

o the former , including the Cape Y rk Peninsula T and hursday I sland , i n which the see town is

o T situate , and the greater part of the N rthern erri o f tory of South Australia , the descriptive title

Th e o u which might well be altered . coloured p p

o o f o f lati n the diocese , whi ch is made up thirty ﬁve thousand aboriginals and upwards o f seven TH E PROVI N C E O F Q U EEN S LA N D 1 3 9

thousand J apanese , Chinese , and other aliens , largely outnumbers the white settlers , and the

o f m work , therefore , is chieﬂy a issionary char

o acter . S on after his appointment Bishop White accomplished a remarkable j ourney right through

o f T o the heart the Northern erritory , fr m Port

O o n a d a tta Darwi n on the coast to , the terminus o f the South Australian Railway , a distance of o n e Th e thousand three hundred miles . j ourney , made with the Obj ect of acquainting himself with

o f o the conditions life in the interior , ccupied ten f weeks o continuous riding .

Reference has been made to the missi o nary M i s s wn s .

o f o T nature the w rk . A t hursday I sland classes are pro vided fo r the J apanese and South Sea

I slanders , and the vicar has under his charge the

o f O n natives several adj acent islands . the eastern

o f shore the Gulf of Carpentaria , between the

o Mitchell and Nassau rivers , the G vernment , at the instance of the Bishop , proclaimed a reserve of about seven hundred square miles fo r abo ri R v gines ; and under the superintendence o f the e .

fo r E . . o R Gribble , wh se place was , later, taken

o a short time by a Melb urne clergyman , the E Rev . . R . Chase , a mission has been success fully started , which is winning the appreciations A USTR A LI A

o f the white settlers in the neighbourhood , and receives support fro m the majority O f the Aus tra li a n o f dioceses . Among the aborigines the Northern Territory the Anglican Church is rep re

Ka r a rl o o sented by a mission at p g , which is doing much to rescue the poor blacks from the disastrous effects of opium purveyed by the

Chinese . I n order to train and educate clergy fo r this

-o ff o far di cese , the Bishop , assisted by funds from the Society for the Propagation o f the Gospel and a portion Of the o fferi ngs made at the j ubilee o f the Australian Board of M issions , founded a theo

a tT logical college hursday I sland , in which a

’ o f Th e small number students are being trained . cli mate , however, is not provocative of mental activity , and the wiser policy would seem to be

o f that sending candidates to the Brisbane College , which should be regarded as a provincial i n stitu

o f o f tion . I n View the multifarious nature the work and the large extent of the j urisdiction , it would be difﬁcult to ﬁnd a diocese in the whole Anglican communion which deserves better o f the Church o r furnishes a stronger appeal fo r external assistance . Th e coping stone to the organization o f the

1 4 2 AUSTRA LI A

incorporated within the province . A year later ,

O 2 rd o f on ctober 3 , the ﬁ rst meeting the pro vi n c i a l o o o f syn d was held , at which the Bish p Brisbane was formally recognized as M etro politan

fo r and Archbishop , and the necessary legislation

o f the administration the province was passed .

o f Both through the visitations the Archbishop , which have carried him as far as New Guinea , and the increased intercommunion through the

o f wider interchange clergy , the stronger dioceses are helping the weaker, and the new provincial organization is giving cohesion and stability to the Church in Q ueensland .

AD E L A I D E C AT H E D R A L .

To fa c e pa ge 1 43 .

AUSTRA LI A

Th e o f good road . ﬁrst church consisted a large

o o o tent , which was so n replaced by a small w den

o f O n o building composed slabs . this being bl wn

o - down , the f undation stone of a permanent church 1 8 1 was laid , which , in 7, was dedicated to

o m m S . David by M r . Marsden , i n c pli ent to the

Governor, Sir David Collins . Launceston also , a few years later, was provided with a church ,

Rev Y o u " served by the . J ohn , a former missionary T in ahiti . Th e moral and social co nditi o n of Hobart

o f resembled that Sydney , but , if anything , was

o w rse . D runkenness and i m morality were rife , and , as in the mother colony , rum became a

o f medium exchange . Convicts made their escape

to from ti me time , and , in company with others

to assigned as servants to settlers , took the “ ” bush , and supported themselves by hunting . Th e Situation became so serious that a large number of the prisoners were removed to Port ’ T fo r Arthur , in asman s Peninsular, better security , and a determined effort was made to put down ” “ - — the bush ranging , as it was called for these

men killed the blacks , and the blacks in turn

killed the settlers . Governor Arthur took drastic

o n e a n d measures , and by hanging hundred three TH E AU TO N O M O US D I O CES ES 1 4 5

- bush rangers restored law and order, and directed that the blacks Should vanish from the settled

o districts . A great drive of massed colonists t ok

o n e place from end of the island to the other , with the result that two blacks were killed and

o a few m re captured . Meanwhile, to thei r eternal

o honour, two unarmed v lunteers persuaded the

— two — rest some hundred in number to yield . ’ T to hey were taken Flinder s I sland , in Bass

o o f Straits , where the last surviv r this unhappy

1 8 6 K n o wo o d wh o race died in 7 . M r . p , failed to command general respect , was succeeded in

C the haplaincy by D r . Bedford . Aided by Gover

a nor Arthu r, the new chaplain initiated series o f reforms which produced an improvement in

Th e o f social conditions . deluge spirits was stemmed by the i m po siti o n o f a high excise duty , and the arrival of additional clergy caused the inﬂuence of the Church to be felt . I n the meantime the development o f the country was 1 8 2 T proceeding at a rapid rate . I n 9 asmania

o p ssessed vast herds of cattle and Sheep , and s o much corn that the little island became the

o f granary Australia . A Visit paid by Bishop Broughton (then A rch deacon) showed him that the Church in the island 1 4 6 A USTRA L I A

o o o c l ny urgently needed greater organizati n , and

O f as a preparatory step to the creation a diocese , he sent the Rev . Wi lliam Hutchins as Arch

o f o deacon . During the governorship Si r J hn

Franklin , who greatly interested hi mself in the ’ o f question provided secondary education , Christ s College was founded by the assistance o f

o D r . A rn ld , Dean Stanley , and others , at New

o —ﬁve N rfolk , a beautiful spot about twenty miles

o o from H obart . Launcest n , als , had its gram mar

o sch ol , and these , together with the grammar school at Hobart fo unded in memory o f Arch

o o deacon Hutchins , pr vided a s und education o E Th e n the principles of the Church of ngland . T settlers in asmania , however , received little con

o o sideration fr m the I mperial G vernment , and , whilst an exodus o f many O f the most enter prising to the fertile lands o f Port Philip was

m o taking place , the I perial G vernment , having terminated the system o f transportation in New

South Wales , gradually removed the unassigned

o T c nvicts to asmania and Norfolk I sland , and between 1 840 and 1 8 4 5 Tas m ania was swa m ped

Th e o f - o with these men . grant sel f g vernment

1 8 2 o o o in 4 , and the gr wth of the free p pulati n ,

to enabled the colony protest against this system ,

A USTRA LI A

which , in deference to vested interests , provided

o f fo T su m a su m r thei r discharge . his was wisely set apart as a diocesan endowment , and has enabled the Diocese o f Tasmania to carry out a central syste m for the payment o f

clerical stipends . ’ O n B ro m b s 1 8 8 Bishop y retirement in 3 , his place was ﬁlled by the appointment of the

o Rev . D . F . Sandford , whose Short episc pate lasted six years , and is un marked by any special 1 8 8 event . He, in turn , was succeeded in 9 by ’ the Rev . H . H . Montgomery , Vicar of S . Mark s ,

Kennington , whose episcopate was characterized by a contagi o us enthusiasm and wide outlook f upon Church a fairs , in which connection he left a distinct impress up o n the Anglican Church

Th e in Australia . demands of his own diocese were o f such a nature as to leave him free to undertake work outside its boundaries , and in these circumstances he was enabled to render 1 8 2 valuable aid to the missionary cause . I n 9 he made a tour occupying several months through the islands of Melanesia , in order to supply episcopal ministrations to that diocese during the period o f vacancy caused by the disablement

and forced resignation of Bish o p John Selwyn . TH E AU TO N O M O US D I O CES ES 1 4 9

This service was followed in 1 894 by the o rgani z a ti o n o f a Self-Denial Fund throughout the

o f to Dioceses Australia , in order provide further funds for the missi o ns supported by the Church ; and in 1 900 it was cro wned by the successful

o f j ubilee of the Australian Board M issions , the

fo r arrangements which , entailing a vast amount o f to n T labour, were entrusted his ha ds . hese evidences o f organizing power and enthusiastic interest in missionary w o rk led to his being recalled to E ngland in 1 90 1 to undertake the responsible position o f Secretary to the S o ciety

o f for the Propagation the Gospel , i n which post his labours are well known . I n the following ’ Rev E o f year the . J . . Mercer , Rector S . J ames s ,

Gorton , Manchester, was appointed to the see, the population o f which is increasing owing to the development of the mining industry o n the west coast .

