Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire

Updated Archaeological Excavation Report

for Taylor Wimpey plc

CA Project: 779004 CA Report: 14411

February 2016

Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire

Updated archaeological excavation report

CA Project: 779004 CA Report: 14411

Document Control Grid Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for Approved revision by A 09/10/14 CJ Ellis KEW Internal MAW review B 28/03/15 KEW Additional conservation work C 11/04/16 KEW External Specialist review comment

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 5

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 6

The site ...... 6 Archaeological background ...... 6 Archaeological objectives ...... 8 Methodology...... 8

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-10) ...... 10

Natural Soil Sequence ...... 10 Area 1 (Figs. 2-10) ...... 11

3. THE FINDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS ...... 13

Bronze Age Urns by E. R. McSloy ...... 13 The Charcoal Remains by Sarah Cobain ...... 18 Human remains by Sharon Clough ...... 20

4. DISCUSSION ...... 25

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 27

5. REFERENCES ...... 27

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS FOR STRIP, MAP AND SAMPLE EXCAVATION ...... 31 APPENDIX B: SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF URNS AND CONDITION ...... 38 APPENDIX C: CHARCOAL IDENTIFICATION ...... 40 APPENDIX D: OSTEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY ...... 47 APPENDIX E: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 49

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Site location plan with all Cotswold Archaeology (CA) investigations Fig. 3 Plan of Area 1 urned cremation cemetery Fig. 4 East facing section of decorated cremation urn 4005 (RA 52) (0.4m scale) Fig. 5 Northwest facing section of urns 4003 (RA 50) and 4004 (RA 51) Fig. 6 General view of Area 1A looking southwest (1m scales) Fig. 7 North facing section of urn 4042 (RA 65) cutting into earlier urned cremation burial 4102 (RA 70)/4103 (RA 71) (0.4m scale) Fig. 8 General view of urn 4039 (RA 62) truncated by a modern pit, looking north (0.4m scale) Fig. 9 Glass bead from soil sample <167> associated with Urn RA 57 (fill 4134) from Cremation pit 4079 Fig.10 Flake of an opaque glassy slag from soil sample <73>, taken from Urn RA 64 (context 4041, fill 4077)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Weight of cremated bone for each burial by skeletal area Table 2: Weight of bone by fraction to determine level of fragmentation Table 3: Deposit contained in urn total weight for spit Table 4: (Appendix B) Summary description of urns and condition Table 5: (Appendix C) Charcoal identification Table 6: (Appendix C) Charcoal identification Table 7: (Appendix C) Charcoal identification Table 8: (Appendix C) Charcoal identification Table 9: (Appendix C) Charcoal identification Table 10: (Appendix C) Charcoal identification Table 11: (Appendix C) Charcoal identification

4 Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

SUMMARY

Project Name: Peters Road, Locks Heath Location: Fareham, Hampshire NGR: SU 5022 0715 Type: Strip, map and sample excavation Date: 14 April – 9 May 2014 Planning Reference: P/07/1515/OA Location of Archive: To be deposited with Hampshire Museum Service Accession Number: A2014.31 Site Code: PRL 14

An archaeological strip, map and sample excavation of two areas of land off Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in April/May 2014, as part of a programme of archaeological investigation. The site had been the subject of three phases of evaluation (in 2009, 2013 and 2014). The two areas comprised 925m² in total. The excavations were undertaken to investigate the extent of a Middle Bronze Age urned cremation cemetery, of which four burials had been identified in 2009.

The site had been subject to heavy truncation. Despite this, at least 16 pits were recorded, containing urns. Additional cremation urns, or fragments thereof, were also recovered without visible cuts, or from a tree-throw hole. Portions of some 21 cremation urns have been identified, which are dateable to the Middle Bronze Age and to the Deverel–Rimbury style, which commonly characterises pottery in southern England in the period c. 1600–1200 BC. The Locks Heath group is among the largest of Middle Bronze Age date excavated from the county in recent decades.

A glass bead was the single possible grave good identified. Despite the urns being block lifted and excavated in spits, and the deposits surrounding them also being widely sampled, the amount of cremated bone recovered was very small (just seven deposits), and the weights of bone were very low when compared to the average for the time period, with high fragmentation levels. Flotation of the soil samples produced, in general, very little ecofactual material. No carbonised plant macrofossils were present and charcoal, where present was poorly preserved.

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1. INTRODUCTION

The site 1.1 An archaeological strip, map and sample excavation of land off Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in April/May 2014, as part of a programme of archaeological investigation which was commissioned by Taylor Wimpey plc. The development (hereafter referred to as ‘the site’) encloses an area of approximately 8.3ha within Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire (Figs. 1, 2). It is bounded to the north by Peters Road, to the east by Lockswood Road, and south by fields and to the west by properties fronting onto Brook Lane and Chichester Close. The site is generally flat and sloping down to the south, lying at 28.8m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) in the north and 23.8m (aOD) in the south.

1.2 The underlying bedrock geology of the area is mapped as Earnley Sand Formation of the Palaeogene Period, overlain by superficial clay and silt River Terrace Deposits of the Quaternary Period (BGS 2014). Natural geological deposits comprising clayey sand and sandy silts were exposed during the earlier evaluations (CA 2009, 2013).

Archaeological background 1.3 For a detailed archaeological background, and the scope and findings of previous phases of work undertaken, reference should be made to the site-specific Desk- based Assessment (Wessex Archaeology 2007), the Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) prepared for the evaluations (RPS 2008), the Heritage Statement prepared by Cotswold Archaeology (CA 2011), and the reports for the Phase 1-3 archaeological evaluations (CA 2009, 2013 and 2014b).

1.4 In summary, previous archaeological investigations identified a number of sites and findspots of prehistoric date to the south of the site close by. These included finds of Palaeolithic axes and burnt flint spreads. Of particular significance to this site is the reported discovery of other Bronze Age urned cremation burials, and a Bronze Age founder’s hoard from a pit north of Fleetend (AHBR 19318), particularly from large gravel pits around at Fleetend (Hampshire County Council Archaeology and Historic Buildings Record: AHBR). These include: a single Deverel-Rimbury influenced urn from Buttons Pit (AHBR 19468, SU 450090 106100), a Deverel-Rimbury barrel-

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shaped urn from Dyke's Pit (AHBR 19319, SU 450600 105800), two Deverel- Rimbury urns and a Late Bronze Age accessory vessel from New Pit (AHBR 60766, SU 450533 106053), and four Deverel-Rimbury urns, a beaker and two early Iron Age vessels from Newbury's Pit (AHBR 60767, SU 450729 105500). A V-profiled ditch containing Iron Age pottery was recorded 250m to the south of the site, six sherds of Iron Age pottery have been found just to the north (RPS 2008) and an Iron Age stater coin was found some 850m to the south-east of the site (AHBR 32204). Hamble Point, an Iron Age promontory settlement, is located 1.5km south-west of the site and further settlement of this date has been identified at Hook, 1.5km southeast of the site (CA 2011).

1.5 The site was part of the Manor of Titchfield, and cartographic evidence from the 18th century shows a mixture of woodland, pasture and arable land. By the end of the 19th century the site had been subdivided into smaller plots, probably for market gardening, and contained several small structures and glasshouses (CA 2011). Modern maps continue to show the site as including nursery buildings.

1.6 The Phase 1 evaluation in 2009 comprised the excavation of ten trenches (Trenches 11-18, 25 and 26), all measuring 25m in length and 1.8m in width (Fig. 2). The majority of the trenches contained no archaeological features or deposits. Trench 11/15 contained four urned cremation burials. These remained unexcavated but were observed as pottery urns set within undefined cuts into the natural geology. One of the urns was found alongside what was thought to be a smaller accessory vessel. In addition, a small charcoal-filled pit which contained no artefacts was located 45m to the south within Trench 12 (CA 2009). The Phase 2 evaluation (CA 2013) comprised the excavation of one 25m x 1.6m-wide trench (Trench 22). A modern ditch and an undated, but probable post-medieval/early modern ditch were identified. These were interpreted as likely to represent agricultural drainage and/or boundary features.

1.7 The Phase 3 evaluation was undertaken in 2013 (CA 2014b) immediately prior to stripping of the two strip, map and sample (SMS) areas (1, 2). Twenty-two evaluation trenches were to be excavated, numbered 1-10, 19-21, 23-24, and 28-35 to avoid numbers already utilised. Four of these were, however, not dug because of their inaccessibility. Trenches 6 and 7 were in the area of a very large topsoil

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spoilheap, Trench 8 was behind a large fallen tree and Trench 29 was in a designated Tree Protection Area.

1.8 No archaeological features, deposits or artefacts of note were found in this last phase of evaluation fieldwork. Only four of the evaluation trenches (9, 20, 21, and 30) contained archaeological features, all of which were undated. However, based upon alignments (for the field boundary/drainage ditches in Trenches 9, 20, 30) or fill characteristics (for the posthole in Trench 21), they were all probably of post- medieval/modern date and associated with the recent market garden industry of the area.

Archaeological objectives 1.9 The objectives of the strip, map and sample excavations were to provide information about the archaeological resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality. In accordance with the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Excavation (IfA 2008), the excavation areas were designed to be minimally intrusive and minimally destructive to archaeological remains.

1.10 The SMS excavations were carried out in accordance with a requirement for archaeological excavation of two areas, issued by Hannah Fluck, Senior Archaeologist for Hampshire County Council (HCC), the archaeological advisor to the Local Planning Authority (LPA), Fareham Borough Council. The Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) (CA 2014a), which was approved by Hannah Fluck, updated a previous WSI produced by RPS Planning and Development (RPS 2008). The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (IfA 2008), the Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) and the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (English Heritage 2006).

Methodology 1.11 The archaeological works comprised the machine excavation of two SMS areas (1, 2) originally proposed in 2008 (RPS 2008). Area 1 was approximately 700m² in extent and Area 2 was a 225m² area. The SMS areas were to investigate the possibility that the urned cremation burials recorded in the 2009 evaluation Trench 11/15 (CA 2009), may have extended to the south or south-east. The areas were set

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out on OS National Grid co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual (2012).

1.12 The SMS areas were excavated by a tracked mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural geology, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were be excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (2007).

1.13 Deposits were assessed for their palaeo-environmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (2003). All the backfill deposits within the urned cremation burial pits surrounding the cremation urns were fully sampled to recover any charcoal, cremated bone fragments or artefacts. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation (1995).

1.14 Each individual cremation urn was given unique context numbers and Registered Artefact (RA) numbers and ascribed as fills of the urned cremation burial pit cuts. Both obvious vessels and apparent groups of sherds were assigned RA numbers in the field, to assist with later analysis or reconstruction, although initial analysis suggests some of the sherd groups may not each represent an individual vessel.

1.15 All cremation pits were half or quadrant-sectioned to enable photographic and drawn records of each whole feature group (pit cut, urn, backfill deposits) in turn. Each half/quadrant backfill deposit was ascribed unique context and palaeo- environmental/artefact sample numbers. Because of the relatively shallow nature of the burial pits’ backfill deposits no ‘spit’ subdivisions of each context were made. The urns were wrapped and lifted, and removed to the laboratory for micro- excavation for the recovery of human remains. They were particularly fragile and have required specialist full cleaning and conservation work to partially restore or reconstruct the vessels. This work is ongoing at Cardiff Conservation Services, Cardiff University.

