Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25 DOI 10.1007/s11557-009-0613-5

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

New species and new Chinese records of (, )

Jing Luo & Wen-Ying Zhuang

Received: 7 May 2009 /Accepted: 7 August 2009 /Published online: 27 August 2009 # German Mycological Society and Springer 2009

Abstract Collections of bionectriaceous fungi from differ- soil, and dung, and are widely distributed. In the past, most ent areas of China were examined, in which 3 new species of them were assigned to the Nectria including about were encountered. Bionectria intermedia is characterized 1,000 names (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/ by smooth perithecia, 2-layered perithecial wall, cylindrical Names.asp). Based on morphological and molecular stud- to clavate asci with an apical ring, ascospore striations ies, Rossman et al. (1999) revised the concept of Nectria- composed of separate warts, and dimorphic conidiophores. ceae and established the family Bionectriaceae typified by Hydropisphaera yunnanensis has hairy ascomata which are Bionectria Speg. The latter comprises species showing a cupulate when dry, clavate asci with a simple apex, and diverse range of phenotypic characters. Both perithecial and spinulose and very narrow ascospores fusiform and cleistothecial species were classified in the Bionectriaceae. constricted at septum. Nectriopsis apiosporae possesses Their ascomata are white, yellow, orange to brown, and do laterally pinched perithecia when dry, 1-layered perithecial not change color in KOH and lactic acid. They are wall, rough perithecial surface, clavate asci with a simple superficial or immersed in the substratum and their ascomatal apex, spinulose ascospores with 3 septa, and on Apiospora walls are 1- to 3-layered. Their asci are cylindrical to clavate sp. Four species, Bionectria epichloë, B. kowhaii, B. with or without apical ring. Ascospores of these fungi are subquaternata and Hydropisphaera suffulta, are reported non- to multi-septate with smooth, spinulose, warted to as new to China. striate surface. A total of 271 species belonging to 33 teleomorphic genera are accepted in the family, including 28 Keywords Bionectria . Clonostachys . Hydropisphaera . perithecial genera and 5 cleistothecial ones (Rossman et al. Morphology. Nectriopsis . 1999; Schroers et al. 1999; Rossman 2000;Etayo2002; Döbbeler 2004). Connected with these teleomorphs, Acremonium Link, Clonostachys Corda, Didymostilbe Introduction Henn., Gliocladium-like, Gracilistilbella Seifert, Kutilakesa Subram., Myrothecium-like, Rhopalocladium Schroers, Nectrioid fungi are important as decomposers of plant Stilbella-like and Verticillium-like are recorded as their debris, pathogens of plants, insects, and human beings, anamorphs (Rossman 2000). biological control agents, and producers of enzymes, Nectriopsis uredinophila (Syd.) W.Y. Zhuang & X.M. mycotoxins, and food (Rossman 1996). As parasitic or Zhang (as Calonectria uredinophila), the first record of the saprobic organisms, they occur on plants, animals, lichens, bionectriaceous fungi from China, was described by Sydow (1929). Succeeded by Teng’s studies on the group in China, 5 species belonging to 3 genera were added up to the 1960s : J. Luo W.-Y. Zhuang (*) (Teng 1934, 1935, 1936, 1963). After a long break, 2 Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology species in 2 genera were discovered from Taiwan (Wang et Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, al. 1999), and 10 species in 6 genera were further found Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China from Hong Kong (Fröhlich and Hyde 2000; Lu et al. 2000). e-mail: [email protected] Upon publication of their monographic treatments of three 18 Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25 families in the Hypocreales by Rossman et al. (1999), it has One of the newly discovered teleomorphs was con- become possible to re-evaluate the taxonomic problems of firmed by molecular sequencing. DNA was extracted the group in China. The related specimens on deposit in the from mycelium grown on PDA for 1–2weeks(Wang Mycological Herbarium, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese and Zhuang 2004). Sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of Academy of Sciences (HMAS), were re-examined, newly the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and the partial β- collected materials were studied, and our knowledge of tubulin gene were amplified and sequenced according to Bionectriaceae from China has been updated since 2000. protocols (Schroers et al. 2008). The sequences were Living cultures have been obtained, which makes it aligned with those of related species from GenBank possible to explore the teleomorph–anamorph connec- (Table 1), and the alignment was adjusted where necessary tions, as well as to aid taxonomy of the group by DNA by ClustalX V.1.8 (Thompson et al. 1997) and BioEdit sequence data. A total of 35 species belonging to 11 V.7.0.5 (H all 1999). A phylogenetic tree was calculated genera, including Bionectria, Halonectria E.B.G. Jones, with MEGA 4 (Tamura et al. 2007) by using the neighbor- Hydropisphaera Dumort, Ijuhya Starbäck, Kallichroma joining method and adopting Kimura 2 as nucleotide Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Nectriopsis Maire, Ochronec- substitution model. Hydropisphaera erubescens and Iju- tria Rossman & Samuels, Protocreopsis Y. Doi, Roume- hya paraparilis were chosen as outgroup. Branch support gueriella Speg., Selinia P. Karst., and Stilbocrea Pat., have was tested by using a bootstrap analysis on 1,000 been reported up to the present (Wang et al. 1999; resampled datasets. Fröhlich and Hyde 2000;Luetal.2000;Zhuang2000; Zhuang and Zhang 2002; Zhang and Zhuang 2003a, b, c; Taylor and Hyde 2003; Nong and Zhuang 2005;Luoand Results Zhuang 2007;Zhuangetal.2007). Bionectriaceous fungi have been found in 12 provinces and regions of tropical, New species subtropical and temperate areas of China. Bionectria byssicola (Berk. & Broome) Schroers & Samuels and Bionectria intermedia J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Bionectria ochroleuca (Schwein.) Schroers & Samuels are (Figs. 1a, 2a–k, 3a and 4) common species. In our recent examinations of the bionectriaceous Holotype China, Hubei, Shennongjia, on rotten twig, X.M. collections from Beijing, Guangdong, Hubei, Fujian, and Zhang and Y.Z. Wang, Z135, 15.9.2003, HMAS 183127, Yunnan provinces, 3 new species, Bionectria intermedia, ex type culture HMAS 173256. Hydropisphaera yunnanensis, and Nectriopsis apiosporae, are described; and 4 new Chinese records belonging to Etymology The specific epithet refers to its correlated Bionectria and Hydropisphaera are reported. anamorph.