TH E D IOCESE O F A D ELA ID E

Unlike New South Wales , West Australia ,

T o f o asmania , and Q ueensland , the Colony S uth Australia was fortunately spared the contamina

Th e o tion of a convict origin . ﬁ rst c lonists meant to purify themselves from criminal and pauper 1 5 0 AUST RA LI A

to associates , do without State money , and be

- o o self supporting . A L nd n company raised the fo r 1 8 initial funds this scheme , and , in 34 , South Australian Commissioners were incorp o rated by Act o f Parliament fo r the purpose o f settling

o o o f un ccupied lands in this pr vince , the limits which were roughly deﬁned . I n 1 8 36 the ﬁ rst party o f colonists arrived under the directi o n of

wh o e Colonel Light , sel cted the only site for

n o t a great Australian city which is a seaport .

o o f Here , i n the neighbourho d the future capital ,

o n Adelaide , fertile plains about seven miles from

the coast , the party settled , accompanied by

. . . o u t o the Rev C B Howard , sent and pr vided for by the Society for Promoting Christian

o Kn wledge . M r . Howard brought with him

o f funds for the erection a small wooden church , and thus fro m the ﬁ rst the early colonists were 1 8 supplied with spiritual ministrations . I n 40

Rev a second clergyman, the . J . Farrell , after o u wards ﬁ rst Dean Of Adelaide, was sent tby the Society ; but these two clergy o nly w o rked

fo r o fo r - i n 1 8 together a sh rt time , 4 3 M r . Howard

. o o died Further additions , h wever, were sh rtly

o f o h made, but the need episc pal elp was keenly “ ”

. o n e o f felt I t is lamentable, writes the clergy,

I 5 2 AUS TRALIA the Government had given small grants to religious bodies , the system of State aid was

o o strenuously pp sed from the ﬁ rst . When the c o nstituti o ns of the C o lonies of New S o uth Wales and Victoria were framed , provision was made fo r the supp o rt o f the different religious bodies from the public revenue ; but in South Australia

fo r O f the vote the maintenance Christian worship , made three years before , was discontinued in

1 Th e 8 5 1 . Church was thus thrown at a very

o o wn early peri d upon her resources , though in West Australia the Government grant was c o n ti n u d T o e . his action came at an unf rtunate

fo r o f time , the colony was enduring a period

o n ﬁ nancial stress , and prices had risen all sides owing to the demands occasioned by the dis c o ve r y of gold i n Victoria . Nevertheless deter mined effo rts were made to supply the necessary

o . funds from l cal resources . Al ready Mr Leigh had given some land in Adelaide to wards the

o f o n endowment the see, and this property , the E endowment being provided from ngland , was

: made available fo r general Church purposes M r . Allen came forward with a donation o f

towards the erection of a cathedral , and a

o Church Past ral Aid Fund was established , to TH E AU TO N O M O US D I O CES ES 1 5 3 which the laity generously contributed : als o ’ S . Peter s Collegiate School was built at a cost o f m o mainly derived fro l cal gifts . Liberal though this help was , the Church remained

o f crippled through want funds , but one good

to result accrued . Churchmen began recognize the necessity for a diocesan constitution in which the laity could have a vo ice in the management o f f o f Church a fairs . A conference Bishop , clergy , and laity decided ' to memorialize the Crown and ask permission to frame a constituti o n fo r the T Church . hese steps were taken j ust at the ti me that Bishop Perry was pressing the same E question upon the Crown lawyers in ngland , and thither Bishop Short also went in order to submit a draft constitution for the o pinion o f

a o o f counsel , and to learn whether the s ncti n the

Crown was necessary to its legality . Finding

o f Co n s e n s a that , in the opinion the best lawyers , it was u l c o m p m ' competent for a diocese to organize itself o n

o f the principle consensual compact , he im me d i a tel 1 8 y returned to Adelaide , and in 5 5 the proposed constitution was accepted by the di o cese

Th e at a further conference . ﬁ rst session o f the

- newly formed synod met in the following year . Sound as was the advice which the Bishop 1 54 AUSTRA L I A received as to the legality o f pro cedure on the

o f o o o o basis c nsensual c mpact , it is w rth n ting that in practically w o rking the system he rec o g n i z ed its defects ; and after a dispute with o n e o f m 1 86 2 his clergy who he had suspended in , he endeavo ured to introduce a Bill into the Legislative Asse m bly in order to Obtain statuto ry powers fo r synod o n the lines o f the Victorian

Th e Church Act . Legislature , however , declined to o to interfere , and the di cese was obliged continue its complicated machinery of a d m i n i s

i o n tra t .

o o o o Following up n the constituti n of syn d , ther

o f o matters rganization were taken in hand . I n

1 8 6 o f 5 the Diocese Perth was created , by which subdivision the Bish o p was relieved o f the over

o f o o sight the wh le c lony of West Australia , and his territorial j urisdiction reduced by one half. With his pastoral cares diminished in this way the Bishop next turned his attention to the question o f o m Th e providing end w ent . Leigh property , managed by the attorneys o f the Society fo r

o o f o f the Propagati n the Gospel , proved great

o ro value in this respect , and at a later peri d p d u c ed fo r general Church purposes an annual

o f Th e income Pastoral Aid Society ,

1 5 6 AUSTR A LI A education was inadequate to the growing require

In 1 8 ments . Accordingly , 75 , proposals were introduced into the Legislature that the State should assume the whole responsibility of educa tion , which should be free , secular , and compulsory . A si milar struggle ensued to those noticed else

o f where , and in the end the forces secularism

Th e o triumphed . Bishop , whose opinions up n the necessity fo r deﬁnite religious teaching were well

o kn wn , endeavoured to compromise by advocating si mple Bible teaching , but he was unsuccessful . H is interest in all educational matters led to his being appointed Chancellor o f the newly -fo rmed

To Adelaide University . crown his labours in this

o connecti n , before leaving the diocese he had the

o f o satisfaction seeing the C llege of S . Barnabas founded fo r the purpo se o f training candidates for the ministry . 1 8 8 2 I n the Bishop , who was in his eightieth

to year, felt it necessary resign . During his long episcopate o f thirty -ﬁve years he had seen the

o Church in South Australia grow sl wly , stone by

o o st ne , from its foundations , and thr ughout the building o f the fabric his had been the directing

to o N o n hand . He came a community str ngly

o conf rmist in tone, and j ealous of anything which TH E AUTO N O M O US D I O CES ES seemed to prejudice the principle o f religi o us

o equality , and fr m the ﬁ rst he had to organize his — diocese without State assistance a h advantage

o o ld - enj yed by the other established dioceses . H e retired from o fﬁce having wo n the respect

- — o f Churchmen and non Churchmen alike and his regret at parting was tempered by the kn o wledge that both in spiritual and ﬁnancial matters the foundations had been carefully and securely laid .

To ﬁnd a successor to o n e who had raised the B i s ho p Ke n n i o n See of Adelaide to such importance was no easy .

Ken n i o n task . At length the Rev . G . W . , Vicar ’ c o n s e Of All Saints , Bradford , was chosen , and crated second Bishop o f Adelaide towards the

o o f 8 8 2 cl se 1 . H is twelve years episcopate was marked by steady growth in every department of

o o o o di cesan w rk , n tably by his successful eff rts in “ establishing a Home Mission Fund , through which no less than forty additional churches , f besides school rooms , were erected in dif erent

o f o parts the colony . A missi n to the settlers upon the banks o f the Mu rray was als o estab li s h ed , the mission priest being conveyed from place to place by a small steamer named after the ’ “ ” Eto n a Th e Bishop s Old school , . i mmense 1 5 8 AUSTRA LI A

o f j urisdiction , to which the whole the Northern

’ Territ o ry had been attached at the Pri m ate s

o o f o n e request , was bey nd the powers man to

o f Co supervise , and there was some talk a adj ut o r Bishop to oversee the growing districts o f Palmerston and Port Darwin in the far north , together with the vast stretch o f c o untry traversed

-c by the trans ontinental telegraph . But in the

o meanti me Adelaide had been visited , like ther

o Australian capitals , by a peri d Of commercial

o o f depressi n , which lasted unti l the development the silver mines at Broken H ill , and the gold discoveries in West Australia , restored prosperity ; and the proj ect Of additional episcopal assistance

fo r N o twith was the time being abandoned . standing ﬁnancial stress , the Bishop succeeded in raising a sum of towards the

m o f o f co pletion the Cathedral Church S . Peter , the chancel and one bay o f the nave of which

o had been built by his predecess r . Generally , it may be said , the sound Churchmanship and wise po licy of the diocese inaugurated by Bishop Short were ably maintained under the

wh o 1 8 administration of his successor , , in 94 , was translated to the E nglish See of Bath and

Wells .