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1.16 The archive and artefacts from this programme of works will be held by CA at their offices in Kemble and Andover. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts, documentary and digital archive be deposited with Hampshire Museum Services under accession number A2013.05. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix E, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-10)

2.1 This section provides an overview of the excavation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts, and the finds and environmental evidence are to be found in the Appendices.

Natural Soil Sequence 2.2 Prior to this phase of investigation, the topsoil in all areas of the site had been stripped and stockpiled in a number of spoilheaps across the site. Therefore, topsoil was present as a remnant in only a few areas at the margins of the SMS areas. Where the in situ topsoil was visible it was recorded as generally being 0.2–0.27m thick and characterised by a dark greyish-brown to black silty clay with common root disturbance from recently removed scrub/trees.

2.3 Subsoil was recorded across the site below the topsoil, and was generally 0.3m thick and characterised by a light yellowish-brown silty clay or sandy silt except where it directly overlaid natural gravel, whereupon it was recorded as a light greyish-brown slightly clayey silt with rare gravel (<30mm). In places the subsoil had been cut by post-medieval and modern features. The prevailing natural geology across the site (see Fig. 6) was a light yellowish-brown or orange/brown clayey silt, sandy silt or silty clay with iron and manganese mottles. In the east of the site (Trenches 28A, 28B, 31–35) the natural geology was gravel, which comprised a very pale grey or yellow coarse sand matrix with well-sorted, sub-angular and sub- rounded flint gravel (<60mm).

2.4 Immediately prior to the fieldwork being undertaken, and to the immediate north of Area 1, a large drainage ditch easement had been cut which arced across the southern part of the site (Fig. 2). The easement, within which the pipe trench was located, was generally 10–15m wide and was cut approximately 0.2m below the

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level of machine stripping of Area 1 where the urned cremation burials were exposed.

2.5 A number of tree-throw holes and post-medieval field drains were recorded in nearly all the evaluation trenches and in Area 2. No archaeological features or deposits were recorded in Area 2 (15m²), which was excavated to investigate the possibility of ‘outliers’ of the urned cremation burial cemetery, located approximately 60m to the north, being present (Fig. 2). A very small assemblage of burnt flint and a flint flake core (of prehistoric date) were recovered from topsoil during stripping.

2.6 Area 1 was approximately 700m² in size. The area targeted a group of four Middle Bronze Age urned cremation burials that were initially recorded in Trench 11/15 (but not excavated) during the 2009 evaluation (CA 2009). Once stripped, it became clear that the cemetery had been heavily impacted upon by modern ploughing, root disturbance and other modern features. Despite this, at least 16 cremation graves were recorded, containing urned burials. Additional cremation urns, or fragments of urns, were also recovered without visible grave cuts, or from a tree-throw hole. Portions of some 21 cremation urns have been identified, which are dateable to the Middle Bronze Age and to the Deverel–Rimbury style, which commonly characterises pottery in southern England in the period c. 1600–1200 BC

Area 1 (Figs. 2-10) 2.7 The four cremation urns (contexts 1505, 1511, 1514, 1516) originally recorded in the 2009 evaluation (CA 2009) were re-exposed and excavated. They were re- numbered 4005, 4012, 4003, 4004 (RA 52, 53, 50 and 51) from cremation pits 4006, 4013, 4020 and 4022 respectively.

2.8 A further 12 pits were identified as cremation pits or graves as they contained ‘complete’ or partial urns, and an unstratified cremation urn, RA 69, was also recorded. Of these probable 17 urns, 14 were recorded in a tight cluster within a 26 square metre area in the east of Area 1. Unstratified urn RA 69 was found on the spoilheap bordering the north side of Area 1, which was derived from the recent pipe trench easement. The close proximity of outlier cremation pit 4046 (RA 54), which was only 1m from the edge of the easement, would suggest that RA 69 represents another outlier cremation burial from within the easement stripped area to the

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immediate north of Area 1. Urn RA 54 contained on of the highest concentrations of charcoal recorded.

2.9 The urned cremation burial pits were cut into natural geology and were generally sub-circular or sub-oval in shape, being not much larger or deeper than the buried cremation urns. The pits (4006, 4013, 4116, 4020, 4022, 4034, 4046, 4052, 4061, 4063, 4068, 4078/4122, 4079, 4090, 4095, 4112/4124) were generally 0.5–0.6m in extent and 0.15–0.3m deep, with steep or near-vertical sides and flat bases. The backfill deposits were generally very subsoil-like and comprised the only fills of the individual pits aside from the burial urns. They were characterised by a mid to dark yellowish or greyish brown silty clay or clayey silt with very rare sub-angular/angular flint (<30mm) and moderate charcoal flecks. Possible cremated bone was rarely visually discernible in any of the backfill deposits during excavation. In most cases the burials had been adversely effected by tree root disturbance, and by the relatively recent removal of trees/scrub from the area, as well as from modern cut features (for example, RA 62 cremation pit 4116, Fig. 8).

2.10 Of particular interest was the single example of a cremation pit (4078/4122) and urn (4042, RA 65) having been cut through an earlier urned cremation burial (pit 4112/4124 and urn 4102/4103 (Fig. 7). Four separate clusters of sherds were identified from the earlier pit (RA 63, 64, 70 and 71) although it was thought that they might represent disparate elements of the same (disturbed) urn. It is not clear if this was a deliberate action (i.e. if the location of the earlier pit had been marked or was otherwise known to the people digging the later pit).

2.11 Not all the urns or groups of sherds were recovered from clearly identifiable pits. For example, tree-throw hole 4086 contained urn sherds RA 66 and 67. It is not entirely clear if an existing tree-throw hole had been utilised for disposal of remains, or if tree roots had grown, thereby disturbing existing burials. Two spreads of sherds each without a visible pit cut, were assigned RA numbers (RA 64 and 68).

2.12 Although it was not generally obvious in the field, initial ceramic analysis has indicated that, where it is possible to tell from the form of the remains present, (base sherds, rim sherds upper body sherds, etc.), more of the vessels appear to have been buried inverted than in an upright position. Truncation or only limited sherds

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being present, means that, in some cases, the burial-orientation is unlikely to be determined (see Appendix B, Table 4 below).

2.13 The urns from cremation pits 4006 (RA 52, Fig. 4), 4020 (RA 50), 4022 (RA 51), both Fig. 5, 4078/4122 (RA 65, Fig. 7) 4090 (RA 58) and 4116 (RA 62, Fig. 8) were the most complete, and Urn RA 50 also contained one of the highest concentrations of charcoal. This implies that the preservation of the vessels from the pits which had been exposed in the earlier evaluation had not suffered obvious additional damage due to the delay in recovering them from the ground.

2.14 Human bone was recovered from within the urn or the material surrounding it, from pits 4013 (RA 53), 4052 (RA 55), 4068 (RA56), 4090 (RA 58), 4095 (RA 59), 4061 (RA 60), and 4063 (RA 61). No grave goods were recovered by hand during the excavations. However, subsequently, a single glass bead (Fig. 9) was recorded following processing of soil sample <167> which was associated with RA 57 (fill 4134), from cremation pit 4079. Additionally, a small flake (Fig.10) of an opaque glassy material initially provisionally identified as obsidian was recorded from soil sample <73>, taken from RA. 64. Following advice from Torben Bjarke Ballin (University of Bradford) and Alison Sheridan (National Museums of Scotland) this was subsequently identified as a glassy slag rather than obsidian or pitchstone.

3. THE FINDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS

Bronze Age Urns by E. R. McSloy

Cremation Urns 3.1 A group of up to 21 cremation urns in varying degrees of completeness were recorded. Most vessels were heavily truncated, with some vessels represented only by base or rim portions. Four vessels (P10, P18–19 and 21) were very fragmentary and may represent disturbed burials. Of the remainder, two (P11 and P14) were deposited upright so that only the base proportion survived and twelve vessels (P1– 9; P12–13 and P16) were inverted, preserving the rim and some instances (P1–2 and P7) the greater part of the body.

3.2 All of the group appears to date to the Middle Bronze Age, c. 1700/1500 to 1150 cal. BC (Needham 1996, 132–5) and is largely attributable to the Deverel–Rimbury style,

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which commonly characterises pottery of this period across southern England. Vessel P1 and possibly P3 exhibit traits more typical of the to the Wessex Biconical Urn tradition and are suggestive of dating early in the given range, at the very beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. 3.3 The level of truncation makes definition of vessel profile difficult. Vessel P1 is of slightly biconical form and its profile, together with the complex decorative motifs accord best with the Wessex Biconical Urn tradition. Nos. P2-P3 are straight-sided or slightly convex and fall within the bucket urn class, although the vertical applied strips seen with P3 are again more common to Biconical Urns. Only vessel, P8, is convincingly of barrel urn class. Rim forms are simple, typically flattened or as with P7, slightly expanded. Vessel diameters fall in the range 190–340mm, with the majority falling within the 240–280mm range. Vessel P3 is unusual in its distinctly oval circumference. This is thought unlikely to be intentional, and more likely has resulted from distortion prior to firing.

3.4 As is common for ceramics of this period the pottery fabrics are coarse and soft which has resulted in poor surface preservation and fragmentation. Following micro- excavation the urns underwent conservation, including selective cleaning/consolidation. The majority of vessels occur in a coarser flint-tempered fabrics (F1/F2), with smaller numbers of vessels in grogged (G1) or vesicular types (V1/V2). The latter probably representing a fabric originally containing calcareous inclusions which for type V2 was almost certainly fossil shell. The use of flint- tempering, although a long-lived tradition locally, is typical for Middle Bronze Age groups from Hampshire and into West Sessex (Seager Thomas 2008, 34). Where sufficiently well preserved surfaces are evenly smoothed (rather than finger- smoothed). Ten vessels featured decoration, all fully consistent with the Deverel- Rimbury style. For the most part this consists of simple arrangements of applied plain or finger-ornamented strips, impressed fingertip/fingernail ornament and imperforate lugs (see catalogue and fig. *; nos. 1–8). Vessel P1 exhibits the most elaborate scheme, combining a row of fingernail ornament and lugs, and repeated fingernail-impressed chevrons above. Vessel P7 would appear to be highly unusual in featuring a continuous row of (pre-firing) perforations below its rim. It is unclear whether this is fully decorative or may relate to the vessel’s function, securing a lid or skin cover. A second vessel (P7) featured a single (post-firing perforation of the kind moderately commonly seen with pottery of this period and presumed to facilitate suspension or or possibly as a repair using a leather thong or similar.

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Discussion 3.5 The Locks Heath group is among the largest of Middle Bronze Age date excavated from the county in recent decades. The comparable larger groups, as here, relate to ‘flat’ (urnfield) type groups or secondary use of barrows. Most are to the west or northwest of the county and the overall distribution may differ little from Preston and Hawkes’ 1933 survey, which showed the main concentrations west of the Itchen (Preston and Hawkes 1933, Fig 12). More recent surveys show a good number of Middle Bronze Age pottery findspots in the coastal zone of East Sussex (Ellison 1980a, 35, fig. 10; Seager Thomas 2008) and the Locks Heath example fits as a western extension of this loose coastal grouping.