Peritheciis globosis vel subglobosis, papillatis, 275–330µm Materials and methods diam.; ascis cylindricis vel clavatis, 8-sporis, 65–87×5–8µm; ascosporis ellipsoideis, uniseptatis, 12–18.6×3–4.6µm. The taxonomic concepts and methods used by Rossman et al. (1999) and Schroers (2001) are adopted. Characters of Ascomata on well-developed stroma, perithecial, gregarious anamorphs, including features of colonies, conidiophores up to 30 in a group, superficial, globose to subglobose, and conidia,, are recorded from cultures on potato dextrose 300–360µm high, 275–330µm diam., collapsing laterally agar (PDA; Gams et al. 1998) and corn meal agar (CMD; or apically when dry, pale yellow to pale orange when fresh Gams et al. 1998) media in 7–21 days, and color names of and yellowish when dry, not changing color in 3% KOH or colonies follow Ridgway’s nomenclature (Ridgway 1912). in lactic acid, surface smooth. Ascomatal wall 30–44µm Water was used as mounting fluid for microscopic thick, of two layers; outer layer 17–30µm thick, cells examinations and measurements, and photographs were angular, 8–22×5.5–16.5µm, cell wall 0.5–1µm thick; inner taken from water or cotton blue (Stevens 1981) mounts. layer 8–18µm thick, cells flattened, 8–18×2.5–6.5µm, cell Except for noted numbers, continuous measurements of wall 0.5–1µm thick. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, each structure are based on 30 units. The specimens with an apical ring, 65–87×5–8(−9.5) µm (n=50). Asco- examined are deposited in the Mycological Herbarium, spores ellipsoid, uniseptate, not constricted at septum, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences hyaline, with striations composed of warts, 1–2-seriate, (HMAS), and cultures are kept in the Key Laboratory of (11−)12–18.6×3–4.6µm (n=50). Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Micro- biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Anamorph Clonostachys intermedia Schroers. Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25 19

Table 1 Materials used in phylogenetic study

Species ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 β-tubulin

Collection no. GenBank no. Collection no. GenBank. no.