A USTRA LI A

Apart fro m these indications of Church develop

’ ment two events marked Bishop Harmer s short episcopate . I n the ﬁ rst place the diocese was relieved o f its nominal connection with the Northern Territory by the creation o f the See of — Carpentaria in 1 900 a far more satisfactory solution of its oversight than that offered by the

o f appointment a Coadjutor Bishop . I n the second

o m u n iﬁc e n t o f place , mainly thr ugh the gifts two

m colonists , M r . Barr Smith and M rs . A . Si ms , the building o f the cathedral was completed by

o the erection of two western t wers with spires ,

o f and an apse with vestries in the basement . Adelaide thus possesses a small but ﬁne mother church , as a centre for diocesan activities , and

“ suitable fo r those great acts o f public worship which from time to time mark the life o f a colonial capital .

o 1 0 Bish p Harmer, in 9 5 , was recalled to England by translation to the ancient See of

o to Rochester, being the third Australian Bish p be thus sum moned to i mportant duties in the

“ — to E Mother Chu rch and synod , true its nglish

o f . connection , delegated its power appointment

Th e Rev T G u i se bo ro u h . A . N . homas , Vicar of g ,

o o and chaplain to the Archbish p of Y rk , was TH E AU TO N O M O US D I O CES ES 1 6 1

chosen and consecrated in the following year . With the growth o f provincial organization a t serious problem presents i self to the diocese . I t lies between the Province o f Victoria on the o n e r hand , and , on the other , West Aust alia , which is likely to become a separate ecclesiastical

o T pr vince in the near future . here is little prospect for years to come of South Australia being subdivided into three dioceses , though the Northern Territory may ultimately revert to its original connection with the mother see . I n the meantime the Diocese of Adelaide will have to decide whether it will forgo the advantages of provincial organization and preserve i ts autonomy , o r o o r c nnect itself with Victoria West Australia , when a province in the latter State is formed .

THE D IOCESE O F P E RTH

Th e territo ry of West Australia was originally

fo r T occupied much the same reasons as asmania . Albany was founded as a penal settlement in 1 8 2 o f 5 , and fear French annexation led to the establishment o f the Swan River settlement in 1 2 8 9 . I n the following year Albany was purged o f its convicts , and the two places became West

o f Australia . Like the founders Adelaide , the M AUSTRA LI A pioneers o f the Swan River were theorists who wished to transplant a piece o f old E ngland to new soi l with beneﬁt to themselves . At ﬁ rst

Th e ro the beneﬁts appeared visionary . chief p T 00 moter , . Peel , sank and landed 3 indented labourers , but he had neither the right

o r land labour, and ruin stared the community in

Th e the face . population dwindled from T to and for supplies relied upon asmania . 1 8 2 After 3 it grew agai n inch by inch , with the discovery of better pasturage ; but fo r a long — time it remained poor a Cinderella among the

Australian colonies . Reference has al ready been made to the fact that Bishop Short found six chaplains labouring

o f in this portion his diocese, which was ultimately 1 8 6 separated from Adelaide in 5 , under the title

Th e o f of Perth . new diocese was enormous extent , but the population was conﬁned almost - entirely to the south west , and numbered little

O n more than its formation , Arch deacon Hale , who had accompanied Bishop

o n Short his ﬁ rst voyage to Adelaide, and had shown great interest in work among the aborigines , was appointed ﬁ rst Bishop of the see . Vast as the area of the diocese was , the settled districts

1 64 AUSTRA LI A

Th e colony nor the diocese made rapid progress . home auth o rities o pposed proj ects which entailed expense , and com mercial development was hin dered . Representative govern ment , which had 1 8 0 been foreshadowed in 7 , was eventually 1 8 0 granted in 9 , and Government loans soon pro vided the capital needed to ﬁ nance the enter

O f o Th e prise the col nists . quiet which had reigned over Church affairs was rudely disturbed

o f by the withdrawal State aid , and to add to his difﬁculties , Bishop Parry suddenly found him self confronted with the rush o f new population which accompanies the discovery of go ld in large quantities . Within a few months the whole

Th e position Of Western Australia was changed .

o o seap rts were thr nged , and bush tracts congested with crowds o f men making their way to the

o n o diggings the ﬁelds of Coolgardie and Kalgo rlie . T owns sprang up within a few weeks , and Perth became a centre o f feverish excitement which

o ld recalled the days of Ballarat and Bendigo .

m o f I n the idst the early stages of this turmoil ,

Bishop Parry died , and in some respects his death was opportune . Advanced in years , and accustomed to the quiet round o f work ﬁ rst in P the West I ndies , and then at erth , he could TH E AU TO N O M O US D I O CES ES hardly possess the strength and determination necessary to cope with the demands which this sudden phase in colonial life presented . A young and vigorous successor was chosen

B i s o p f . h o . . O . in the person the Rev C L Riley , Vicar ’ In of S . Paul s , Preston . H e reached the diocese the circumstances j ust described , except that the stream of incomers was being daily increased by the reports as to th e ‘ e x tra o rdi n a ry richness O f 1 8 the ﬁelds . I n 9 3 , before the tide had set in , the population was estimated at four years later it had reached the total of

Th o e strain o n the Church was intense . Bef re this epoch there were only twenty -three clergy in

n o t i n a d e the diocese, which number was wholly quate ; but in a few months the whole situation ’ had been changed , and the Bishop s energies were sorely taxed in ﬁnding additional Clergy from E ngland and the eastern colonies . Gradually the 1 8 supply rose to over forty in 97, and a few - years later to sixty two . A diocese dependent upon the mining industry has problems o f its own .

Th e wealth extracted from the earth , whilst it gives an impetus to trade locally , is almost entirely

- s o owned by non resident shareholders , that , though

o f the wealth the State seems enormous , the im me I 66 AUSTRA LI A

to diate beneﬁt local Church ﬁnance is small . With the assistance of generous grants from the

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , the

o o f Society for the Propagati n the Gospel , the

Colonial and Continental Church Society , and

E o nglish contributions , the di cese gradually made

Th e o ld ﬁelds headway . g were constituted a a separate archdeaconry , perm nent churches built , and resident clergymen in the new centres supplied .

To supplement the additions to the staff, chieﬂy

E o obtained from ngland , a local the logical college

ﬁn a n was established , and in order to better the c i a l position o f the clergy a bonus system o f stipend was introduced , whereby all stipends are f T paid through a central o ﬁce . his system is a vast i mprovement upon that of direct payment which Obtains in all the other Australian dioceses T except N ewcastle and asmania .

TH E D IOCESE O F B UN B URY

Th e enormous extent o f the diocese 86 miles from north to south by 5 , from east — to west i n the early days did not present so

o formidable a pr blem as the ﬁgures imply, owing

o f to the smallness population , but the develop ment o f the g o ld ﬁeld s made it clear that steps

I 68 AUSTRA LI A their practical separation from the rest o f Australia by so many miles o f sea renders the organization o f a self-contained province an

o f inevitable necessity ; and , with the exception

T o f Adelaide and asmania , the different dioceses Australia wi ll thus be grouped together under provincial organization according to the primitive

o f order the Church . E DU CATI O N I

C H A PTE R V I I I

EDUCATIO N

R O M its earliest days the Church in Australia has had its “ education ques tion , which even at the present ti me cannot be regarded as ﬁnally settled , since in those States where a secular system prevails a determined struggle is still being waged to secure an altera tion o f the Education Acts i n the interests o f

o f f religious instruction . As a result the di f erent phases through which the education question has passed a single system has been adopted whereby the State , instead of assisting local educational E authorities as in ngland , itself has assumed the whole responsibility and control , and , with some triﬂing exceptions , provides plant , funds , and

fo r r teachers all prima y schools . I n the spheres o f secondary and University education the State assists by making annual grants to senates and governing bodies , in whose appointment it claims a share . AUSTRA LI A

This situation is the result o f a process in which two successive stages are clearly marked . When the ﬁrst chaplai n accompanied the ﬁ rst batch o f convicts to Botany Bay , he received from the S o ciety fo r the Propagation o f the Gospel a small

o f grant towards the payment school teachers , and , as we have seen , he founded a Church school . By Royal i nstructions the Governor was d irected to set apart i n each n e w townshi p four hundred acres fo r the support of a clergy m an and two hundred

o f acres for the maintenance a school master , so that by 1 8 1 0 it is stated that the schools o f the “ colony were almost entirely Church of E nglan d ” T institutions . hese instructions were superseded 1 8 2 in 4 by a Royal Charter , by which a corporate

body was formed for purchasing , holding , and administering property in trust fo r religious and T educational purposes . his charter was based upon the principle of the identity o f Chu rch and

m u n iﬁc en t o State , and since it made provisi n for

o f E the Church ngland , it evoked Violent hostility from those who did not belong to that com 1 8 munion . I n 3 3 the charter was revoked with

o u o f o tthe knowledge Archdeacon B r ughton , who

o E was o n the eve f departure for ngland , and

actually sailed in ignorance o f its revocation .