3.6 The size of the group and its relatively discrete (spatially) character suggests use by a single community, perhaps over a relatively short period of time. Globular urns or other ‘finewares’ are absent and the preference for larger, thick-walled vessels in coarser flint-tempered fabrics - Woodward’s ‘heavy-duty’/’everyday’ classes (Woodward 1995), suggests that the vessels were drawn from a community’s utilitarian assemblage. Vessel P12 has preserved possible evidence for use in the form of internal carbonised residue however poor surface preservation may mean that other such evidence may have been lost.

3.7 In common with the larger cemetery groups from the region (Dacre and Ellison 1981; King 1989; Raymond 2001), the Locks Heath assemblage demonstrates some degree of stylistic variability, with no two among the better-preserved vessels with exactly matching decorative scheme. Vessel selection might have reflected a symbolic significance relating to ‘self’ or status; the differences may however merely reflect the degree of variability usual within pottery assemblages of the period. The absence of ‘domestic’ groups from the area available for comparison makes this unclear.

3.8 Comparisons across the group (decoration, vessel size and fabric) reveal no convincing spatial patterning. The pits containing the two upright urns P11 and P14 (4095 and 4116 respectively) were relatively close together. Cremation pits 4020 and 4022 may be notable as an outlying pair, and the contiguousness and matching depth of vessels P1 and P2 suggests close contemporaneity and possibly a familial connection.

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Catalogue P1 Upper portion (approx. 50%) of biconical vessel, although the angle of carination is slight. Simple, flattened rim. Decoration to upper zone: row of fingernail (fn) impressions with imperforate lugs (1 survives) and fn impressed chevrons above. Fabric F1. Weight 2918g. Diam. 340mm; sherd thickness 11–13mm. Cremation pit 4020. (Ra. 50)

P2 Upper portion (approx. 70%) of bucket-shaped vessel. Simple, flattened rim. Imperforate lugs c. 20mm below rim (2 survive). Fabric F1. Weight 1248g. Diam. 190mm; sherd thickness 8– 9mm. Cremation pit 4022. (Ra. 51)

P3 Upper portion (approx. 20%) of ?bucket-shaped vessel. Rim circumference is distorted to oval. Simple, flattened rim. Plain applied horizontal cordon with vertical strip sub-divisions at long and short axis. Fabric F1. Weight 4405g. Diam. 280–380mm; sherd thickness 11–12mm. Cremation pit 4006. (Ra. 52)

P4 Fragmented upper portion (approx. 20%). Includes detached (simple, rounded) rim sherds and upper body sherds with applied/finger-impressed horizontal cordon. Fabric F1. Weight 526g. Diam. 280mm; sherd thickness 8–9mm. Cremation pit 4052. (Ra. 55)

P5 Upper portion (approx. 20%) of ?bucket-shaped vessel. Simple, flattened rim. Row of fingertip impressions below rim with imperforate lugs between. Fabric F1. Weight 772g. Diam. c. 280mm; sherd thickness 12mm. Cremation pit 4013. (Ra. 53)

P6 Upper portion (approx. 20%) of ?bucket-shaped vessel. Flattened rim with deep fingertip impressions. At least one post-firing perforation below rim Fabric F2. Weight 2575g. Diam. c. 240mm; sherd thickness 9–10mm. Cremation pit 4090. (Ra. 58)

P7 Upper portion (approx. 60%) of bucket-shaped vessel. Flattened rim with slight outward expansion. Continuous row of round pre-firing perforations below rim and applied, finger- impressed horizontal cordon below. Fabric F1. Weight 2918g. Diam. 280mm; sherd thickness 9–10mm. Cremation pit 4122. (Ra. 65)

P8 Upper portion (approx. 20%) of barrel-shaped vessel. Simple flattened rim. Plain applied, horizontal cordon at shoulder level. Fabric F1. Weight 1551g. Diam. 280mm; sherd thickness 9–10mm. Cremation pit 4068. (Ra. 56)

P9 Not illustrated. Upper portion (approx. 15%) of ?barrel-shaped vessel. Simple rounded rim. Undecorated. Fabric F1. Weight 206g. Diam. 220mm; sherd thickness 6mm. Cremation pit 4046. (Ra. 54)

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P10 Not illustrated. Bodysherds only. Fabric V2. Weight 398g. Sherd thickness 10–11mm. Cremation pit 4079. (Ra. 57)

P11 Not illustrated. Base portion only. Fabric F1. Weight 1760g. Sherd thickness 16–18mm. Cremation pit 4095. (Ra. 59)

P12 Not illustrated. Upper portion (approx. 20%) of ?bucket-shaped vessel. Simple flattened rim. Fabric G1. Internal carbonised residue. Weight 431g. Sherd thickness 15mm. Cremation pit 4061. (Ra. 60)

P13 Not illustrated. Upper portion (approx. 20%) of ?bucket-shaped vessel. Simple flattened/bevelled rim. Undecorated. Fabric V1. Weight 2873g. Diam. 220mm; sherd thickness 10–12mm. Cremation pit 4063. (Ra. 61)

P14 Not illustrated. Base portion (approx. 20%) of ?bucket-shaped vessel. Undecorated. Fabric F1. Weight 3103g. Diam. 220mm; sherd thickness 15–16mm. Cremation pit 4116. (Ra. 62)

P15 Not illustrated. Bodysherds. One sherd with applied horizontal cordon. Fabric F1. Weight 259g. Sherd thickness 16–18mm. Cremation pit 4112. (Ra. 63)

P16 Not illustrated. Upper portion (approx. 20%) of ?bucket-shaped vessel. Simple flattened rim. Fabric F1. Weight 793g. Sherd thickness 9–10mm. Cremation pit 4112. (Ra. 64)

P17 Not illustrated. Base portion (approx. 20%). Fabric F1. Weight 1409g. Sherd thickness 10– 11mm. Cremation pit 4112. (Ra. 70)

P18 Not illustrated. Bodysherds. Fabric F1. Weight 271g. Sherd thickness 11–12mm. Tree throw 4086. (Ra. 67)

P19 Not illustrated. Bodysherds. One sherd with applied/finger-impressed horizontal cordon. Fabric F2. Weight 381g. Sherd thickness 10mm. Unstratified. (Ra. 68)

P20 Not illustrated. Bodysherds (flakes). Fabric F2. Weight 19g. Unstratified. (Ra. 69)

P21 Not illustrated. Upper portion (approx. 15%) of ?bucket-shaped vessel. Simple rounded rim. Fabric F1. Weight 325g. Sherd thickness 10–11mm. Tree throw 4086. (Ra. 66)

Ra. = Registered artefact numbers (issued at time of excavation)

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Summary fabric descriptions F1 Sparse or common medium/coarse flint (inclusions 1–3mm). F2 Abundant medium/coarse flint/quartzite (inclusions 1.5-3mm)

G1 Common coarse grog (1.5-3mm); sparse medium flint (1-2mm); sparse quartz/quartzite (0.3- 0.5mm)

V1 Common rounded/sub-rounded voids (leached calcareous inclusions: 1-2mm); sparse flint (1- 2mm) V2 Common plate-like voids (leached fossil shell: 2-3mm

Other finds associated with urns

Glass bead 3.9 A single pitted blue glass bead (Plate 1) was recorded following processing of soil sample <167> which was associated with Urn Ra. 57 (fill 4134). The bead is of D- sectioned annular form. It measures 8mm in diameter and 4mm in width. Beads of this type may date as early as the Late Bronze Age, but are more typically Iron Age (pers comm. A Sheridan).

Other 3.10 A small flake of an opaque glassy material which was provisionally identified as obsidian was recorded from soil sample <73>, taken from Urn Ra. 64. The flake, which measures 16mm x 12mm, features a curved face with small conchoidal flake scars. Both obsidian and pitchstone (a volcanic glass from the Isle of Arran) would be unlikely finds given the location and date of the Site. Closer examination of the impure vitreous material suggest that it is more likely to be a glassy slag as it is too impure for modern bottle-glass (T.B. Ballin pers comm).

The Charcoal Remains by Sarah Cobain

Introduction 3.11 A total of 73 bulk soil samples were recovered, taken from a total of 16 cremation burials (in urns). Fifty-one of these samples were taken from backfill material between the urns and the pit cuts (in quadrants) during field excavation. The urns

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were block lifted on site and micro-excavated in the lab at Cotswold Archaeology. The remaining 22 samples were recovered from the fills within the urns.

Methodology 3.12 Bulk soil samples were fully processed (100%) by standard flotation procedures using a 250micron sieve to collect the flot and 0.25mm mesh to retain the residue. Initial visual assessment of the processed samples indicated they were of low potential and as such, flots from within all the urns and one flot per urn from the backfill material were analysed. The flots were scanned for plant remains using a low power stereo-microscope (Brunel MX1) (x10–x40). Up to 10 charcoal fragments (>2mm) were fractured by hand and identified using an epi-illuminating microscope (Brunel SP400) (x40–x400). Identifications were carried out with reference to images and descriptions by Gale and Cutler (2000), Schoch et al. (2004) and Wheeler et al. (1989). Nomenclature of species and habitat information follows Stace (1997).

Results 3.13 The detailed results are presented Appendix C (Tables 5 to 11). Flotation of the soil samples associated with the urned cremation burials dating to the Middle Bronze Age produced, in general, very little ecofactual material. This is most likely due to the high level of truncation on the site, which would have removed much of the urn contents. No carbonised plant macrofossils were present and charcoal, where present was poorly preserved. Urns 4003 (RA 50) and 4031 (RA 54) contained the highest concentrations of charcoal, although it was mostly highly fragmented which prevented any further analysis work being undertaken. Identifiable charcoal was recorded dominantly as oak with moderate amount of alder/hazel.

3.14 The charcoal was not sufficiently preserved to ascertain whether the pyre was constructed from older heartwood timbers or younger sapwood branches. There is insufficient charcoal to ascertain with any certainty which species made up the bulk of the cremation pyre. Since oak was recorded in the highest volume, it is likely to have made up the bulk of the cremation pyre frame, although the relatively high number of alder/hazel fragments suggests alder/hazel did form an important part of the pyre construction, perhaps in the form of poles. It may also have been used as kindling or represent the remains of grave goods. Oak is a typical species used to construct Bronze Age cremation pyres. It would have been chosen as it has dense heartwood and if properly seasoned, burns slowly, at a high and constant

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temperature (Gale and Cutler 2000, 205) which would be ideal for pyre fuel where temperatures in 650–800°C are required for efficient cremation of human remains. Similar oak rich charcoal assemblages have been within Middle Bronze Age urns at Lovedean, Hampshire (Cobain, forthcoming) and an un-urned Middle Bronze Age cremation burial at Weston Down Cottages, Weston Colley, Hampshire (Gibson and Knight 2007, 4).

Human remains by Sharon Clough

Summary 3.15 A total of seven cremation deposits from urned graves were recovered. They were dated to the Middle Bronze Age based on the vessel type. The recovered weights of bone were very low when compared to the average for the time period, with high fragmentation levels. This may be explained in some cases by later features truncating the pits and other activities, but also by taphonomy; the localised burial environment may have destroyed the bone completely. The bone had been burnt to over 650°C for enough time to turn all the bones white, which demonstrated a well tended pyre and good technology.

Introduction 3.16 This report comprises the osteological analysis of the seven deposits of cremated human bone from the excavations at Locks Heath which were contained in urns in earth-cut pits and these were grouped together. Later disturbance from ploughing and other activities may have affected the preservation of the deposits in some instances.