Bionectria apocyni (Peck) Schroers & Samuels CBS 130.87 AF210688 CBS 189.61 AF358168 B. aureofulvella Schroers & Samuels CBS 195.93 AF358226 CBS 195.93 AF358181 B. grammicospora (Ferd. & Winge) Schroers & Samuels CBS 209.93 AF210678 CBS 209.93 AF358206 B. grammicosporopsis (Samuels) Schroers & Samuels CBS 115.67 AF210679 CBS 115.67 AF358204 B. levigata Schroers CBS 948.97 AF210680 CBS 948.97 AF358196 B. lucifer (Samuels) Schroers & Samuels CBS 100008 AF210683 CBS 100008 AF358208 B. pseudostriata Schroers CBS 119.87 AF358251 CBS 119.87 AF358183 B. rossmaniae Schroers CBS 210.93 AF358227 CBS 210.93 AF358213 B. samuelsii Schroers CBS 699.97 AF358236 CBS 699.97 AF358190 B. solani (Reinke & Berthold) Schroers CBS 101926 AF358230 CBS 101926 AF358179 B. sporodochialis Schroers CBS 101921 AF210685 CBS 101921 AF358149 B. intermedia J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang HMAS 183127 FJ949573 a HMAS 183127 FJ949574 C. intermedia Schroers CBS 508.82 AF210682 CBS 508.82 AF358205 C. solani f. solani (Harting) Schroers & W. Gams CBS 228.74 AF358243 CBS 191.31 AF358176 Hydropisphaera erubescens (Roberge ex Desm.) Rossman & Samuels HMAS 91779 FJ969800 HMAS 91779 FJ969802 Ijuhya paraparilis (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels HMAS 183506 FJ969801 HMAS 183506 FJ969803 a Numbers in bold indicate the newly submitted sequences

Colonies on PDA 2.5 cm in diam. after 7 days in darkness aperture (n=50). Secondary conidiophores, penicillate, ter- at 24°C; Primrose Yellow; surface velvety; aerial mycelium to quater-verticillate, branches divergent, arising from agar white; colony reverse pigmented, Colonial Buff. Colonies surface or from agar surface or strands of aerial mycelium; on CMD 2 cm in diam. after 7 days in darkness at 24°C; stipes 18–80µm long, 3–5µm wide at base; penicilli 35–80 Ivory Yellow; aerial mycelium spare; colony reverse µm high, 2.5–4.5µm wide at base; phialides in whorls of 3– Cartridge Buff. Conidiophores dimorphic. Primary con- 5, divergent, straight, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards idiophores mono- to bi-verticillate, branches adpressed, the tip, 9–20µm long, 1.2–2.6µm wide at base, 0.4–1.6µm arising from agar surface or aerial mycelium throughout the wide near aperture (n=50). Conidia masses on primary colony, dominating near the margin; stipes 32–120µm long, conidiophores in round heads, hyaline to white; on 3–5µm wide at base; penicilli 20–50µm high, 2–4µm wide secondary conidiophores in short columns, collapsing at base; phialides in whorls of 2–4, adpressed, straight, gradually to dome-like, slimy masses, pale yellow. Conidia cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the tip, 20–34µm ellipsoid, distally broadly rounded, with a median or long, 1.2–2.6µm wide at base, 0.8–1.8µm wide near laterally displaced hilum, straight, 1-celled, hyaline,

Fig. 1 Ascomata on natural substrate: a Bionectria intermedia (HMAS 183127); b Hydropisphaera yunnanensis (HMAS 183505); c Nectriopsis apiosporae (HMAS 183129). Scale bars 300 μm 20 Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25