1 72 AUSTRA LI A

M r . Robert Lowe (afterwards Lord Sherbrooke), a select com mittee o f the New South Wales Legislature was appointed which reported in favour o f the establishment o f a uniform system

o o n throughout the col ny undenominational lines ,

o f and , despite the opposition Bishop Broughton in the Council , a measure was passed i ncor “ ” p o ra ti n g a Board o f National E ducation to ad minister the undenominational system . At the same time a Board o f Denominational Educa ” tion was constituted , consisting of one member o f o n e the Anglican Church , Roman Catholic , one

o n e Presbyterian , and Wesleyan , to supervise the T denominational schools . his dual system was

o n fo r carried eighteen years , the two boards being practically rivals , much to the injury of 66 1 8 . educational progress . I n , M r (afterwards Si r Henry) Parkes successfully carried a “ Public ” Schools Act , by which the whole administration o f pri mary education was vested in a single body ” o f E termed the Council ducation , and all primary public schools were thus placed under

Th e the direct control of the State. dual system , however , was not abol ished , for provision was made for granting certiﬁcates to denominational

o n schools certain conditions , whereby they were E DU CATI O N

entitled to participate in the education vote . This measure had the effect o f increasing the

o r public , , in the terms now familiar, the provided

d en o m i schools , an d of causing a decline in the

o r national unprovided institutions .

h N S W Th e way was thus prepared for the i n tro d u c X e W 1 8 80 tion of the Public I nstruction A ct of , now in force throughout New South Wales , which enacted that all aid to denomi national education

o n 1 1 8 8 2 T should cease December 3 , . his ﬁnal stage was n o treached without strenuous but u n

o n o f availing Opposition the part the Church , but the advocates o f the single system of edu

to o cation proved strong , and , with some few

C exceptions due to local ircumstances , Church

Th e schools were extinguished . opposition , how f 1 866 ever , was not without ef ect , for the Act of conta i ned two clauses which were carried over into

o f 1 880 T the Act . hese clauses provided for a system o f religious instruction which represents a fai r compromise between the supporters o f

o denominational and undenominational educati n . Although pri mary education was declared to be ” o free , secular and compulsory , secular instructi n was interpreted as including “ general religious teaching as distinguished from dogmatical o r 1 74 AUSTRA LI A

polemical theology . I n Virtue Of this gloss ,

o teachers , subject to a c nscience clause, give religi o us instruction during school hours to all

scholars attending the school , and children in this way acquire a fair knowledge o f the facts Of Bible

history , and receive instruction in morals based

Th e upon religion . simple B ible teaching, how

m i n stru c ever, is supplemented by special dog atic

o C tion , pr vided for under another lause which “ — ” T grants all round facilities . his clause permits

o r the clergy thei r authorized representatives , at

stated hours during the week , to give as part of the school curriculum den o minational religious instruction to the children belonging to their

respective Churches .

F a i i i e c l t s . I n the Diocese o f Sydney full advantage is

o f o f taken these facilities , and an organized band teachers paid by the Church assists the clergy in

the work , with the result that some eighty per

o f C cent . Church hildren are trained in the prin “ ”

c i les o f . p the Faith I n the Bush districts ,

where such organization is difﬁcult , a smaller per

o f centage Church children is reached , but on the whole the arrangement works well and receives the hearty c o -operation of the ofﬁcials of the

Th e E ducation Department and the teachers .

1 76 AUSTRA LI A

“ a Baptist minister says : I t is the best Act I have

o f ever heard , and it works extremely well . I t will be observed that the system conserves two great principles , the retention of which is in the E forefront of the agitation in ngland , namely ( 1 ) the recognition o f religion as a necessary element in education ; ( 2) the right of parents to determine the particular form of faith in which their children shall be educated . Primary education has passed through similar evolutionary stages in the other colonies , but the ﬁnal settlement o f the question has n o tproved to be the same in each case . Denominational education , as in the mother colony , prevailed in the early days . Later on a dual system was introduced , under which denominational schools received grants in aid , but alongside these State schools were established under the control o f

o f E a Department ducation , and ﬁnally resort T was had to a single system . I n asmania this single system provided fo r compulsory educa

n o t tion , from which simple Bible teaching was wholly excluded . Later on the Government , in deference to pressure brought upon it , conceded ” right o f entry to the ministers o f religious bodies , who are permitted to give , at stated times E DU CAT I O N 1 77

in the week , special rel igious instruction to chil

o f o wn dren their denominations , and the system has thus been brought into line with that which obtains i n New South Wales . A similar result has been reached in Western Australia . Under

E o f 1 8 1 the ducation Act 7 , by which the dual system o f denominational and undenominational

fo r was swept away , provision was made the read

o f but 1 8 ing the Bible during stated hours , in 9 3 , in accordance with the urgent representati o ns of

to the synod , clauses similar the New South Wales

o f Act were introduced , and the right entry was granted to the clergy for the purpose o f giving T special religious instruction . hus in three States o f the Commonwealth religion is recog n i z ed as a necessary element in education , and facilities are afforded to the di fferent religious bodies for giving deﬁnite dogmatic religious instruction . — I n the remaining three States Victoria , South Se c ul a r

E d u c a u o n ‘ — a f Australia , and Q ueensland di f erent result was reached , and publ ic instruction i n the State schools was rendered wholly secular, despite the Opposi tion of the Anglican and other religious bodies .

I n Victoria , after the dual system had been in f existence for sixteen years , the ine ﬁ ciency of the N 1 78 AUSTR A LI A denominational schools attracted the attention of the Govern ment , and a Royal Commission was app o inted to inquire into the condition of educa

o tion , which rep rted strongly against the continu

o f ance aid to denominational schools . At length , 1 8 2 E in 7 , an ducation Act was passed , in which the free , secular , and compulsory principle was

o emb died . Whilst the introduction of this Act was threatening , Bishop Perry called into confer ence the representatives of the Presbyterians and

e m o f Wesleyans , who agre d upon a for remon strance in which the continuation o f denomina ti o n a l schools was vigorously urged ; but the

Governor declined to entertain the memorial . Th e withdrawal o f State aid from denomina ti o n a l schools was followed by their rapid e x ti n c tion , except in the case of the Roman Catholics , who , at great sacri ﬁce and through their teaching Th e orders , have maintained them . lengths to which secularism can g o is well illustrated by the publication o f a Victorian reading book for use i n pri mary schools (since withdrawn), from which all reference to religious subj ects in current l iterature was eliminated , and such poems as “ the Wreck o f the H esperus appeared in a mutilated form by the omission o f the touching

1 80 AUST RA LI A

should be free, secular , and compulsory . Here Nonconformist opinion supported the passage of the measure , whilst the Anglican and Roman

Churches were united in opposition . Secularism , however , was not carried to its extreme logical issue as in Victoria , and the reading books i n use i n the schools have not been edited with a view to

o f o f 1 8 1 the exclusion the name the Deity . I n 9 a Bible i n State School s League was started i n order to advocate the introduction of the New South Wales system ; and in 1 900 the League undertook to carry out a voluntary referendum to the parents of scholars attending the State schools , o n the religious question , which resulted i n an enormous maj ority declaring themselves in favour o f the N ew South Wales system , the numbers being in favour of religious instruction , and O against . wing to frequent changes in the ministry , the Church has been unable to take

o f o f full advantage this step , but the prospects alteration are hopeful . Th e course of events in S o uth Australia pre sents a repetition o f what has taken place else 1 8 where . When the proposal was made in 75 to secularize the State system of education , Bishop

o Short, as we have seen , endeavoured to btain a E DU CA TI O N

compromise , but without success . H e has been

o n o f criticized account his policy ; but , whatever line he might have chosen , there can be little doubt that public opinion i n South Australia was against State aid to religious teaching in any form , and no other settlement would have been

o f reached . Since the passage the measure efforts have been made by the Anglican Church , in con

o j uncti n with other religious bodies , towards its amendment , and a few years ago a referendum to the electorate was made upon this question . I ts form , however, was totally misleading , and the fact that a maj ority declared themselves against any alteration of the Act cannot be regarded as an accurate i ndication o f public Opinion upon

Th e o f the subject . experience the Church in these three States shows the extraordinary d ifﬁ culty o f obtaining any alteration o f the secular system when once established , but the success gained by the advocates o f deﬁnite religious teaching in Tasmania and West Australia proves that the situation is by no means hopeless .

Whilst engaged in this struggle the Church has Se c o n da ry Sc h o o l s . not been unmindful o f the necessity o f making some provision for the training o f her own

children , and , although Church schools in the I 82 AUSTRA LI A sphere o f pri mary education fo r the most part have been extinguished through the competition o f a free system provided by the S tate , and few have survived , i n the secondary sphere, in which

n o t education is free , the Church has been more successful . I n the mother diocese of Sydney the ’ n o f h ancient fou dation King s Sc ool , Paramatta , the North Shore Grammar School , and the Clergy

Daughters School , are doing excellent work . At Bathurst there is the School o f All Saints ; at Armidale a ﬁrst-rate proprietary school ; at Bris

bane a high school for girls , and a ﬂourishing school for boys , at present conducted privately T by a clergyman , and at ownsville , i n North

fo r Q ueensland , a high school girls . Reference has already been made to H utchins ’ S chool in ~ Tasmania; to the two i m p o rta n tfo u n d a ti o n s in

o f Victoria , the gram mar schools Melbourne and ’ Geelong , and to S . Peter s College , Adelaide . These institutions are few in number as compared with the population , but they represent a con s id e ra ble amount o f effort and self-s a c ri ﬁc e o n the

o f part Churchmen , and they furnish an education i n secular subj ects no whit inferior to the State assisted grammar schools which stud each colony . These latter are u nder the control o f boards of

I 84 AUSTRA LIA

n home , and assist i n maintaining a Christia tone in the community . I n the second place, the Circulation o f population i s a marked feature of

o f o n e Australian life . I nhabitants State pass freely into another , so that the moral atmosphere tends to equalize itself throughout the island c o n tIn e n t o n e , and to differentiate between locality and another in this respect becomes impossible .

Th e ti me must arrive, however , when im migration will cease , and , i f no alteration in the secular system be made , the general moral declension must become more apparent .

I 86 AUST RA LI A aboriginal,begun with lethal weapons and chieﬂy

o fo r in defence of pr perty and life , has gone ward under the more deadly i nﬂuences of alcohol ,

o f Opium , and other forms vice , so that , despite the efforts made by State Govern m ents fo r their

o protection , the aborigi nal race seems do med to ultimate exti nction .