Aims and methods 3.17 The cremated human remains were subjected to full analysis which sought to identify type of deposit, weight of bone, degree of fragmentation, bone element, number of individuals, demographic and pathologic data and efficiency of the cremation (Brickley and McKinley 2004; Mays, Brickley and Dodwell 2004).

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Results Weight of cremated bone 3.18 The seven cremation burials varied in weight from <0.1g – 74.8g (Table 1, below). McKinley (2000, 404) states that the weight of bone of an adult cremation from modern crematoria varies from about 1000 to 3600g. Trotter and Hixon (1973) demonstrate that a complete cremated juvenile will produce around 500g of bone. This would suggest that none of the cremation deposits comprised the majority of the individual. This may be due to modern disturbance across the site, alternatively only a token amount was originally deposited. A token amount may reflect the status of the individual; experiments (McKinley 1997) have found that it is fairly easy to collect all the bones from an undisturbed pyre, which often remain in anatomical order. However, it is frequently found that 50% or less of the bone available after cremation is included in the burial (McKinley 2000). However, as the burials were all contained in an urn, it would be expected there would be more than the tiny amounts of bone recovered. It is therefore suggested that the taphonomic processes post- burial have acted to destroy the bone completely in some instances, resulting in little to no bone being recovered from the urns. The bone which was recovered was very chalky and abraded, suggesting that the soil and other agents had acted to begin to break down the bone. It is known that free draining, acidic sand and gravel sites will result in a very poor level of preservation. The bone mineral may be partially or completely dissolved under these conditions (Janaway 1996).

Table 1: Weight of cremated bone for each burial by skeletal area

Context Associated Total Cranial Cranial Long Long Un- Un- Cut vessel Weig (g) % bone (g) Bone Identified Identified number % (g) %

(g) 4090 Urn 4035 RA58 74.8 12.2 16.3 16.6 22.2 46 61.5 4061 Urn 4037 RA 60 6.4 0 0 0 0 6.4 100 4013 Urn 4012 RA53 1.8 0 0 0 0 1.8 100 4068 Urn 4033 RA 56 2.4 0 0 0 0 2.4 100 4095 Urn 4036 RA 59 2 0 0 0 0 2 100 4063 Urn 4038 RA 61 1.9 0 0 0 0 1.9 100 4052 Urn 4032 RA 55 <0.1 0 0 0 0 <0.1 100

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3.19 It is expected that in a complete dry skeleton (which is approximately the same as a cremated skeleton) the percentages by weight of the different elements are as follows:

· Skull: 18.2% (cranium, facial bones and jaw) · Upper Limbs: 23.1% (shoulders, arms and hands) · Axial Skeleton: 20.6% (vertebrae, ribs, pelvis) · Lower Limbs: 38.1% (legs and feet)

3.20 From the seven cremation deposits available only one deposit had any bone which was identifiable. So any results are very tentative. The long bone and cranial bone are more easily identified compared to other bones therefore these were the only areas identified for 4090. These bones also have thicker cortical bone than those of the axial skeleton and it is thought that areas of high trabecular bone content (epiphyses and os coxae) will disintegrate more easily (McKinley 1998).

Fragmentation 3.21 Fragment size (Table 2, below) was generally very small, with the majority of fragments in the 5-2mm fraction. As bone weights were very low this result reflects the low weights and poor preservation. The very high fragmentation levels have affected the identification elements (see above). The majority of fragmentation occurs after burial and then excavation. Fragmentation occurs along the dehydration fissures which formed during the cremation process. McKinley (1994, 340-1) observed that in a sample of over 4000 cremations over 50% of bone fragments were in excess of 10mm in size with the largest fragment 134mm, with an average maximum fragment size of 45.2 mm (including immature and disturbed cremations.

3.22 Despite the urns being excavated in spits and the deposits surrounding the urns also sampled, the low weight of recovered bone and lack of identification means that analysis by spit or area is not possible. It can be concluded though that the lower spit for each urn had the greater weight of bone (Table 3, below). This contributes to the hypothesis that the cremated bone has been affected by taphonomic factors, as these would be more prevalent at the top of the urn where it is in contact with the surrounding soil.

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Table 2: Weight of bone by fraction to determine level of fragmentation Context >10mm >10mm 10-5mm 10-5mm <5mm <5mm weight % Weight % Weight % 4090 15.1 20.3 48.6 64.8 11.1 14.9 4061 0 0 0 0 6.4 100 4013 0 0 0 0 1.8 100 4068 0 0 0.9 36 1.6 64 4095 0 0 0 0 2 100 4063 0 0 1.3 68.5 0.6 31.5 4052 0 0 0 0 <0.1 100

Table 3: Deposit contained in urn total weight for spit Context Upper fill weight Lower fill weight 4090 70.6 4061 6.4 4013 0 1.8 4068 0.2 2.2 4095 2 4063 0.6 1.3 4052 <0.1

Pyre technology 3.23 The efficiency of a cremation is influenced by the following factors: the construction of the pyre, quantity of wood, position of the body, tending of the pyre, weather, duration of the cremation and pyre temperature (McKinley 2000, 407; McKinley 1994, 82-84). The cremated bone after the cremation pyre has finished reflects the temperatures achieved during the process. Cremated bone may range in colour from brown or black (slightly charred), through hues of blue and grey and the brilliant white associated with full oxidisation (temperature over 645°C quoted by McKinley 2000: 405, over 750°C quoted by Lyman 1994 and greater than 800°C Schmidt and Symes 2008). All seven cremation deposits were completely white in colour.

3.24 From this we can infer that there was good pyre technology amongst the cremations from Locks Heath. The pyre must have reached over 645°C for enough time and the whole of the individual was within the hottest area.

Ageing, Sex and pathology 3.25 Due to the very low weights high fragmentation and subsequent low identification of elements, there was no identification of age, sex or pathology. The fragments of bone from 4013 were smaller and thinner than the other deposits and it is tentatively suggested that these may be subadult remains.

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Discussion 3.26 The ability in the Bronze Age to cremate the dead very efficiently, resulting in fine white, fragmented bone, compounds the problem of identification of individual elements and therefore age and sex. The cremated bone deposits from Locks Heath have revealed limited information; they comprised seven cremation burials which all weighed less than 100g. The bone was consistently all white indicating well tended pyres. Adding more fuel and stoking the pyre would result in a more even burning of the body and contribute to higher fragmentation levels, which have been observed in these cremation deposits. The bones may have been shovelled up whilst still hot, then deposited in water or winnowed which would cool the bone rapidly causing further fragmentation. The heavy debris would sink to the bottom (bone, large lumps charcoal, grave goods), then when the water was poured off the bone could easily be collected, it is a much quicker method than waiting for the pyre to cool and then to collect all the fragments.

3.27 Complete recovery of the entire cremated remains was not important or desired in the Bronze Age (Rebay-Salisbury 2010). If the amount of bone deposited in the urn originally was a ‘token’ amount and then taphonomic factors proceeded to reduce the quantity, followed by later interference, this would result in the very small quantities recovered. It is a well documented phenomenon that Bronze Age cremated bone deposits have low weights of bone. An average of 327-466g (McKinley in Davis and Mates 2005,14) has been calculated for this period, which is still substantially more than recovered for Locks Heath, where the majority of deposits were 5g or less.

3.28 Cremating the body is a two part process, which results in burial of the cremated remains. The site of the funeral pyre and the rite of cremation followed by collection and sorting of the ashes is the first part of this process, perhaps the more spatially liminal part. There is no evidence of a pyre, or in situ burning in the excavated area. This separation of rites may have ensured that any association with liminality or pollution from the first part has dispersed caused by the physical distance between them.

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Human bone catalogue

Cut 4090 Urn 4035 RA58 Fill of urn 4132 – 70.6g Cranium >10mm 3.6g 10-5mm 8.8g 5-2mm 0g Long bone >10mm 11.6g 10-5mm 5.1g 5-2mm 0g Unidentified >10mm 0g 10-5mm 34.8g 5-2mm 7.8g Above urn 4089- 1.4g (5-2mm) Below urn 4089- 1.2g (5-2mm) Backfill 4094 – Quadrants 0.3g, 0.2g, <0.1g, 0.2g Colour – chalky white, edges abraded.

Cut 4061 Urn 4037 Fill of urn 4144 – 6.4g (5-2mm) Colour – chalky white, edges abraded

Cut 4013 Urn 4012 Fill of urn 4141 – 1.8g (5-2mm) Colour – chalky white, edges abraded Note- small thin bone, ?subadult

Cut 4068 Urn 4033 Fill of urn 4137 – 0.2g (5-2mm) 4138 – 2.2g - 10-5mm 0.9g 5-2mm 1.4g Colour – chalky white, edges abraded

Cut 4095 Urn 4036 Fill of urn 4334 – 2.0g (5-2mm) Colour – chalky white, edges abraded

Cut 4063 Urn 4038 Fill of urn 4131 –upper fill 0.6g (5-2mm) Lower fill 1.3g (10-5mm) Colour – chalky white, edges abraded

Cut 4052 Urn 4032 (no bone) Pit SW quadrant 4055 – <0.1g (5-2mm) Colour – chalky white, edges abraded

4. DISCUSSION

4.1 The only archaeological features or deposits pre-dating the post-medieval or modern period recorded on the site were found in Area 1. This comprised a small, Middle Bronze Age urned cremation cemetery of relatively tightly clustered cremation pits in an area of approximately 16m². At least 16 likely cremation graves were recorded

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with parts of a probable 21 individual vessels. The level of preservation was generally poor, at least partly due to truncation of the site by later ploughing.

4.2 Despite extensive sampling, limited biological remains were recovered from the cremation cemetery. Taphonomic processes post-burial, appear to have acted to destroy the bone completely in some instances, resulting in little to no bone being recovered from the urns. The seven recovered deposits of cremated human remains included one possible subadult individual, but no further information could be obtained regarding age, sex or pathology. The small volume of cremated bone and incomplete recovery of bone elements are both consistent with the previously documented ability in the Bronze Age to cremate the dead efficiently and the suggestion that the rest of the cremated material might have been scattered or otherwise distributed elsewhere. The condition of the bone provided evidence to suggest a well tended funerary pyre. No carbonised plant macrofossils were recovered and only limited charcoal could be identified.

4.3 The cremation urns are dateable to the Middle Bronze Age and to the Deverel– Rimbury style which commonly characterises pottery in southern England in the period c. 1600–1200 BC. The Locks Heath group is among the largest of Middle Bronze Age date excavated from the county in recent decades. A single possible grave good was recovered from the site: (a single greenish blue glass bead), which is likely to be indicative of trading, acquisition or storage of special objects from outside the immediate area. Glass beads are moderately common finds from southern England and Wales in the earlier Bronze Age c. 1750–1450 BC, although they appear to be not so common in association with Middle Bronze Age (Deverel- Rimbury) cremation burials, and the possibility of it being an heirloom is raised.

4.4 In this respect the findings at Locks Heath are similar to other Middle Bronze Age cremation cemeteries in that, (unlike some Early Bronze Age examples), there is little evidence for social differentiation amongst the burials with the small pits and limited or no grave goods (Robinson 2007). The cemetery is within expected size variations as studies have shown that most (78%) multiple cremation cemeteries of this period contain less than 40 individual burials and 52% less than 12 (Ellison 1980, cited in King 1989). Such small cemeteries may have represented small family groups.

