Transportation Research Record No. 1441, Nonmotorized Transportation
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD. ' No. 1441 Safety and Human Performance; Planning, Administration, and Environment N ontnotorized Transportation Around the World A peer-reviewed publication of the Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. 1994 Transportation Research Record 1441 Sponsorship of Transportation Research Record 1441 ISSN 0361-1981 ISBN 0-309-05523-7 GROUP 5-INTERGROUP RESOURCES AND ISSUES Price: $33.00 Chairman: Patricia F. Waller, University of Michigan Subscriber Categories Global Task Force on Nonmotorized Transportation IVB safety and human performance Chairman: V. Setty Pendakur, University of British Columbia I planning, administration, and environment Ahmed H. Abalkhail, Adetumji Ademiyi Bolade, Kay Colpitts, David R. Danforth, Harry T. Dimitriou, G. A. Edmonds, Erik T. Ferguson, Ralph Gakenheimer, Xavier Godard, Anthony Hathway, Charles A. Hedges, Ralph B. Hirsch, John Howe, Christer Hyden, Ben H. lmmers, Darshan Printed in the United States of America Johal, Peter M. Jones, Emanuel Klaesi, Kenneth E. Kruckemeyer, Henning Lauridsen, Joshua D. Lehman, Thomas R. Leinbach, Andrew C. Lerner, Peter Ludwig, Slobodan Mitric, John Morrall, El Sadig M. Musa, Michael A. Powills, Michael A. Replogle, Avinash C. Sarna, Richard G. Scurfield, Richard M. Soberman, Budhy T. S. Soegijoko, Yordphol Tanaboriboon, William S. Thornhill, William C. Wilkinson III Transportation Research Board Staff Robert E. Spicher, Director, Technical Activities Richard F. Pain, Transportation Safety Coordinator Nancy A. Ackerman, Director, Reports and Editorial Services Susan E. G. Brown, Editor Sponsorship is indicated by a footnote at the end of each paper. The organizational units, officers, and members are as of December 31, 1993. Transportation Research Record 1441 Contents Foreword vii Part 1-People's Republic of China Road Safety in China 3 Francis Navin, Art Bergan, Jinsong Qi, and Jiang Li Analysis of Bicycle-Dependent Transport Systems in China: 11 Case Study in a Medium-Sized City Hisashi Kubota and Tetsuo Kidokoro Chinese Pedestrians and Their Walking Characteristics: 16 Case Study in Beijing Yordphol Tanaboriboon and Qian Jing Study of Bicycle Parking in Central Business District of Shanghai 27 Kefei Yan and ]ilong Zheng Part 2-Cost and Consequences of Mobility Women and Nonmotorized Transport: Connection in Africa Between 39 Transportation and Economic Development Julia Philpott Urgent Need for Environmental Sustainability in Land Transport in 44 Developing Countries: An Informal Personal View R. ]. A. Goodland Fundamental Relationship for Roadway Safety: Model for 53 Global Comparisons Francis Navin, Art Bergan, and Jinsong Qi Part 3-Asia and Africa Noninotorized Vehicles in Asian Cities: Issues and Policies 61 Chiaki Kuranami, Bruce P. Winston, and Paul A. Guitink Comparative Study of Transportation Modal Choice in 71 Asian Countries Toshikazu Shimazaki, Kazunori Hokao, and Shihana Sulaiha Mohamed Moving Toward Integrated Transport Planning: Energy, 84 Environment, and Mobility in Four Asian Cities P. Christopher Zegras and Mia Layne Birk N onmotorized Vehicles in Hanoi and Phnom Penh: 93 Existing Situation and Options for Improvement Derek Dylan Bell and Chiaki Kuranami A Tale of Two Cultures: Ethnicity and Cycling Behavior in 101 Urban Ghana Margaret Grieco, Jeff Turner, and E. A. Kwakye Role of Nonmotorized Transportation and Public Transport in 108 Japan's Economic Success Walter Hook Factors Influencing Ownership and Use of Nonmotorized Vehicles in 116 Asian Cities Chiaki Kuranami and Bruce P. Winston Part 4-lssues and Experience Urban Transport Strategy for Cairo: Advice and Dissent 127 Slobodan Mitric Bicycling and Transportation Demand Management 134 Todd Litman Bicycle Ownership and Use in Amsterdam 141 M. ]. H. Beck and L. H. Immers Nonrecreational Cycling in Ottawa, Canada 147 Daphne Hope Foreword The papers in this volume resulted from a call for papers for the 1994 TRB Annual Meeting issued by V. Setty Pendakur, chair of the Global Task Force on Nonmotorized Transportation (NMT). The resulting papers were peer-reviewed and are presented here in four topical groupings. The first four papers are about various aspects of transportation in the People's Republic of China. Navin et al. describe road safety in China and discuss the benefits of applying additional safety treatments. The current and future roles of bicycles and ways to achieve those roles are described by Kubota and Kidokoro using a medium-sized city in China as a case study. The pedestrian mode in Beijing is studied by Tanaboriboon and Jing; in particular, the types of facilities for interacting with vehicular traffic (e.g., crosswalks and