Th e T asmanian blacks , as we have seen , are

o f already extinct , and the scattered tribes in

re m a In 1 8 8 2 Victoria only a few hundred . I n i t was esti mated that New South Wales possessed - six thousan d full blooded blacks , but twenty years later the numbers had been reduced to

Th e o f less than half. same process declension is going on i n Q ueensland . I t is thought that i n 1 840 the aboriginal populati o n o f that State

' o f numbered upwards two hundred thousand , but at the close of the century they had dwindled

-ﬁve to about twenty thousand , and , despite the most stringent laws passed for the p ro te c

o f tion this remnant , they would seem to de

crease annually by a t least ﬁve hundred . I n Central and North -Western Australia there are

large tribes l iving their primitive wild life , the numbers of which have been variously estimated ; but with increasing opportunities fo r obtaining M ISSI O N S TO T H E H EATH EN 1 8 7 drink and opium these tribes are rapidly diminish ing in number, and it is clear that contact with civilization and its vices , despite efforts at isolation , is proving fatal to the Australian black . I t is only o f late years that any organized attempt has been made to obtain accurate and scientiﬁc knowledge of the natural life and tribal

o f Th e customs these people . task has been

o rendered difﬁcult by their n madic habits , but the study has been interesting and o f value to

o the anthrop logist , since the aboriginal in Aus tra li a represents o n e of the most primitive types

O f n o t i n the human family . agriculture he has

fo r the remotest idea , and has relied food upon wild fruit and vegetables , and upon the game secured during ﬁshing and hunting expeditions . Although his development has been arrested at

o f o f the stage the manufacture wooden weapons , he has succeeded nevertheless in producing the

i n boomerang and the woomera , both highly

en i o g u s weapons which he uses with great skill . Th e string o r ﬁbre baskets woven by the black “ gins also show great ingenuity and some artistic feeling . I t has been the fashion to regard the Australian aboriginal as but o n e step removed from the condition of an anthropoid ape , but these 1 8 8 AUSTRA LI A indications o f skill and the experience of mis s i o n a ri es i n introducing agriculture and education in their settlements entirely refute this idea .

Black children , up to a certain age , learn with remarkable facility , and even compare favourably w with white children in elementary reading, riting ,

o f and arithmetic , but their powers acquiring the

higher branches o f knowledge seem to be arrested . That they are susceptible to Christian inﬂuences

goes without saying , and not a few mission settle ments have become centres of civilization and

Christian l ife . From the earliest days o f white occupation the condition of the aborigines attracted the attention

Th e Re v of the Govern ment chaplains . . Samuel Marsden was unwearied in his exertions for their

protection , and his efforts were ably seconded by 1 8 1 w Governor M acquarie . I n 4 attempts ere made to establish schools for black Children wh o

o f haunted the outski rts the settlement , but this

step was not attended with any success . Bishop

Broughton also , when ﬁ rst appointed as Arch

deacon , gave much ti me and attention to the

problem of thei r evangelization , and prepared a 1 8 2 grammar of the aboriginal dialects . I n 9 , in

s his charge to the clergy, he described in vigorou

1 90 AUSTRA LI A

Th e Successful . conﬂict between white and black

o i raged furi usly in Victor a , and , after the forma

o ti n of a local Government , steps were taken

m m o to itigate the evil . A ission stati n was

o o f unded at Lake C ndah , under the control of the Anglican Church , assisted by the State , and

o n T another similar lines at Lake yers , though worked chieﬂy through Moravian m issionaries ; whilst at Co rr a n d e rek the State itself fo unded and directed successfully a community o f blacks

o who were engaged in the cultivati n of hops .

T o hese eff rts served to Show that , where the black could be induced to fo rsake his nomad

o h habits an d to settle , good results coul d be

a i n ed t . I n South Australia Sir George Grey endeavo ured to deal with the abo riginal p O p u la

o o n tion on a larger scale , and adopted is lation

o reserve as the best p licy , but the nomadic

o f habits the blacks interfered with this , and

o f w the plan civilizing by ages was tried , whilst they were encouraged to appeal fro m native

Th e E . custom to nglish law plan , however , ultimately res o lved itsel f int o a system o f doles o f o ﬂour and blankets , which pr ved fruitless , and

Th e merely changed natural hunters into tramps .

Church , however, was more successful , and , under M I SSI O N S TO T H E H EA T H EN 1 9 1

the superintendence of Archdeacon Hale , secured a sheep stati o n adjoining an aboriginal reserve at

Po o n i n d e . Here , assisted by a Governmen t grant , the aborigines were collected , and work found

o f 2 0 upon the stadion and a farm about 5 acres ,

o and , as was afterwards pr ved in Q ueensland , they showed themselves capable o f civilization

o n o and f receiving Christian teaching . O Bish p H ale ’s translation to Brisbane his interest secured the appo intment o f a co m mittee fo r the

o f o care the aborigines , religious w rk amongst wh o m had been undertaken almost fro m the foundation o f the settlement by Lutheran m is

i n a r i es Th e s o . Government , at ﬁrst , made a grant o f acres near Mackay as a reserve , but this grant was subsequently recalled , and the system o f doles of ﬂour and blankets was adopted

o 1 8 1 with the usual injuri us results . I n 9 a return was made to the plan o f setting apart

o f reserves , and , at the instance the Australian

o o f o B ard Missi ns , a large reserve near Cairns ,

o o f wa s in a fav urite haunt the blacks , gazetted , and a missi o n established under the super intendence of M r . Gribble , an Anglican clergy man , who had gained considerable experience o f Wa r ra n es d a Th e the work at g . Yarrabah I 92 AUSTRA LI A

M ission has been al ready mentioned , and the excel lent work accomplished there by the Rev . E . R . Gribble, son of the ﬁ rst superintendent , and by Lutheran and Moravian missionaries both

o f in Q ueensland and in other parts the country , o f goes to prove the capacities this despised race . Yarrabah in 1 904 threw out an offshoot at the

o f M itchell River, on the east coast the Gulf of

o f Carpentaria , where a large tract country had

Th e been set apart as an aboriginal reserve .

Re E n v. . mission , u der the Chase , soon caused a marked i mprovement in the habits o f the

wo n blacks , and has the appreciation of the white

o settlers in the neighbourh od . I n the Northern Territory the work o f the Anglican Church is

K a r a rl o o represented by a mission at p g , about o n e hundred miles east o f Port Darwin ; and in Western Australia si milar work is being carried

o on , not nly by the Anglican Church , but by ’ m other deno inations , amongst which is a Bene

di c ti n e 1 8 . M ission at New Norcia , founded in 47 Notwithstanding these evidences o f care for the

h e aborigines , it must confessed that the Church of England in Australia has been slow to realize

Th e her responsibilities i n this respect . scarcity

o f of clergy , and the extreme difﬁculty the work ,

AUSTRA LI A

” has led to the cry o f a white Australia ; and the C o mmonwealth Parliament soon after its formation

enforced the most stringent measures of exclusion ,

especially against the C hinese , South Sea I slanders ,

J apanese , and I ndian coolies . Before these steps

were taken , and despite less restrictive legislation

f m o f in the dif erent states , a large nu ber coloured i mmigrants had already found their way into the

Th e country . latest census revealed their number

o f at whom are Chinese ,

o f South Sea I slanders , whilst the bulk the

o f remainder consist H indoos , J apanese, Manila

men , and Afghans .

Chi n e se . O f these aliens the ﬁ rst to arrive were the

Th e o f Chinese . earliest capitalists Sydney

obtained leave to i mport , but did not import , Chinese l abourers fo r the cultivation o f hemp i n

1 80 . 9 ; and some years later, Dr Lang , a pro

o f minent Presbyterian minister Sydn ey , urged the introduction o f Chinese families for the purpose of growing tea in what is now Q ueens 1 8 6 1 land . Between 4 5 5 Chinese labourers were imported into Sydney and Melbourne by 1 8 0 private enterprise, and in 5 there were about Th e 400 in the neighbourhood o f Brisbane . attraction o f the gold disc o veries multiplied the M ISSI O N S TO T H E H EAT H EN 1 95

yellow race by ten or more . Victoria , panic stricken by the hordes pouring in , started a poll tax , and this example was followed by the other colonies , but the expedient only partially succeeded in arresting the stream of coloured immigration . With rare exceptions the China man gathered but never mined gold . He was content to work over again more thoroughly

n the abandoned tailings of the mi es . I n the

o f - wake the gold seekers came Chinese tradesmen ,

o r cabinet makers , etc . , and when gold other sources o f wealth failed they turned to market gardening, cooking, and similar occupations . T “ hese men are not real colonists , but come to ” make their pile , and then to return to thei r

Th e native land . numbers i n Sydney and Mel bourne are considerable , and there is practically a Chinese quarter in each o f these towns ; but for the most part the Chinese are scattered

n o t sporadically throughout Australia , and do

o f T congregate in communities any size . his fact makes the general work of evangelization o f difﬁcult , for without some knowledge the language it is al most impossible to teach a

o f Chinaman the rudiments the Christian Faith . At bo th Melbourne and Sydney there are o rdained 1 96 AUSTRA LI A

Chinese clergymen ministering to their country

i n men churches built for their exclusive use , T whilst at Hay , B risbane , and ownsville, Chinese

E . o catechists under uropean supervision , c nduct

Th e o f services and classes . progress the work is slow , for the Chinaman is not easily converted , but when once won to the Christian Faith he remains staunch and loyal to his profession . He

a n d is generally credited with unusual subtlety ,

o f a n d is regarded , owing to his use Opium

o f o passion for gambling , as a source m ral

n o t contamination ; but , whilst this View is with o u t instances in its support , the Chinese in — general are thrifty, honest , and law abiding , and have proved themselves useful members o f the

commun ity , and their general intelligence when Christianized makes them eminently ﬁtted to act

o wn as missionaries to their countrymen , and to

o o f p r clai m the Gospel in the land their birth . T o f hus , through the residence so many Chinese

in Australia , the Church is furnished with a great opportunity o f aiding those missionary agencies w o rking in the home o f the great

o Mong l ian race .