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3.5 The cemetery is locally significant in so far as it is one of a number of such cemeteries that have been recorded in the area. (Of particular relevance are cremation vessels recovered as a result of early excavations by Mr J. C. Mogridge, Warden of Winchester Museum, in gravel extraction pits around the village of Fleetend to the south of the site, published in 1945). Given the level of funerary activity, a Middle Bronze Age settlement should be expected to have been located relatively close by.

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Chris Ellis, assisted by Jeremy Clutterbuck, Colin Forrestal, Sam Wilson and Jon Kaines. Andrew Clarke micro-excavated the urns. The report was written by Chris Ellis, assisted by Adam Howard. Specialist reporting was provided by Sarah Cobain, Ed McSloy and Sharon Clough. The illustrations were prepared by Leo Heatley. The fieldwork was managed for CA by Damian da Rosa and the post-excavation work by Karen Walker.

Specialist cleaning and conservation of the urns was undertaken by Phil Parkes of Cardiff University. Hannah Fluck and David Hopkins of Hampshire County Council are both thanked for their input into the project. Torben Bjarke Ballin (University of Bradford) and Alison Sheridan (National Museums of Scotland) are also thanked for their assistance.

5. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2011 Geology of Britain Viewer http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 9 April 2014 Brickley M and McKinley, J 2004 Guidelines to the standards for recording of human remains; IFA Paper No 7 Dacre, M. and Ellison. A 1981 ‘A Bronze Age Cemetery at Kimpton, Hampshire’ Proc. Prehist. Soc. 47, 147–204 Davies, D J. and Mates, L H.2005. Encyclopaedia of Cremation. London CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2009 Peters Road, Lock’s Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Archaeological evaluation (Phase 1). CA Typescript report 09149

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CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011 Peters Road, Lock’s Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Heritage Statement. CA Typescript report 10213 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2013 Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Archaeological evaluation (Phase 3). CA Typescript report 13182 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014a Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Written Scheme of Investigation for a Programme of Archaeological Evaluation and Strip, Map and Sample Excavation CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014b Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Archaeological evaluation (Phase 3). CA Typescript report 13670 Dacre, M. and Ellison. A 1981 ‘A Bronze Age Cemetery at Kimpton, Hampshire’ Proc. Prehist. Soc. 47, 147–204 DCLG (Department of Communities and Local Government) 2012 National Planning Policy Framework Ellison, A. 1980a Deverel-Rimbury urn cemeteries: the evidence for social organisation, in J Barrett and R Bradley (eds), Settlement and Society in the Later British Bronze Age, Oxford Ellison. A. 1980b ‘The Bronze Age’ in Freke 1980, 31–41 Entwistle, R. 2001 ‘A Bronze Age Round Barrow and Deverel Rimbury Cremation Cemetery at Zionhill Copse, Chandlers Ford, Hampshire’, Proc. Hampshire Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 56, 1–20 Freke, D.J. (ed.) 1980 ‘The archaeology of Sussex pottery’ Sussex Archaeol. Collect. 118, 1–136 Gale, R. and Cutler, D. F. 2000 Plants in Archaeology - Identification Manual of Artefacts of Plant Origin from Europe and the Mediterranean Otley, Westbury and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Gibson, C. and Knight, S. 2007 ‘A Middle Iron Age settlement at Weston Down Cottages, Weston Colley, near Winchester, Hampshire’, Proc. Hampshire Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 62, 1–34 Janaway R.C. 1996 The decay of buried human remains and their associated materials. In Studies in Crime: An Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. J Hunter, C Roberts and A. Martin. London. King, A.C. 1989 ‘A Bronze Age Cremation Cemetery at Oliver’s Battery, near Winchester, and some related finds’, Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 45, 13–23 Kinnes, I. and Varndell, G. (eds.) 1995 Unbaked Urns of Rudely Shape: Essays on British and Irish Pottery for Ian Longworth, Oxford, Oxbow Monograph 55, Oxbow Lovejoy, C.O., Meindl, R.S., Pryzbeck, T.R. and Mensforth, R.P. 1985 Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the illium: a new method for determination of adult skeletal age-at-death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 15-28

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Lyman, RL. 1994 Vertebrate taphonomy: Cambridge manuals in archaeology. Cambridge Mays, S, Brickley, M, and Dodwell, N, 2004 Human bones from archaeological sites - Guidelines for producing assessment documents and analytical reports, English Heritage McKinley J, 1994 Bone fragment size in British cremation burials and its implications for pyre technology and ritual Journal of Archaeological Science 21, 339-342 McKinley, J, 1997a Bronze Age 'barrows' and funerary rites and rituals of cremation in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 129-145 McKinley, J.1998 Archaeological manifestations of cremation The Archaeologist 33: 18-20 McKinley, J 2000 The analysis of cremated bone, in Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, (eds M Cox and S Mays) 403-421 London Meindl, R S, and Lovejoy, C O, 1985 Ectocranial suture closure: A revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral-anterior sutures, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 29-45 Millet, M. and Sacha-Hall, T. 1992 ‘Rescue Excavations on a Bronze Age and Romano- British site at Daneshill, Basingstoke, 1980–81’, Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 47, 83–105 Needham, S. 1996 ‘Chronology and periodization in the British Bronze Age’, Acta Archaeologia 67, 121–40 Preston, J.P. and Hawkes, C.F.C., 1933, ‘Three late bronze age barrows on the Cloven Way’, Antiquaries Journal, 13, 414–54. Rebay-Salisbury, K. 2010 Cremations: Fragmented Bodies in the Bronze and Iron Ages, in K. Rebay, M.L.S. Sørensen, and J. Hughes (eds) Body Parts and Bodies Whole: Changing Relations and Meanings. 64-71. Oxford Raymond, F. 2001 ‘The Pottery’, in Entwistle 2001, 10–16 RPS 2008 Written scheme of investigation (WSI) for a programme of archaeological evaluation at Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire (NGR 450220 107150). Savory, H.N. 1980. Guide Catalogue of the Bronze Age Collections. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales. Schmidt, C.W and Symes S.A. (eds) 2008 The analysis of burned human remains. London

Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F. H., Kienast, F. 2004 Wood Anatomy of Central European Species Online: www.woodanatomy.ch. Accessed: 25 September 2014 Seager Thomas, M. 2008 ‘From potsherds, to people: Sussex prehistoric pottery. Collared Urns to Post-Deverel-Rimbury, c. 2000–500 BC’, Sussex Archaeological Collections 146, 19–51 Stace, C. 1997 A New British Flora Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Suchey, J.M. and Brooks, S. 1990 Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks method. Human Evolution 5, 227-238 Trotter M and BB Hixon 1973 Sequential changes in weight, density and percentage of ash weight of human skeletons from an early fetal period through old age Anatomical Record 179: 1-18

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Wessex Archaeology DBA 2007 Land at Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Unpublished Report No: 64970.02 Wheeler, E.A., Baas, P. and Gasson, P.E. 1989 ‘IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification’, IAWA Bulletin ns 10, 219–332 Woodward 1995 ‘Vessel size and social identity in the Bronze Age of southern Britain’, in Kinnes and Varndell (eds.) 1995 195–202

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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS FOR STRIP, MAP AND SAMPLE EXCAVATION

N.B. All archaeological features/deposits in bold. Cremation urns & fragments in RED Area Context Type Context Description L (m) W (m) Depth/ No. No. interpretation thickness (m) 1 4000 Layer Topsoil Dark brown, clayey silt rare n/a n/a 0.25 sub angular rounded chert gravel. Soft, malleable. Moderate roots. 1 4001 Layer Subsoil Light brown clayey silt, rare, n/a n/a 0.26 sub-angular/sub-rounded flint and chert moderate fine roots. 1 4002 Layer Natural geology Light orange/brown silty clay, n/a n/a n/a rare angular/sub-angular chert and flint. 1 4003 Urn Urn in pit 4020 Cremation Urn. Ra. 50 n/a 0.22 0.21 1 4004 Urn Urn in pit 4022 Cremation Urn. Ra. 51 n/a 0.18 0.2 1 4005 Urn Urn in pit 4006 Cremation Urn. Ra. 52 0.34 0.26 0.17 1 4006 Cut Cremation burial Distorted oval in plan, 0.59 0.45 0.27 pit Rounded corners. for urn 4005 1 4007 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. NE quadrant. Mid 0.29 0.25 0.26 pit 4006 greenish-brown, silty (fine) sand, occasional charcoal and pot. 1 4008 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. SE quadrant. Mid 0.27 0.2 0.28 pit 4006 greenish-brown, silty (fine) sand, occasional charcoal and pot. 1 4009 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. SW quadrant. Mid 0.3 0.22 0.27 pit 4006 greenish-brown, silty (fine) sand, occasional charcoal and pot. 1 4010 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. NW quadrant. Mid 0.3 0.22 0.27 pit 4006 greenish-brown, silty (fine) sand, occasional charcoal and pot. 1 4011 Fill Tree throw 4019 Dark orange/ brown, clayey 0.37 0.44 0.22 silt, regular charcoal flecks, common roots. 1 4012 Urn Urn in pit 4013 Cremation Urn. Ra. 53 n/a 0.28 0.12 1 4013 Cut Cremation burial Oval in plan, steep sides, flat n/a 0.35 0.4 pit for urn 4012 base, NE/SW alignment, with some plough damage. 1 4014 Fill Of urn 4012 Mid dark brown, friable, silty n/a 0.22 0.11 (Ra. 53) clay, bone inclusion. 1 4015 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. N quadrant. Mid – 0.1 0.05 0.11 pit 4013 dark brown, friable, silty clay bone inclusions. 1 4016 Fill Cremation burial Backfill E quadrant. Mid – 0.25 0.05 0.07 pit 4013 dark brown, friable, silty clay. 1 4017 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. S quadrant. Mid - 0.25 0.05 0.07 pit 4013 dark brown, friable, silty clay, possible charcoal inclusions. 1 4018 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. W quadrant. Mid - 0.25 0.05 0.09 pit 4013 dark brown, friable, silty clay,

