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Transportation Demand Management Insights from the Mobil.TUM 2012 International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport Gebhard Wulfhorst, Benjamin Büttner (Editors) Transportation Demand Management Insights from the mobil.TUM 2012 International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning Schriftenreihe Heft 2 Transportation Demand Management Insights from the mobil.TUM 2012 International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport Edited by Gebhard Wulfhorst Benjamin Büttner Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning Institute of Transportation Technische Universität München Germany Contents Preface Gebhard Wulfhorst, Benjamin Büttner ................................................ 1 Transportation Demand Management : Win-Win Solutions to Transport Problems Todd Litman ........................................................................................ 3 Part I: The revival of urban mobility by walking and cycling Accessibility analysis with space syntax: The pedestrian movement network in the city centre of Munich Christian Schwander, Stephen Law. ................................................. 11 Incorporating the Influence of Walkability into a Model of Pedestrian Accessibility David Jonietz, Sabine Timpf ............................................................. 31 From international experience to French case studies PORT-VERT: a French research project investigating various possibilities of bicycle-transit intermodality Claude Soulas, Sylvie Abours, Francis Papon .................................. 44 Part II: Pro-active development of transport supply How and why planners make traffic-increasing plans – and what could be done to change the situation Aud Tennøy....................................................................................... 61 Tramway renaissance in Munich – Effects of the new Tram 23 on urban structure and mobility behavior Roland Priester, Benjamin Büttner .................................................... 84 Evaluating the impact of environmental constraints in networks: formulation and analysis in a simple case Xin Lin, Ben Immers, Francesco Viti, Chris Tampère ...................... 104 Megacities and High Speed Rail systems: which comes first? Francesca Pagliara, Joao de Abreu e Silva, Joseph Sussman, Naomi Stein .................................................................................... 125 Part III: Accessibility as a key to sustainable mobility Accessibility Analysis and Dutch Transport Policy Karst Geurs ..................................................................................... 144 Interdependencies between Supply and Demand of Transport: The Evolution of Accessibility within the Lyon Metropolitan Area Yves Crozet, Aurelié Mercier, Nicolas Ovtracht, Loïc Sapet ........... 160 Assessment of the impact of Road Pricing to Achieve a more Sustainable Development of the Transport System Oliver Roider, Christoph Link .......................................................... 176 Part IV: Innovative methods for land-use and travel demand modeling Modelling the Relationsship between Urban Environment and Travel Behaviour: Policy and Indicators Lissy La Paix, Andrés Monzón, Elisabetta Cherchi ......................... 191 Meta-analysis of long-term trip generation modelling Johannes Hartwig, André Kühn, Florian Senger, Michael Krail, Wolfgang Schade ........................................................................... 215 Part V: Modeling for sustainable mobility decisions Modelling the impact of local policies to optimise the development of electric vehicles Benjamin Mousseau, Anne-Sophie Fulda, Guenter Emberger........ 233 Clean, Safe and Healthy Mobility through Non-Technical Measures – Linking Individual and Public Decision Levels Claus Doll, Johannes Hartwig ......................................................... 249 Conclusions Towards sustainable mobility solutions Gebhard Wulfhorst .......................................................................... 271 Preface 1 PREFACE Sustainable mobility is at the heart of our global concerns for livable cities and regions, now and for the generations to come. Major efforts are needed in research and practice on both the invention and implementation of sustainable mobility solutions. Regarding the crucial challenges of sustainable development, we can no longer take travel demand as a given. The task is to pro-actively design, model and implement our transport supply options, to transform the spatial structure of our cities and regions and to create mobility management measures so that our individual daily mobility behavior better matches global long-term needs. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) in that sense can have an important impact on economic prosperity, social welfare and ecological viability. We are organizing the International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport “mobil.TUM” at TUM’s Institute of Transportation since 2008 because we intent to develop and foster a scientific, international, interdisciplinary forum for exchange about the state of the art and state of practice on a selected transportation topic. The “mobil.TUM 2012” conference was organized by the Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning and was a dialogue on the challenges and achievements in the field of Transportation Demand Management. One aim was to draw connections between research and practice in order to develop innovative scientific contributions as well as sound solutions for implementation. This book contains papers on the five topics “The revival of urban mobility by walking and cycling”, “Pro-active development of transport supply”, “Accessibility as a key to sustainable mobility”, “Innovative methods for land-use and travel demand modeling”, “Modeling for sustainable mobility decisions” which were presented at the mobil.TUM 2012 conference on the 19th and 20th of March, 2012 in Munich. These contributions were selected after a call for papers with more than 60 submissions. In addition, 20 posters were presented and discussed in a lively session and have been taken into account as a basis for the selected papers within this book. mobil.TUM 2012 2 Transportation Demand Management The quality of the following papers has been ensured and improved by the constructive comments received from our peer reviewers Udo Becker (Technische Universität Dresden), Marco te Brömmelstroet (Universität von Amsterdam), Fritz Busch (Technische Universität München), Yves Crozet (Laboratoire d'économie des transports, Lyon), Regine Gerike (BOKU, Vienna), Karst Geurs (University of Twente, Enschede), Martin Lanzendorf (Goethe Universität, Frankfurt), Todd Litman (Victoria Transport Policy Institute) and Michael Wegener (S&W, Dortmund). We are grateful to them and highly appreciate their effort and support. Last but not least, we would like to thank the authors for their rich contributions to the conference and especially to the book at hand. The conference has been an exciting opportunity to meet and exchange ideas. A lot of inspiration has emerged from the presentations, discussions and informal networking. May this book capture and reflect these ideas, so that we can build upon them individually and as a community. Gebhard Wulfhorst, Benjamin Büttner June 2013 Transportation Demand Management Win-win Solutions to Transport Problems 3 TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT : WIN-WIN SOLUTIONS TO TRANSPORT PROBLEMS Todd Litman, Victoria Transport Policy Institute Corresponding author: Todd Litman; [email protected] Abstract Transportation Demand Management (TDM) includes various policies and programs that increase transport system efficiency. This can significantly reduce the need to expand roadway facilities, and provides other economic, social and environmental benefits. Current demographic and economic trends, and new community concerns, are increasing TDM benefits. Conventional transport economic evaluation tends to overlook and undervalue many of these benefits. More comprehensive and multi-modal evaluation can identify “win-win” solutions, TDM strategies that provide multiple benefits and are most cost effective overall. Keywords: Transportation Demand Management Introduction A paradigm refers to the basic assumptions used to define problems and evaluate solutions (Kuhn 1962). A discipline’s paradigm sometimes shifts, during which practitioners must reexamine their basic assumptions and analysis methods. For example, the Copernican revolution which recognized that the earth revolves around the sun, and the theory of evolution which explained biological change through natural selection, are well-known paradigm shifts. Transportation planning is undergoing a similar change (Litman). The old paradigm developed during the period when automobile travel demand was growing rapidly and so focused primarily on expanding roadway capacity. The new paradigm is more comprehensive and multi-modal: it considers a broader range of modes, objectives, impacts and transport system improvement options. This new paradigm supports Transportation Demand Management (TDM, also called mobility management) which is the general name for various strategies that result in more efficient use of mobil.TUM 2012 4 Transportation Demand Management transportation resources, including road space, parking facilities, fuel, and clean air. Table 1 summarizes major categories of TDM Strategies. Table 1 Transportation Demand Management Strategies (VTPI 2013) Improves Transport Land Use Implementation Options Incentives Management Programs Carsharing Distance-based pricing Complete streets Commute trip reduction programs
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