Th e sugar industry , which from a very early period was established in the coast districts o f

I 98 AUSTRA LI A

lo t O n o f with thei r . the formation the

Commonwealth , however , the Federal Parlia ment dealt with the question by providing that

o f i mportation labour should at once cease , and 1 06 that by December , 9 , when the existing inden tures would have expired , the islanders should be deported to their homes . At the same ti me bounties were Offered for sugar raised by white men only . I t is unnecessary to enter into the f economic ef ect of this legislation . I ts practical effect was to close the doors of many missions to the South Sea I slanders in Q ueensland . Th e Paciﬁ c islander is eminently teachable , and anxious to be taught , and from the time of his ﬁ rst arrival , agencies were at once started for

o f his evangelization , the work which has been carried on with conspicuous success . F ro m T Richmond , in New South Wales , up to hursday

o f I sland , in the extreme North Q ueensland , classes for instruction were held , to which the islanders came in large numbers . At Bundaberg, in the Diocese of B risbane , the work was super b vised y . a clergyman , l icensed for the purpose , and its growth was so great that , recognizing its i mportance , the Melanesian M ission sent over a clerical member of its staff to act as s u p eri n ten M ISSIO N S To T H E H EA T H EN 1 99

o dent . I n N rth Q ueensland , at Mackay , the

o f Selwyn Mission , founded by the wife a planter,

M rs . Robinson , and a mission on the Herbert

River , further north , did excellent work ; the character of which may be gauged fro m the circumstance that many of the coloured staff o f the New Guinea M ission received thei r ﬁ rst impressions of Christianity fro m the Q ueensland

o To M issi ns . the Melanesian Mission also the

fo r o f work has been of value , it is the ﬁ rst importance to the social life O f the islanders that

o f o the crowds deported lab urers , acquainted with

o f E the conditions uropean civilization , should have been brought under Christian inﬂuence . T T At hursday I sland , i n orres Straits , and at

o f Broome, on Roebuck Bay in the North Western

Australia , are situated the headquarters Of the

o f pearling industry . Most the J apanese , Malays , and M a n ila m en in Australia are engaged in this

o f occupation , and from each centre a ﬂeet three

Th e hundred pearling vessels puts out . crews and divers engaged o n these boats are all coloured men , who work under the direction of a white

T n o skipper . here are special evangelistic agencies for the cosmopolitan population o f these

o f places , but classes instruction are held by the 200 A USTRA LI A

local clergy , assisted by residents , and amongst the J apanese particularly there is a distinct move ment towards the Christian Faith . Th e whole of the colour problem is one beset with intense difﬁculty . I n the exclusive

o f two legislation the Com monwealth , voices can

. O n o n e be heard the hand , there is the still small voice of the idealist , who is j ealous of the

o f dignity man , and who sees in the system of i ndented labou r traces o f the degradation o f slavery . H is attitude is one that must command the deepest consideration from the Christian

O n o f Church . the other, is the voice the labour leader, who is jealous of competitors , whether

o r they be white coloured , and his attitude is one

Fo r o r which comm ands less respect . good for evi l , at all events , the restraints placed upon coloured i mmigration tend to diminish the

o f numbers heathen aliens , and the claims upon the Church in this regard have been proportion a tely reduced .

202 A USTRA L I A the ecclesiastical establishment in Australia was regarded as a little piece o f the Mother Church transplanted to the Antipodes . Local conditions

fo r might req ui re special legislation , as , instance , ’ o f Bourke s Act for the formation new parishes , but in the main the Colonial Church was deemed

o f E an integral part the Church in ngland .

B ut the position was found to be unsatisfactory .

Th e Bishops discovered that their powers , whilst absolute in theory , were ineffective in practice , and they naturally desired a more c o nstitutional status in which their decisions , though less arbitrary , might be more authoritative . We have seen how this desire ﬁ rst found expression at the memorable conference o f 1 8 50 and that the true principles o f ecclesiastical statesmanship were present to their minds , is shown in the words uttered by Bishop Broughton on that occasion . “ h i s T I t was earnest desire, he said , hat one uniform system might be established throughout all Colonial Churches (uniform , that is , as to all

Vital and essential Observances), so that they might be bound together in o n e great system o f ” T unity . his policy , however , was , unhappily ,

o f never realized , for , instead a single united system under a centralized authority , diocesan C H U RCH O RG A N I Z A T IO N synods sprang into existence and proceeded to

o n e act in complete independence of another . Th e o n e tie which for the time being served to unite the scattered units was the Metropolitan

o f j urisdiction of the Bishop Sydney , but this rested upon Letters Patent , and when these were - found to be valueless in sel f governing colonies , this valuable link was swept away , and no effort was made towards its replacement . Th e Australian Church n ow entered upon that D i o c es a n Is m . “ ” phase o f d i o c e s a n is m from which it has never been able to recover and which throughout its growth has constituted a grave defect in its - organization . J ust as the newly formed colonies proceeded to rej oice in separation from Sydney , to erect barriers against one another by the

o f i mposition hostile tari ffs , and general ly to develop upon their o wn lines without relation to their neighbours , so the Church proceeded to split itsel f up into a congeries of dioceses , each one constituting an autonomous and sel f-contained whole . As a natural consequence considerable

o f divergence in matters vital importance emerged , which were destined to bear fruit in the future . Th e most serious Of the di fferences occurred i n

o f In respect the relations to the State . Victoria 204 AUSTRA LI A

E an nabling Act was obtained , through which the Church Assembly received legislative sanction to frame rules for the government o f the Church

within the Diocese of Melbourne . I n South

Australia , Bishop Short , acting under high legal

o f advice , framed the constitution of the D iocese “ ” o f Adelaide o n the basis consensual compact . I n Sydney a Church Act was passed which gave

i i n a . c o n s ttu to statutory force to , and legally ﬁxed ,

o u t set in detail , which synod could not vary T without appeal to the Legislature . hus in a few years three systems were i n practical operation. Divergence was no less marked in other d i re c

o f tions , and the difﬁculties the situation became apparent when the necessity for united action disclosed itself. D iocesan synods were competent to deal with

f o f T the domestic af airs each diocese . hey could hold property , and regulate such questions as

f . patronage , pensions , ecclesiastical of ences , etc , but beyond this there was a region o f Church T organization which they could not touch . here was no tribunal of appeal from diocesan courts , no tribunal which could try a Bishop , no body which could make rules for the formation of new

o r th e dioceses , check in interests of the Church

206 AUST RA LI A

the existence o f a province in New South Wales

established by legislative enactment , also by

o diocesan j ealousies , and by the hesitati n of different dioceses to surrender thei r autonomy

o to an rgan ization of which they knew nothing . I n the end the above-mentioned federal council o f dioceses was estab lished with power strictly limited to dealing with certain deﬁned questions , but subject to the proviso “ That no determi na tion o f General Synod is to be bi nding upon any particular diocese unti l that diocese has ” accepted it .

Notwithstanding its anomalous position , the General Synod has initiated and procured the adoption o f a useful body o f legislation consisting of an appellate tribunal fo r hearing cases on appeal from diocesan courts ; ru les for the trial of Bishops ; rules fo r the formation O f new dioceses and provinces ; rules for the conﬁrmation and consecration o f Bisho ps and election o f Primates and has taken steps in such administrative matters as the promotion o f foreign missions and the regulation o f relations with other branches o f the H I T Church Of C R S and other rel igious bodies , together with such matters as may have been submitted by diocesan syn o ds for its considera C H U R CH O RG A N I Z ATI O N

tion . Mention should also be made of a provision for the formation of a Council o f Reference in

E o f ngland , to which matters , by consent General

Synod , might be sent for consideration .