31 Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

1 4019 Cut Tree throw Irregular in plan, rounded 0.37 0.44 0.22 irregular corners, moderately irregular slope, concave base. 1 4020 Cut Cremation burial Sub circular/circular in plan n/a 0.38 0.22 pit for urn 4003 rounded corners smooth sides concave base. 1 4021 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. W half. Mid 0.35 0.17 0.23 pit 4020 orange/brown clayey silt, with grey mottling, friable occasional charcoal flecks. 1 4022 Cut Cremation burial Sub circular/circular in plan, n/a 0.22 0.23 pit for urn 4004 rounded corners, smooth sides, concave base. 1 4023 Fill Cremation burial Backfill W half. Mid orange/ 0.21 0.1 0.22 pit 4022 brown, clayey silt. Black towards the base, friable, abundant charcoal towards base. 1 4024 VOID 1 4025 Fill Of urn 4005 Black clayey (fine) sand with 0.32 0.24 0.11 (Ra. 52) greenish brown hue. Frequent charcoal flecks. 1 4026 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. E half. Mid 0.35 0.17 0.23 pit 4020 orange/brown clayey silt, with grey mottling, friable occasional charcoal flecks. 1 4027 Fill Cremation burial Backfill. E half. Mid 0.21 0.1 0.22 pit 4022 orange/brown friable clayey silt. Black towards the base, abundant charcoal particularly towards base. 1 4028 Fill Cremation burial Probably mixture of backfill 0.37 0.29 0.1 pit 4006 and urn fill 4025. Black to greenish brown, firm clayey (fine) sand, frequent charcoal flecks. 1 4029 Fill Of urn 4003 Charcoal rich fill of urn. n/a 0.29 0.21 (Ra. 50) 1 4030 Fill Of urn 4004 Charcoal rich fill of urn. n/a 0.18 0.2 (Ra. 51) 1 4031 Urn Urn in pit 4046 Cremation Urn. Ra. 54 n/a 0.28 0.1 1 4032 Urn Urn in pit 4052 Cremation Urn. Ra. 55 0.21 0.19 >0.1 1 4033 Urn Urn in pit 4068 Cremation Urn. Ra. 56 0.26 0.25 0.15 1 4034 Urn Urn in pit 4079 Cremation Urn. Ra. 57 0.32 0.34 0.07 1 4035 Urn Urn in pit 4090 Cremation Urn. Ra. 58 n/a 0.32 0.1 1 4036 Urn Urn in pit 4095 Cremation Urn. Ra. 59 0.32 0.34 0.03 1 4037 Urn Urn in pit 4061 Cremation Urn. Ra. 60 0.38 0.31 0.08 1 4038 Urn Urn in pit 4063 Cremation Urn. Ra. 61 0.35 0.3 0.28 1 4039 Urn Urn in pit 4116 Cremation Urn. Ra. 62 n/a 0.3 0.15 1 4040 Urn Of urn 4102/4103 Cremation Urn fragments n/a n/a n/a (Ra. 70, 71) (Ra. 63). Possibly same as urn fragments 4102, 4103 and 4041. 1 4041 Urn Of urn 4102/4103 Cremation Urn fragments n/a n/a n/a (Ra. 70, 71) (Ra. 64). Possibly same as urn fragments 4102, 4103 and 4040. 1 4042 Urn Urn in pit 4122 Cremation Urn. Ra. 65 n/a n/a n/a

32 Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

1 4043 Urn Within tree throw Cremation Urn. Fragments. 0.2 0.07 0.02 4086 Ra. 66. Possibly same as 4044 (Ra. 67) 1 4044 Urn Within tree throw Cremation Urn fragments. 0.17 0.03 0.025 4086 Ra. 67. Possibly same as 4043 (Ra. 66) 1 4045 Urn Urn Cremation Urn fragments. n/a 0.33 0.1 Ra. 68 1 4046 Cut Cremation burial Sub circular pit, steep sides, n/a 0.33 0.1 pit for urn 4031 flat base. (Ra. 54) 1 4047 Fill Of urn 4031 Dark Grey Brown, friable silty n/a 0.28 0.1 (Ra. 54) clay with charcoal inclusions. 1 4048 Fill Cremation burial Backfill E half. Mid brown, n/a 0.38 0.1 pit 4046 friable silty clay 1 4049 Fill Cremation burial Backfill W half. Mid brown, n/a 0.38 0.1 pit friable silty clay with charcoal 4046 inclusions. 1 4050 VOID 1 4051 VOID 1 4052 Cut Cremation burial Irregular oval, rounded 0.59 0.47 0.13 pit for urn 4032 corners, shallow u-shaped (Ra. 55) sides. 1 4053 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NE quadrant. Mid 0.34 0.25 0.11 pit 4052 greenish-brown, soft silty fine sand. 1 4054 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SE quadrant. Mid 0.25 0.24 0.11 pit 4052 greenish-brown, soft silty fine sand. 1 4055 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SW quadrant. Mid 0.24 0.22 0.07 pit 4052 greenish-brown, soft silty fine sand. 1 4056 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Mid 0.34 0.22 0.11 pit 4052 greenish-brown, soft silty fine sand. 1 4057 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Mid 0.22 0.12 0.08 pit 4061 brownish-yellow, malleable silty clay, sparse small gravel inclusions. 1 4058 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SW quadrant. Mid n/a n/a n/a pit 4061 brownish-yellow, malleable silty clay, sparse small gravel inclusions. 1 4059 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NE quadrant. Mid n/a n/a n/a pit 4061 brownish-yellow, malleable silty clay, sparse small gravel inclusions. 1 4060 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SE quadrant. Mid n/a n/a n/a pit 4061 brownish-yellow, malleable silty clay, sparse small gravel inclusions. 1 4061 Cut Cremation burial Oval, steep to vertical sides, 0.49 0.49 0.08 pit for urn 4037 flat base, NW/SE alignment. (Ra. 60) 1 4062 Fill Of urn 4032 Mid yellowish brown, soft silty 0.19 0.17 0.15 (Ra. 55) clay, occasional flint inclusions. 1 4063 Cut Cremation burial Sub oval, rounded corners, 0.4 0.4 0.17 pit steep sides, concave base. for urn 4038 (Ra. 61)

1 4064 Fill Cremation burial Backfill N quadrant. Mid 0.15 0.08 0.17 pit 4063 orange/ brown, friable clayey silt, with grey mottles and with regular medium sized roots. 1 4065 Fill Cremation burial Backfill S quadrant. Mid 0.25 0.22 0.17 pit 4063 orange/ brown, friable clayey silt, with grey mottles and with regular medium sized roots. 1 4066 Fill Cremation burial Backfill E quadrant. Mid 0.22 0.15 0.17 pit 4063 orange/ brown, friable clayey silt, with grey mottles and with regular medium sized roots. 1 4067 Fill Cremation burial Backfill W quadrant. Mid 0.16 0.15 0.17 pit 4063 orange/ brown, friable clayey silt, with grey mottles and with regular medium sized roots. 1 4068 Cut Cremation burial Circular in plan, rounded 0.43 0.43 0.16 pit for urn 4033 corners, steep u-shaped (Ra. 56) sides flat base. 1 4069 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Dark 0.23 0.13 0.13 pit 4068 yellowish-brown, soft silty clay, with occasional charcoal flecks and sub-angular flint inclusions. 1 4070 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Dark 0.1 0.25 0.13 pit 4068 yellowish-brown, soft silty clay, with occasional charcoal flecks and sub-angular flint inclusions. 1 4071 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Dark 0.21 0.09 0.12 pit 4068 yellowish-brown, soft silty clay, with occasional charcoal flecks and sub-angular flint inclusions. 1 4072 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Dark 0.22 0.08 0.14 pit 4068 yellowish-brown, soft silty clay, with occasional charcoal flecks and sub-angular flint inclusions. 1 4073 Fill Of urn 4033 Mid yellowish-brown and 0.24 0.23 0.17 (Ra. 56) grey, firm silty clay. 1 4074 Urn Partial urn Cremation Urn. Ra. 69. 0.16 0.15 0.12 (unstratified) Found on modern pipe easement spoilheap on N edge of Area 1. 1 4075 Fill Of urn 4074 Light yellowish-brown, firm 0.16 0.15 0.12 (Ra. 69) sandy silt, with small angular flint inclusions. 1 4076 Layer Modern Layer between urns 4041 n/a 0.08 0.15 disturbance? (Ra. 64) and 4042 (Ra. 65). Possible fill of either of them. Mid brown, friable silty clay. Covers urns 4040, 4041, 4102, 4103. 1 4077 Fill Of urn 4041 Mid brown, friable silty clay. n/a n/a n/a (Ra. 64) 1 4078 Cut Cremation burial Identical to cut 4122. Semi- n/a n/a n/a pit for urn 4042 circular in plan. (Ra. 65)

1 4079 Cut Cremation burial Circular in plan, steep v 0.49 0.46 0.13 pit for urn 4034 shaped sides, flat base. (Ra. 57) 1 4080 Fill Of urn 4034 Yellowish-brown firm silty 0.29 0.3 0.08 (Ra. 57) clay with greyish hue, occasional sub- angular flint and charcoal flecks. 1 4081 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Dark 0.27 0.05 0.1 pit 4079 yellowish-brown, firm silty clay occasional charcoal flecks and sub-angular flint. 1 4082 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NE quadrant. Dark 0.27 0.06 0.1 pit 4079 yellowish-brown, firm silty clay occasional charcoal flecks and sub-angular flint. 1 4083 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SW quadrant. Dark 0.32 0.05 0.08 pit 4079 yellowish-brown, firm silty clay occasional charcoal flecks and sub-angular flint. 1 4084 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SE quadrant. Dark 0.28 0.05 0.08 pit 4079 yellowish-brown, firm silty clay occasional charcoal flecks and sub-angular flint. 1 4085 Fill Tree throw 4086 Light brown, clayey silt, very >0.55 0.48 0.08 rare angular and sub-angular flint, rare burnt flint. Contains frag’s of urn, possibly 4043 (Ra. 66). 1 4086 Cut Tree throw Unknown shape in plan, >0.55 >0.45 0.18 rounded corners, moderate concave sides, flat base. 1 4087 Layer Modern Dark grey, friable silty clay, n/a n/a n/a disturbance charcoal and root inclusions. 1 4088 Layer Modern Dark brown, friable silty clay, n/a n/a n/a disturbance 1 4089 Fill Of urn 4035 Dark greyish-brown, friable n/a n/a n/a (Ra. 58) clayey silt, common burnt bone. 1 4090 Cut Cremation burial Irregular sub-oval in plan, 0.52 0.43 0.12 pit for urn 4035 rounded corners, steep (Ra. 58) concave sides, very shallow concave base, N/S alignment. 1 4091 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Mid 0.3 0.05 0.11 pit 4090 brown clayey (coarse) silt, common natural geology throughout moderate root disturbance. 1 4092 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NE quadrant. Mid 0.32 0.05 0.11 pit 4090 brown clayey (coarse) silt, common natural geology throughout moderate root disturbance. 1 4093 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SE quadrant. Mid 0.32 0.22 0.13 pit 4090 brown clayey (coarse) silt, common natural geology throughout moderate root disturbance. 1 4094 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SW quadrant. Mid 0.22 0.06 0.11 pit 4090 brown clayey (coarse) silt, common natural geology throughout moderate root disturbance.