over- and underpasses) are surveyed from the perspectives of pedestrian preference and safety. Yan and Zheng identify the problems of parking bicycles in a large central business district (Shanghai). They model the situation and develop plans for the year 2000 to address the problems noted. The next group of papers centers on the cost and consequences of mobility. Philpott begins with a discussion of the role of women in African economies and women's use of transportation to fulfill those roles. Goodland describes global environmental impacts and land transportation and then suggests public policy solutions. Another cost and consequence of mobility is crashes; Navin et al. propose a fundamental relationship to explain road accidents in developed and developing countries and test the relationship with data from five countries. The third series of papers discusses NMT in Asia and Africa. Kuranami et al. address major NMT issues and recommend policies for each. Shimazaki et al. develop a graphical model that analyzes the modal choice pattern in major Asian cities. A new approach to planning called inte grated transport planning is presented by Zegras and Birk; the approach emphasizes accessibility for individuals, not vehicles, and the experiences of four very different Asian cities are used to demonstrate the need for it. In Hanoi, Vietnam, and Phnom Penh, Cambodia, NMT is being phased out; Bell and Kuranami argue for a more balanced and affordable approach to transportation plan ning in these cities. Grieco et al. studied attitudes toward cycling in Accra, Ghana, and discuss policy consequences of the findings with a view to promoting NMT. In the next paper, Hook outlines the public policies in Japan that enabled urban transportation to be dominated by NMT and rail and argues that these policies contributed to the economic success of Japan and can better guide devel oping countries than can past U.S. transportation development policy. On the basis of a 10-city study of NMT, Kuranami and Winston summarize the existing situation and trends and assess factors influencing the ownership and use of nonmotorized vehicles. The final group of papers covers NMT issues and experiences in developing countries. Mitric describes the transportation situation in Cairo, Egypt, in the early 1980s; he traces what happened with investments that did not follow a suggested low-cost improvement approach and identifies four issues to be addressed in Cairo transportation planning. Bicycle promotion can be incorporated into transportation demand management programs, according to Litman, who discusses problems with bicycle promotion and offers encouragement strategies and guidelines. Beck and Immers give a better understanding of the constraints that hinder bicycle ownership and use in Amsterdam, pro posing measures and incentives to promote bicycle use. Hope describes the shift during the past 4 years toward examining the nature of and design for nonrecreational cyclists in Ottawa, Canada. vii PARTl People's Republic of China TRANSPOR'TATJON RESEARCH RECORD 1441 3 Road Safety in China FRANCIS NAVIN, ART BERGAN, JINSONG QI, AND JIANG LI China is in the early stages of iµotorization. The road safety issues The mixing of motor vehicles and nonmotor vehicles is char that arise are interesting since they indicate that although a few are acteristic of China, and another is the mixed traffic of ordinary unique to early motorization, many are associated with more motor motor vehicles and slow-moving vehicles, such as tractors. More ized countries such as Canada. The 1.2 billion Chinese are concen trated in roughly the eastern third of the country. Recent economic commercial vehicles than passenger cars use the roads. The pro reforms have greatly expanded the motorized vehicle fleet to 16 mil portion of motor vehicles in China (4) was as follows (in lion but have done little for the road system. Bicycles dominate per thousands): cars, 845; commercial vehicles, such as trucks, 3,367, sonal transport and number over 300 million. There were 49,271 re buses, 439, and other, 607; tractors, 6,367; and motorcycles, ported highway fatalities in China during 1990. The fatality rate per 4,141. The number of bicycles is given in Table 1. Buses and 10,000 motor vehicles is 48, roughly 19 times that of Canada. Cyclists bicycles are the major modes of personal travel in urban China. and pedestrians account for about 60 percent of the fatalities. The majority of accidents may be attributed to a driver's violation of laws, Passenger cars are largely government owned or taxis. Trucks carelessness, vehicle mechanical faults, and poor road facilities. An comprise the majority of the motor vehicles. Most trucks weigh interesting question for road safety professionals is Can