Th e o f G inherent weakness eneral Synod , how

o f ever , owing to lack coercive j urisdiction , became at once apparent when i t attempted to deal with

o f the privileged position an autonomous diocese . This defect declared itself in connection with the

o o f questi n of the Primacy , when the Diocese Sydney declined to yield to the clai ms o f the other dioceses for a more effective voice in the

o f Th e election the Primate . adj ustment of the rival claims o f diocese and Church was u n doubtedly a difﬁcult matter . I n the ﬁ rst instance two alternative methods of election were proposed ,

o f the former which was adopted , whereby it was

o f thought that the interests diocese , province ,

Th e and Church would be mutually preserved . Diocese o f Sydney was given the right of select

fo r o o n e o f ing three names electi n , which should be struck o u tby the Bish o ps o f the Province o f

o New S uth Wales , and a second by the whole bench of Australian Bishops , the su rvivor in this

o f o process exhaustion to be Bish p of Sydney , T Metropolitan , and Primate . his method has A USTRA LI A

o been twice tried , and proved not nly cumbrous

in working , but also to unduly limit the voice of

o n the Church as a whole . Later attempts were made to secure the adoption of the alternative

o f proposal , providing for the appointment two

o n e committees , representing the Sydney diocese,

o f the other representing the rest the Church , the election to be by concurrent majorities with an appeal to the Mother Church in the event o f a

s deadlock . But thi method was declined by Sydney ; an d in despair o f any other solution

P ri m a c ' a t which would maintain the y Sydney , General Synod in 1 900 determined to sever this

o f connection , and passed a series amended rules making any Metropol itan in Australia or Ta s mania eligible for the Primatial ofﬁce , and vesting

o o f the power of electi n in the House Bishops . This solution o f the vexed question is n o twh o lly

fo r satisfactory, an itinerating Pri macy is open to serious obj ection ; but , as already indicated , the establishment o f a Federal Capital within one hundred miles o f Sydney may Open the way towards the formation o f a Primatial See . Th e establishment o f provincial synods dates 1 8 6 from 9 , when the provincial Synod of New

South Wales , consisting originally of the Dioceses

AUSTRA LI A

sent a united front i n obtaining Parliamentary

sanction to its constitution . Th e formation o f three new dioceses in Victoria and of the See of Carpentaria in Q ueensland enabled the Church in those states to adopt pro

vi n c i a l 1 0 organization in 9 5 . Proposals were originally made in Victoria to establish a pro

vi n c i a l synod with coercive j urisdiction , but the obj ections to the c o urse o ffered by the Diocese o f Ballarat proved so strong that ultimately the new organization was l aunched o n the old and Vicious principle o f sub o rdinating the province to the

diocese . Whether in these circumstances provin c i a l action will tend towards strengthening the

o w . Church i n Vict ria , the future alone ill Show I n

o n Q ueensland , the other hand , where no serious to c o n stitu opposition had be faced , a provincial ti o n was adopted which gives to the provincial synod its full authority in all matters of provin

c i a l T concern . hus , with the above exception , and notwithstanding the apparent due grada

o f tion authority through general , provincial ,

o and diocesan synods , the di cese still remains

autonomous , and controls Church legislation i n

Australia .

A n o m a l i e s . As a result o f this independence no little variety C H URC H O RG A N I Z ATI O N 2 1 I i n the details of diocesan constitutions i s notice able, though the main lines are similar . I n certain dioceses all licensed clergy are members o f ben e ﬁc ed synod , in others only the clergy , whilst in Sydney clergy without cure of souls , i f elected , are allowed to sit as lay representatives .

Th e qualiﬁcations for lay representation also vary . According to some synodal constitutions they must be communicants , whereas according to others any o n e o f full age declaring himsel f a member o f the Chu rch of England is regarded as eligible . A very similar lack of uniformity is to be found even in the fundamental provisions upon which the constitutions of the respective dioceses are based . I n regard t o these some dioceses have fettered themselves by providing for the acceptance of the j udgements of the J udicial “ Committee o f the Privy Council as interpreting the formularies of the Church ; others have re ta i n ed their independence ; others , again , have bound themselves by decisions made ﬁ fty years ago , and are without power , except by appeal to the Legislature , to accept the changes which E from ti me to ti me may be made in ngland . This diversity o f constitution and usage offers a serious obstacle to any more binding form o f AUSTRA LI A

organization ; and the removal of this obstacle , by the repeal o f the various Constitution Acts

with a View to greater uniformity, is far from

to ‘ easy secure , even should the Church be T unanimous in desiring this alteration . here is ,

o h wever, l ittle prospect of unanimity , without which an Australian diocese might ﬁnd itsel f placed in the position of the Free Church o f

o O n Scotland in respect f its property . the

r whole it must be said that , whilst the gene al constitution is anomal o us and theoretically i m

i n possible, practice it has produced results far

better than could have been anticipated . I t illus “ trates the B ritish genius fo r muddling through ” s o mehow ; and although there are grave defects

o f which all feel , there is little likel ihood any

radical Change being effected in the constitution . Th e M o th er Closely connected with this subject is that o f Chu r c h . the legal nexus binding the Church in Australia

o f. E to the Church ngland , which lately has Two assumed considerable i mportance . circum

stances have led to its serious consideration . I n the ﬁrst place there has been a steady growth

o f towards consciousness nationality , not only in

' the Commonwealth bu tth ro u gh o u tthe great self

o governing States o f the E mpire . C lonial states

2 1 4 AUSTRA LI A

Australian Dioceses and the Mother Church was referred to a select committee for inquiry and

o f report . I nto the actual merits the subj ect it is i mpossible to enter ; but should some method o f dealing with the difﬁculties raised by the form

o f diocesan constitutions be discovered , and the way opened to greater independence by the re

o f o f moval legal ties , any action in the direction separation taken in this respect by the Church in the Commonwealth must not be construed as

Th e tending to disloyalty . Church in Australia may be trusted to retain all that is essential to

o f Catholic principles organization , and to preserve intact those bonds o f gratitude and affection which have so long united her to the grey -haired

Mother . G ENE RAL I ND EX

Abo n e s 2 1 2 Au o n o m o u s d o c e se s rigi , 3 3 , 3 4 , 9 , 3 , t i , 5 4 , — — 1 1 0 1 1 6 1 6 1 8 ° 1 1 68 . 3 3 1 4 1 441 3 1 7 5 43 Ac s u c 1 02 t , Ch r h , ,

a n Re v . . B i , J , 2 1 . — Ad e a d e 1 1 6 1 . a n s . 1 6 1 . l i , 3 , 49 B k , Sir J , , 7 Aid En s 8 1 2 8 a a a t o c e s e o f 8 , gli h , 3 5 , 44 , 4 , , B ll r , Di , 5 5 , 4 ,

1 1 6 1 1 8 .

a e 6 0 a sm St t , 5 , 74 , 9 , 94 , B pti 49 . 93 . 97 a e s o o f d n e B rk r , Bi h p , Sy y , 5 6 to M ss o n s 1 8 a o s o o f o u i i , 9 , B rl w , Bi h p , G l — 1 . bu n 8 1 1 1 . 93 r , , 3 2 3 4

A e n s 1 1 1 . a s o o f d n e li , 3 3 , 3 9 , 93 ff B rry , Bi h p , Sy y , An d e so n s o o f R e r , Bi h p , iv r

i n a 8 . a u s o c es e o f 60 , 9 B th r t , Di , , — An a e s 1 . o m li , 2 0 8 5 8 8 . th e ﬁ A c d ea c o n s 6 . ed o d . 1 . r h , r t , 2 , 3 3 B f r , Dr , 45 — A m d a e 82 8 8 . en d o o c e se o f 1 1 . r i l , 74 , 5 , 9 B ig , Di , 5 , 5 A m s o n s o o f Wa n b e i n a e c o o s r tr g , Bi h p , Bi l St t S h l

a a a 1 1 . Le a u e 1 1 1 g r tt , 5 g . 2 7. 3 5 . 79 .

A u o e n o 1 . 1 8 0. rth r , G v r r , 44 As se m b M e b o u n e s o ﬁ s Au s a a n 1 ly , l r Bi h p , r t tr li , 3 ,

u c 1 0 . ° Ch r h , 5 3 5

Aus a a s c a ea u e s s o s 6 . tr li , Phy i l f t r Bi h p , 5 5 , 5

o f . Bl m ﬁeld s o f Lo n , 2 o , Bi h p , o

N a e c a a c e d o n o . tiv h r t r , 4

i n . a d s o f Ed uc a o n 1 2 . , 7 B o r ti , 7

sc o e o f 1 . a o n a e 1 0 . Di v ry , 5 P tr g , 4 2 1 6 G EN ERA L I N D EX

o o d e Rev. R . B l , . G , 71 .

t 1 . o a n Ba 1 6 1 1 . u bb M r . u s c e B t y y , , 9 Ch , J i , 43

o u e R . 1 0. u c u d n 6 8 B rk , Sir , 44 , 7 Ch r h B il i g , 2 2 , 3 , 5 ,

sba n e o c e se o f 1 8 . Bri , Di , 5 — 1 2 . E x en s o n 1 9 t i , 3 , 3 3 ,

o en H 8 8 1 8 . 0. Br k ill , , 5 9 Br o m b s o o f Ta s a n z a o n , Bi h p , O i i , 7, 47, y rg t — m a n a 1 . 1 1 . i , 47

1 0 . o s o n o f 1 0 . Dr . , 7 P iti , , 3 7

o e o o d s u s 8 1 . o c etes 8 . Br th rh , B h , 7, 3 7 S i i , 5 , 97 o u o n s o o f S d a e L o te A c Br ght , Bi h p , y Cl rk , w h r , r h

n e 2 8 0 b s o o f M e bo u n e 1 1 . y , 7, 2 , 3 , i h p l r , 3 e E n s 6 1 8 3 2 : 3 3 1 3 5 1 42 1 Cl rgy , gli h , 5 , 2 , 1 43 ) 5 01 5 1 9 3 a [ 1 0 a o c a 6 95 , 45 7 7 , P r hi l , 3 , 5 5 ,