1 4095 Cut Cremation burial Circular in plan, u-shaped 0.5 0.51 0.12 pit for urn 4036 symmetrical sides, flat base. (Ra. 59) 1 4096 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Dark 0.3 0.31 0.12 pit 4095 greyish-brown, firm silty clay, moderate charcoal smears and bioturbation. 1 4097 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NE quadrant. Dark 0.32 0.06 0.06 pit greyish-brown, firm silty clay, 4095 moderate charcoal smears and bioturbation. 1 4098 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SE quadrant. Dark 0.33 0.11 0.08 pit greyish-brown, firm silty clay, 4095 moderate charcoal smears and bioturbation. 1 4099 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SW quadrant. Dark 0.27 0.13 0.12 pit greyish-brown, firm silty clay, 4095 moderate charcoal smears and bioturbation. 1 4100 Fill Of urn 4036 Dark greyish-brown/black, 0.29 0.3 0.13 firm silty clay. 1 4101 Fill Tree throw 4104 Mid-brown soft malleable silty >0.47 >0.36 >0.21 clay, moderate small sub-- angular/angular flint, sparse charcoal, rare roots. 1 4102 Urn Cremation burial Cremation Urn fragment (Ra. n/a n/a n/a pit 70). Possibly the same as urn 4112 fragments 4103 (Ra. 71), 4040 (Ra. 63) and 4041 (Ra. 64) 1 4103 Urn Cremation burial Cremation Urn fragment (Ra. n/a n/a n/a pit 71). Possibly the same as urn 4112 fragments 4102 (Ra. 70), 4040 (Ra. 63) and 4041 (Ra. 64) 1 4104 Cut Tree throw Rounded corners, near 0.8 0.6 0.32 vertical concave sides, flat base. Filled by 4101. 1 4105 Fill Tree throw 4106 Mid-brown, friable silty clay, n/a n/a n/a burnt flint inclusions. 1 4106 Cut Tree Throw Irregular shape in plan, n/a n/a n/a moderate sides, undulating base. 1 4107 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SE quadrant. Mid n/a 0.06 0.16 pit greyish-brown, friable silty 4122 clay. 1 4108 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SW quadrant. Mid n/a 0.07 0.2 pit greyish-brown, friable silty 4122 clay. 1 4109 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Mid n/a 0.07 0.2 pit greyish-brown, friable silty 4122 clay. 1 4110 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NE quadrant. Mid n/a 0.07 0.2 pit greyish-brown, friable silty 4122 clay. 1 4111 Fill Of urn 4042 Fill of Urn. Unexcavated on n/a n/a n/a site. 1 4112 Cut Cremation burial Same as 4124. Semi-circular n/a n/a n/a pit for urn 4102 in plan with steep sides. (Ra. 70) 1 4113 Fill Cremation burial Dark grey brown, friable silty n/a n/a n/a pit 4112 clay. 1 4114 Cut Tree throw Rounded steep corners, very >0.56 >0.38 0.27 steep concave sides, irregular base.

1 4115 Fill Tree throw 4114 Light brown, granular but >0.56 0.38 0.27 malleable slightly clayey coarse silt, very rare sub- angular flint, charcoal and burnt flint fragments, common roots. 1 4116 Cut Cremation burial Sub-circular in plan, rounded n/a 0.40 0.17 pit for urn 4039 corners, near-vertical (Ra. 62) concave sides, very shallow concave base. 1 4117 Fill Of urn 4039 Very dark brown, soft friable n/a 0.3 n/a (Ra. 62) coarse silt, common charcoal inclusions. 1 4118 Fill Cremation burial Backfill NW quadrant. Mid n/a n/a 0.17 pit greyish-brown, soft malleable 4116 silty clay, very rare sub- angular/ angular flint Very rare roots, moderate charcoal flecks. 1 4119 Fill Cremation burial Backfill SW quadrant. Mid n/a n/a 0.17 pit greyish- brown soft malleable 4116 silty clay very rare sub- angular/angular flint. Very rare roots, moderate charcoal flecks. 1 4120 Cut Modern Rectangular pit, slightly 0.89 0.28 0.14 concave corners, steep concave sides, very shallow concave base, N/S alignment. 1 4121 Fill Modern pit 4120 Mid greyish-brown coarse silt, 0.73 0.27 0.14 firm, friable sparse roots and charcoal inclusions, rare sub- angular flint. 1 4122 Cut Cremation burial Identical to 4078. Circular in n/a 0.38 0.16 pit for urn 4042 plan, steep sides, flat base. (Ra. 65) 1 4123 Fill Of urn 4042 Dark grey brown, friable n/a n/a n/a (Ra. 65) sandy silty clay. 1 4124 Cut Cremation burial Identical to 4112. Circular in n/a 0.35 0.2 pit plan, steep sides, flat base. for urn 4103 (Ra. 71) 1 4125 Fill Cremation burial Backfill for cremation pit. Mid n/a 0.35 0.2 pit 4124 greyish- brown, friable sandy silty clay. 1 4126 Fill Of urn 4037 Fill of urn 4037. Unexcavated n/a n/a n/a (Ra. 60) on site. 1 4127 Fill Of urn 4038 Fill of urn 4038. Unexcavated n/a n/a n/a (Ra. 61) on site.

APPENDIX B: SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF URNS AND CONDITION

Table 4: Summary description of urns and condition Ra. Context no. Fabric Sherd Ct. Completeness Remarks Position 50 4003 F1 c. 30 Approx. upper half of Bucket Urn; simple rounded rim. Imperforate lugs at intervals c. Inverted vessel to depth 30mm below rim. Vessel diam. 320mm of c. 200mm; 51 4004 F1 1 Approx. upper two thirds Bucket Urn (small); simple, slightly-inturned rim. Remnant of Inverted of vessel to horizontal strip with possible vertical divisions to upper depth of c. body. Diam. C. 190mm 230mm; 52 4005 F1 c. 10 approx. upper third of Barrel form Urn; Simple rim. Applied horizontal strip to upper body Inverted vessel to depth with vertical sub-divisions. Diam. c. 330mm of c. 160mm; distorted to oval 53 4014 F1 15 Rim zone only; depth c. Barrel form Urn; Squared rim. Row of finger-impressed decoration Inverted? 80mm below rim between applied pads/lugs. Diam. c. 320mm 54 4031 F1 70 Rim zone only; depth c. Rim portion from Bucket/Barrel Urn; rounded rim. Undecorated Inverted? 80mm 55 4005 F1 70 Rim zone only; depth c. Barrel form Urn; Rounded rim. Applied finger-impressed vertical Inverted? 90mm strip below rim. 56 4033 G1 41 Rim zone only; depth c. Rim portion from Bucket/Barrel Urn; rounded rim. Undecorated Inverted? 80mm 57 4034 V2 c. 40 Bodysherds only Form indeterminate. Unknown 58 4035 F2 4 Base portion and Form indeterminate. Unknown bodysherds 59 4036 F1 1 Base sherd only Form indeterminate. Base c. 260mm diam. 60 4037 G1 c. 30 Rim zone only; depth c. Rim portion from Bucket/Barrel Urn; rounded rim. Undecorated. Inverted? 80mm Internal carbonised residue 61 - V1 70 Rim zone only; depth c. Rim portion from Bucket/Barrel Urn; squared rim. Undecorated Inverted? 100mm 62 4039 F1 18 Base portion only – to Bucket Urn? (thick-walled) base from vessel measuring c. 300mm Upright depth of c. diam. 40mm 63 4040 F1 7 Bodysherds only Form indeterminate. 1 x sherd with applied horizontal strip Unknown 64 4041 F1 25 Base portion only – to Form indeterminate. Base c. 90mm diam Upright? depth of c.

30mm 65 4042 F1 41 Approx. upper two thirds Barrel form Urn; flattened/expanded rim. Applied/pushed-out Inverted of vessel to horizontal strip to upper body. 2 x small pre-firing depth of c. perforations below rim. Diam. c. 340mm 300mm; 66 4043 F1 25 Rim/bodysherds Rim portion from Bucket/Barrel Urn; rounded rim. Undecorated. Inverted? 67 4044 F1 11 Bodysherds only Form indeterminate. Unknown 68 4045 F2 22 (Upper) bodysherds Sherds from upper portion of Bucket/Barrel Urn. One sherd with Unknown applied horiz. strip. Internal carbonised residue. 69 4074 F2 3 bodysherds Form indeterminate Unknown 70 4102 F1 35 Base sherds only – to Base c. 230mm diam. Upright? depth of c. 30mm

APPENDIX C: CHARCOAL IDENTIFICATION

Table 5: Charcoal identification

Urn number and registered artefact (Ra.) number 4003 4003 4003 4004 4004 4004 4004 4005 4005 4005 4005 4005 (Ra. 50) (Ra. 50) (Ra. 50) (Ra. 51) (Ra. 51) (Ra. 51) (Ra. 51) (Ra. 52) (Ra. 52) (Ra. 52) (Ra. 52) (Ra. 52) Context number 4021 4026 4143 4023 4027 4135 4136 4007 4008 4009 4010 4028 Feature number 4020 4020 4020 4022 4022 4022 4022 4006 4006 4006 4006 4006 Sample number (SS) 105 111 176 106 112 168 169 100 101 102 103 113 Backfill (BF)/Urn fill (UF) BF BF UF BF BF UF UF BF BF BF BF BF Quadrant (Q)/Spit depth (cm) NE SE SW NW

W half E half 0–6cm W half E half 0–9cm 10–24cm N/A Flot volume (ml) 6 33 4 1 80 30 Sample volume processed (l) 1 7 7 4 8 4 6 10 4 7 3 5 Charcoal quantity + ++++ ++ + ++ +++ Charcoal preservation N/A Moderate Poor N/A Moderate Poor Family Species Common Name Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn./ Alder/Hazel Corylus avellana L. 6 5 Fagaceae Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./ Sessile Oak/ Quercus robur L. Pedunculate Oak 4 5 5 10 Total 0 10 5 0 10 10

Key

+ = 1-4 items; ++ = 5-20 items; +++ = 21-40 items; ++++ = 40-99 items; +++++ = 100-500 items; ++++++ = >500 items

Table 6: Charcoal identification

Urn number and registered artefact (Ra.) number 4005 4012 4012 4012 4012 4012 4012 4012 4031 4031 4031 4032 (Ra. 52) (Ra. 53) (Ra. 53) (Ra. 53) (Ra. 53) (Ra. 53) (Ra. 53) (Ra. 53) (Ra. 54) (Ra. 54) (Ra. 54) (Ra. 55) Context number 4146 4015 4016 4017 4017 4018 4141 4142 4048 4049 4145 4053 Feature number 4006 4013 4013 4013 4013 4013 4013 4013 4046 4046 4046 4052 Sample number (SS) 179 107 108 109 148 110 174 175 126 127 178 114 Backfill (BF)/Urn fill (UF) UF BF BF BF BF BF UF UF BF BF UF BF Quadrant/Spit depth (cm) NE

N E S S W 0–18cm quadrant quadrant quadrant quadrant quadrant 12–20cm 0-9cm E half W half 0–9cm Flot volume (ml) 9 12 1.5 1 <0.1 61.5 Sample volume processed (l) 15 2 2 1 2 2 5 9 0.5 0.5 4 8 Charcoal quantity ++ ++ ++ 0 0 ++++ Charcoal preservation Poor Poor Poor N/A N/A Moderate Family Species Common Name Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn./ Alder/Hazel Corylus avellana L. 10 Fagaceae Quercus petraea (Matt.) Sessile Oak/ Liebl./Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak L. 8 7 5 Total 8 7 5 0 0 10

Table 7: Charcoal identification

Urn number and registered artefact (Ra.) number 4033 4033 4034

4032 4032 4032 4032 4033 4033 4033 4033 4034 (Ra. 55) (Ra. 55) (Ra. 55) (Ra. 55) (Ra. 56) (Ra. 56) (Ra. 56) (Ra. 56) (Ra. 57) Context number 4054 4055 4056 4147 4069 4070 4071 4072 4137 4138 4081 4082 Feature number 4052 4052 4052 4052 4068 4068 4068 4068 4068 4068 4079 4079 Sample number (SS) 115 116 117 180 128 129 130 131 170 171 134 135 Backfill (BF)/Urn fill (UF) BF BF BF UF BF BF BF BF UF UF BF BF Quadrant/Spit depth (cm) NW NE SE SW NW NE

SE SW NW quadrant quadrant quadrant 0–11cm 0 –4cm 5–13cm Flot volume (ml) 5 1 10 1.5 2 5 Sample volume processed (l) 2 7 7 4 5 3 6 4 3 8 5 3 Charcoal quantity + 0 0 0 + + Charcoal preservation N/A N/A N/A N/A Poor N/A Family Species Common Name Fagaceae Quercus petraea (Matt.) Sessile Oak/ Liebl./Quercus Pedunculate Oak robur L. 4 Total 0 0 0 0 4 0

Table 8: Charcoal identification

Urn number and registered artefact (Ra.) number 4034 4034 4034 4035 4035 4035 4035 4035 4035 4035 4036 (Ra. 57) (Ra. 57) (Ra. 57) (Ra. 58) (Ra. 58) (Ra. 58) (Ra. 58) (Ra. 58) (Ra. 58) (Ra. 58) (Ra. 59) Context number 4083 4084 4134 4089 4089 4091 4092 4093 4094 4132 4096 Feature number 4079 4079 4079 4090 4090 4090 4090 4090 4090 4090 4095 Sample number (SS) 136 137 167 142 148 143 144 145 146 165 138 Backfill (BF)/Urn fill (UF) BF BF UF BF BF BF BF BF BF UF BF Quadrant/Spit depth (cm) SW SE NW NE SE SW NW

Flot volume (ml) 19 14 71 75 Sample volume processed (l) 5 4 9 1 2 2 3 5 4 10 5 Charcoal quantity + + +++ + Charcoal preservation Poor Poor Moderate N/A Family Species Common Name Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn./ Alder/Hazel Corylus avellana L. 4 8 Fagaceae Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./ Sessile Oak/ Quercus robur L. Pedunculate Oak 1 2 Total 1 4 10 0

Table 9: Charcoal identification

Urn number and registered artefact (Ra.) number 4036 4036 4036 4036 4037 4037 4037 4037 4037 4038 4038 4038 (Ra. 59) (Ra. 59) (Ra. 59) (Ra. 59) (Ra. 60) (Ra. 60) (Ra. 60) (Ra. 60) (Ra. 60) (Ra. 61) (Ra. 61) (Ra. 61) Context number 4097 4098 4099 4133 4057 4058 4059 4060 4144 4064 4065 4066 Feature number 4095 4095 4095 4095 4061 4061 4061 4061 4061 4063 4063 4063 Sample number (SS) 139 140 141 166 118 119 120 121 177 122 123 124 Backfill (BF)/Urn fill (UF) BF BF BF UF BF BF BF BF UF BF BF BF Quadrant/Spit depth (cm) NE SE SW NW SW NE SE N S E

0– 6cm 0– 8cm Flot volume (ml) 15 3 9.5 13 Sample volume processed (l) 3 2 6 4 1 2 1 0.5 9 3 5 0.5 Charcoal quantity + + ++ + Charcoal preservation N/A Poor Poor Poor Family Species Common Name Fagaceae Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./ Sessile Oak/ Quercus robur L. Pedunculate Oak 1 2 2 Total 0 1 2 2

Table 10: Charcoal identification

Urn number and registered artefact (Ra.) number 4039 4042

4041 4038 4038 4038 4039 4039 (Ra. 64, 70 or 4042 4042 4042 4042 (Ra. 61) (Ra. 61) (Ra. 61) (Ra. 62) (Ra. 62) 71) (Ra. 65) (Ra. 65) (Ra. 65) (Ra. 65) Context number 4067 4131 4131 4118 4119 4130 4139 4108 4108 4109 4110 4123 Feature number 4063 4063 4063 4116 4116 4116 4112 4122 4122 4122 4122 4122 Sample number (SS) 125 164 163 155 156 162 172 149 150 151 152 157 Backfill (BF)/Urn fill (UF) BF UF UF BF BF UF UF BF BF BF BF UF Quadrant/Spit depth (cm) W NW SW SW SW NW NE quadrant 11–16cm 0–10cm quadrant quadrant 0–9cm quadrant quadrant quadrant quadrant 0–1cm Flot volume (ml) 3.5 1.5 1 21 3 11 Sample volume processed (l) 5 7 9 2 2 7 7 1.5 5 3 2 1.5 Charcoal quantity + 0 + ++ + ++ Charcoal preservation Poor N/A N/A Poor N/A Poor Family Species Common Name Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn./ Alder/Hazel Corylus avellana L. 1 Fagaceae Quercus petraea (Matt.) Sessile Oak/ Liebl./Quercus Pedunculate Oak robur L. 1 2 2 Total 1 0 0 2 0 3

Table 11: Charcoal identification

Urn number and registered artefact (Ra.) number 4042 (Ra. 65) 4042 (Ra. 65) 4042 (Ra. 65) 4102 (Ra. 70) Context number 4125 4128 4129 4113 Feature number 4122 4122 4122 4112 Sample number (SS) 158 160 161 153 Backfill (BF)/Urn fill (UF) BF UF UF UF Quadrant/Spit depth (cm) 1–16cm 17–32cm Flot volume (ml) 12.5 79 5 Sample volume processed (l) 7 10 13 2 Charcoal quantity + +++ ++ Charcoal preservation Poor Moderate Poor Family Species Common Name Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn./ Betulaceae Alder/Hazel Corylus avellana L. 9 Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./ Sessile Oak/ Fagaceae Quercus robur L. Pedunculate Oak 2 1 2 Total 2 10 2

APPENDIX D: OSTEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY

On site where a deposit was identified as containing cremated bone, it was either half sectioned or quarter sectioned and then excavated in spits of 20 mm. These were then processed as environmental samples, which involved wet sieving using flotation and 1mm residue mesh. The dry bone was then removed from the sample and sieved through 10, 5 and 2 mm mesh size. The weight of the bone retained in each fraction and spit was recorded and its percentage of the total weight of the cremation was calculated. This enabled the degree of fragmentation to be quantified in each cremation.

The bones retained from each sieve size were examined in detail and sorted into the following identifiable bone groups: skull (including mandible and dentition); axial (clavicle, scapula, ribs, vertebra and pelvic elements); upper limb and lower limb. The separation of the bone into these groups helps illuminate any deliberate bias in the skeletal elements collected for burial. Each sample was weighed on digital scales and details of colour and largest fragment were recorded. Where possible, the presence of individual bones within the defined bone groups was noted. Any unidentifiable fragments of long bone shafts or cancellous bone, which are often the majority recovered from cremations, were weighed and incorporated into any subsequent quantitative analysis. The prevalence of unidentifiable bone is largely dependent on the degree of fragmentation, whereby larger fragments are easier to identify than smaller ones.

It must also be taken into consideration that some skeletal elements are more diagnostic and more easily identifiable than others and, therefore, more often recorded. This may create bias in calculations of the relative quantities of skeletal elements collected for burial.

Fragments below a certain size are not distinguishable as to whether they are human or animal except microscopically or chemically.

Age estimations from cremated remains are dependent on the survival of particular age diagnostic elements. In adult cremations, the most useful age indicators are degenerative changes to the auricular surface (Lovejoy et al. 1985) and pubic symphysis (Suchey and Brooks 1990) and cranial suture closure (Meindl and

Lovejoy 1985). For subadults unerupted teeth, cranial thickness and size of bones help to identify age.

Sex estimation of adult burnt bone relies on the preservation of specific elements and is uncommon in cremated material. The quantity of warping and shrinkage of the bone during the cremation process must also been taken into consideration when estimating sex using the standard analytical techniques used on dry bone.

APPENDIX E: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Peters Road, Lock’s Heath, Fareham Short description An archaeological strip, map and sample excavation of two

areas of land off Peters Road, Locks Heath, Fareham was

undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in April/May 2014, as part of a programme of archaeological investigation. The site had been the subject of three phases of evaluation (in 2009, 2013 and 2014). The two areas comprised 925 square metres in total. The excavations were undertaken to investigate the extent of a Middle Bronze Age urned cremation cemetery, of which four burials had been identified in 2009. The site had been subject to heavy truncation. Despite this, at least 15 pits were recorded, containing urns. Additional cremation urns, or fragments thereof, were also recovered without visible cuts, or from a tree-throw hole. Portions of some 21 cremation urns have been identified. The urns appear to date to the Middle Bronze Age, c. 1700/1500 to 1150 cal. BC and are attributable to the Deverel–Rimbury style, which commonly characterises pottery of this period across southern England. The Locks Heath group is among the largest of Middle Bronze Age date excavated from the county in recent decades. A single glass bead was the only possible grave good identified. Either may be indicative of non-local trade or curated objects. Despite the urns being block lifted and excavated in spits, and the deposits surrounding them also being widely sampled, the amount of cremated bone recovered was very small, (just seven deposits), and the weights of bone were very low when compared to the average for the time period, with high fragmentation levels. Flotation of the soil samples produced, in general, very little ecofactual material. No carbonised plant macrofossils were present and charcoal, where present was poorly preserved. Project dates 14 April – 9 May 2014 Project type Strip, map and sample excavation

Previous work DBA - Wessex Archaeology 2007 CA Evaluation (Phase 1) - Sept 2009 CA Heritage Statement – Nov 2011 CA Evaluation (Phase 2) - May 2013 CA Evaluation (Phase 3) - June 2014 Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Lock’s Heath, Fareham Study area 8.3 ha Site co-ordinates SU 5022 0715

PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator RPS Planning & Development Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology Project Manager Damian da Rosa Project Supervisor Chris Ellis MONUMENT TYPE Cremation cemetery SIGNIFICANT FINDS Cinerary urns PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive: Content

Hampshire Museums Service Acc. No. A2014.31 Physical Pottery, glass bead, glassy slag, cremated bone, charcoal Paper Trench Records, Context sheets, Sample Registers and Records, Registered Artefact Indexes, Drawing Registers, A3/A4 site drawings Digital Finds database, digital photos, survey data BIBLIOGRAPHY CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2016Peters Road, Lock’s Heath, Fareham, Hampshire: Archaeological strip, map and sample excavation. Updated excavation Report. CA typescript report 14411

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H LLocksocks HHeatheath

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N Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 326549 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Peter’s Road, Locks Heath, Fareham Hampshire Hampshire FIGURE TITLE Site location plan

0 1km

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 2012 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 779004 DATE 03-11-2014 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY LJH REVISION 01 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1

4 5

4 East facing section of decorated cremation urn 4005 (RA 52) (0.4m scale) 5 Northwest facing section of urns 4003 (RA 50) and 4004 6 7 (RA 51) 6 General view of Area 1A looking southwest (1m scales) 7 North facing section of urn 4042 (RA 65) cutting into earlier urned cremation burial 4102 (RA 70)/4103 (RA 71) (0.4m scale) 8 General view of urn 4039 (RA 62) truncated by a modern pit, looking north (0.4m scale)

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Peter’s Road, Locks Heath, Fareham, Hampshire FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779004 DATE 03/11/2014 FIGURE NOs. DRAWN BY LJH REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 N/A 4 - 8 9

0 15mm

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 9 Glass bead from soil sample <167> associated with Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk Urn RA 57 (fill 4134) from Cremation pit 4079 e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE 10 Flake of glassy slag from soil sample <73>, taken Peter’s Road, Locks Heath, Fareham from Urn RA 64 (context 4041, fill 4077) Hampshire FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779004 DATE 13/04/2016 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY LJH REVISION 01 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:0.3 9 & 10