6 1 ° 5 1 7 1 771 79

un bu o c es e o f Pﬁo n eer 6 86 . B ry , Di , 5 5 , , 5 ,

1 66 . o a d u o s o s 8 1 2 6 C j t r Bi h p , 7 , , - u d e o u s a n e s 1 2 . B r tt C tt , B ro s , 7

o e d e Rev . E . C l ri g , , 44

u o n M r . u s c e 8 . (SOHe e s 8 1 1 8 1 2 B rt , J ti , 2 g , 45 , 4 , , 9 ,

a m d e s o o f a o n s Rev . E . 6 . C i g , Bi h p , B th C lli , , 9

u r t8 . s o n s D . 1 . , 7 C lli , Sir , 43

C a m be H o n . 8 8 8 . o o u o b em 1 1 p ll , J , 9 C l r Pr l , 3 3 , 93 ,

a n d d a e s fo r Ho O d e s 00. C i t ly r r , 2

6 6 0 o n d a La ke 1 0. 45 , , 7 , C h , 9 o n e en c e 6— 6 2 1 0 C f r , 4 49 , , 4, a en a a o c ese o f C rp t ri , Di , 5 5 , t 1 C o n sen su a l C o m p a c , 2 3 , a e d a s 1 1 8 1 C th r l , 44, 95 , , 2 8 ,

1 8 . o n stu o n s 1 5 C it ti , 5 , 5 3 , 99 ,

a m e s s o o f o u 1 0 . Ch l r , Bi h p , G l 3

b u n 8 0. o n c s 6 1 6 2 r , C vi t , , , 3 , a a n s 8 6 1 Ch pl i , 3 , 9 , 44, 1 5 1 .

a se R v . E . Ch , e , 1 9 2 .

2 1 8 (SEN ERA L I N D EX

Ho d o Rev . . 8 n f i v s n W . L o n s o o R er i n a g , , 5 i t , Bi h p , , H o a d Re v. . B . 1 0. 8 8 w r , C , 3 9 , 5

Hu n e o e n o 6 . L o e H o n . R. 1 1 . t r , G v r r , 2 w , , 7

Hu c n s A c d ea c o n 0 L u te a n M ss o n s 1 1 1 2 . t hi , r h , 4 , h r i i , 9 , 9

1 6 . L w c h e M r . u stc e 1 . 4 u ty , J i , 2 2

I M th r r . . 6 . m m a o n 1 1 1 8 . M a c Ar u 2 igr ti , 2 , 2 5 , 3 , J ,

Im e a s m 1 . M a c a n e e a n 6 . p ri li , 2 3 rt y , D , 9

I t Re v . A . s N a o n a s em 1 0. M a c a en be ri h i l Sy t , 7 l r , l rt , 77

I n Rev . K. O . 1 . M a c u a e o e n o 1 88 . rwi , , 7 q ri , G v r r ,

M a a e La s 8 2 0 . rri g w , 4 , 9

M a s d en Re v. S. 2 6 r , , , — o n s n Re v . R . 1 1 J h o , , 7 9 , 22 , s o o f a t 2 3 . Bi h p , B h

u r st, 8 6 .

Ka r a rl o 1 1 . M e a n e s a 1 8 1 8 . p go , 40, 9 2 l i , 4 , 9 Ken n i o n s o o f Ad e ~ M e bo u n e o c ese o f 2 , Bi h p , l r , Di , 4 , — a 1 . 1 1 6 l id e , 5 7

K n o e n o 0 1 . M e c e s o o f Ta s i g , G v r r , 2 , 43 r r , Bi h p ,

Kn o wo d Rev . B . 1 . m a n a 1 . p o , , 43 i , 49 M e o o ta n u sd c to n tr p li j ri i i ,

La b o u a 1 . r P rty , 93 fo r th e La n d a n ts 1 8 . M n st T a n n Gr , , 93 i i ry , r i i g , a n e s o o f B en L gl y , Bi h p ,

d o 1 1 . M ss o n s Au s a a n o a d ig , 5 i i , tr li B r D s o o f O J . . , Bi h p ﬂ

en d 1 1 . 1 1 . B igo , 5 9 l k f La Re a d e s 1 1 . G e n er a o o y r , 7 — w r , L e a u e b e i n a e 1 8 2 00. g , Bi l St t 5

R 1 8 1 . c o o s 1 1 1 . M c e e 6 2 S h l , 2 7, 3 5 , 79 it h ll iv r , 9 , 9 , 9 Le s a o n o f G en er a l M o n o m e s o o f gi l ti tg ry , Bi h p ,

n o d 06 . Ta sm a n a 1 8 . Sy , 2 i , 4 Lete s a ten t M o o e o e e e u es 8 t r P , 3 3 , 3 5 , 3 9 , r C ll g B q t , 3 ,

6 1 1 1 0 . 4 . 5 3 . 6 . 63 . 79 . 03 . 7 M o o r o u se s o o f M el h , B—i h p , L o o n e 1 0. bo u n e 1 0 1 1 1 . ight , C l l , 5 r , 9 3 , 79 (3 EN ERA L I N D EX 2 1 5;

M o r a ls 2 8 1 . e s o o f M el , 44 P rry , Bi h p , — M o a a n M ss o n s 1 0 1 . bo u n e 2 1 0 . r vi i i , 9 , 9 2 r , 4 , 95 9

M o e o n Ba 1 1 1 . e o c ese o f 1 1 1 r t y , 7 , 73 , 9 P rth , Di , 5 , 5 4 , — 1 6 2 1 6 6 .

N a o Rev . T. B . . a a n 1 8 . yl r , , 93 Phillip , C pt i ,

N ew u n e M n P o d n s o 8 . G i a i ssi o , 6 9 , 77, l i g , Bi h p 3

1 1 1 1 ' o c a L e 1 1 2 . 3 3 . 4 3 99 P liti l if , , 5 , 99

N e w N 1 P o d e 1 1 . o c a 1 . o n n r , 92 i i , 9 N e w Z ea a n d 1 6 2 o u a o n 2 6 1 8 2 1 l , , 7, P p l ti , , 4 , , , , 0 43 , 2 5 ° N e c a ste i o c ese f 1 1 0 1 1 1 6 w l , D o , 3 4 , 09 1 2 , 3 3 ; 3 9 1 5 1 — 6 1 ' 42 1 75 0

N i x o n i s o o f Ta s m a n i a o 0 2 . , B h p , , P rt Philip , 4 , 9 , 99

P e sb e a n s 1 0 1 8 . r yt ri , 2 , 7 0 — N o n c o n o m i s s 1 2 1 6 m a c 66 6 8 2 0 2 08 . f r t , 5 , 5 , Pri y , , 7, e f Abo n e s Pro t c ti o n o rigi ,

N o o I s a n d 6 . rf lk l , 2 , 2 9 N o u e en s a n d o c e s e o u Sea rth Q l , Di S th - o f 6 1 1 1 . I s a n d , 4 , 2 4 , 2 9 4o l - N o Wes s o c 1 6 . e r s 1 . rth t Bi h pri , 7 , 97 N o e n Te o 1 o n c es 2 1 1 1 rth r rrit ry , 3 9 , Pr vi , 5 , 5 4, 9 , 5 ,

o n c a O a n z a o n 1 Pr vi i l rg i ti , 3 ,

O a n z a to n C u c 6 , rg —i i , h r h , 5 2 01 2 1 4 .

O o n Rev . . . een s a n d 1 . rt , J , 93 Q u l , 3 , 4 , 5 3 o n c e o f Pr vi , a n s f a P i , Bi h o p , o Gipp sl n d , 1 1 h 1 1 5 . N o rt, 2 9 , 4o . ’ a a m a a K n s c o o P r tt , i g S h l , R 1 1 e n 8 8 1 . 5 7 ligio , , , 2 9 , 9 R 1 a e s H . 1 . es e e s Ed u c a o n a 0. P rk , Sir , 72 rv , ti l , 7

a s o o f P e 1 6 . Abo n a 1 0 P rry , Bi h p , rth , 3 rigi l , 9 ,

a o n a e 1 0 . 1 1 . P tr g , 4 9 ea s o n s o o f N e w R e s o o f e P r , Bi h p , il y , Bi h p , P rth ,

c a s e . 1 6 . tl , 75 5 2 2 0 G EN ERA L

Ri ver i n a o c ese o f o u Au s a a 2 1 , Di , 5 9 , 79 , S th tr li , , 3 9 , 4 , — 8 0. 1 1 6 1 7 9 5 3 1 49 , R o c a m o n o c e se o f Se a Is a n d e s 1 0 kh pt , Di , l r , 3 , — 8 1 3 . Ro m a n a o c sm 1 2 i i u a d es u o n C th li i , 9 , 4, Sp r t l tit ti , 44,

1 1 2 .

tn s o : f ew 1 8 0. a n o o N St , Bi h p

Ro s s A c d ea c o n 8 . c a s e 6 1 0. , r h , 3 tl , 7 , 3

W . 1 0 1 1 0. R u sse L o d o n . a e ll , r J h , 3 9 St w ll , Sir 5 ,

e en A e d 0. St ph , Sir lfr , 5 ’

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P RIN TE D BY A R M OVVBRAY CO L . . . TD .

UN IVERSITY O F CALIFORN IA LIBRARY Lo s An g eles

n h a tam el Th i s bo o k i s D UE o t e la std te s ped b o w.

J AN 1 6 1954

m o o LD

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