Fig. 2 Morphology of Bionectria intermedia: a Median section of an conidiophores; i secondary conidiophores; j conidia from primary ascoma; b median section of part of an ascoma with 2-layered conidiophores; k conidia from secondary conidiophores. a–f from ascomatal wall; c–d asci with apical rings; e–f ascospores; g–h primary HMAS 183127, g–k from HMAS 173256

smooth, 4.2–8.8×3–4µm when formed from primary Notes The teleomorphic features and its connection with a conidiophores (n=50), 4–8.8×2.8–4µm when formed from Clonostachys anamorph indicate its position in Bionectria. secondary conidiophores (n=50). Perithecia not observed in Our collection is most similar to B. pseudostriata in well- culture. developed stroma, smooth perithecial wall, asci with an Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25 21

Bionectria apocyni 80 80 B. sporodochialis

100 B. pseudostriata B. aureofulvella 90 100 B. solani 93 Clonostachys solani f. solani 96 B. samuelsii B. lucifer 64 B. grammicospora 84 B. levigata 99 88 B. grammicosporopsis

100 C. intermedia B. intermedia B. rossmaniae Hydropisphaera erubescens Ijuhya paraparilis

0.02 Fig. 3 Ascus and ascospores: a Bionectria intermedia (HMAS 183127); b Hydropisphaera yunnanensis (HMAS 183505); c Nec- Fig. 5 Neighbor-joining tree based on combined sequence data of triopsis apiosporae (HMAS 183129). Scale bars 10 μm ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nrDNA and partial β-tubulin gene, showing the relationships among some Bionectria/Clonostachys species apical ring, ascospore striations consisting of chains of warts, and anamorph with dimorphic conidiophores. The latter, B. lucifer, B. grammicospora, B. grammicosporopsis, B. however, differs in orange-brown to brown perithecia not intermedia, B. levigata and C. intermedia, formed a clade collapsing when dry, 3-layered perithecial wall, shorter and with 64% bootstrap value, and B. intermedia clustered with wider asci (50–)54–69(−77)×(7−)8.5–9(−16) µm, shorter and C. intermedia with 100% bootstrap support. Our molecular wider ascospores (9−)10.6–14.4(−17.2)×(3−)3.6–4.6(−5.8) data support the discovery of a new teleomorph anamorph µm, as well as shorter conidia (3.6−)5–6.2(−8)×(2−)2.6–3.2 connection and establishment of B. intermedia as a new (−3.8) µm (Schroers 2001). While our collection also species which is clearly distinguished from its morphologi- resembles B. rossmaniae in smooth perithecia, cylindrical cally similar species, B. pseudostriata and B. rossmaniae. to clavate asci with an apical ring, and striate appearance of ascospore surface, B. rossmaniae can easily be distinguished Hydropisphaera yunnanensis J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. by its discontinuity of striations on ascospore surface and nov. (Figs. 1b, 3b and 6a–f) monomorphic conidiophores (Schroers 2001). The anamorph of B. intermedia fits well the original descriptions of C. Holotype China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 460 m alt., on intermedia except for the narrower base of phialides of Musa sp., Z.H. Yu and W.Y. Zhuang 3045, 15.10.1999, secondary conidiophores 1.2–2.5µm wide vs. (2.4−)2.6–2.8 HMAS 183505. (−3.4) wide, and somewhat shorter conidia 4–8.8µm long vs. (5.4–)6.2–9.6(−15) µm long (Schroers 2001). Etymology The specific epithet refers to the locality of the The teleomorph anamorph connection of B. intermedia and . C. intermedia was confirmed by combined sequence data of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 nrDNA and the partial β-tubulin gene Peritheciis subglobosis, papillatis, 325–370µm diam.; (Fig. 5). Six Bionectria and Clonostachys species, including ascis clavatis, 8-sporis, 50–70×5.5–8µm; ascosporis fusi- formis, uniseptatis, 15–22×2.4–3.6µm.

Ascomata on white subiculum, perithecial, solitary or gregarious up to 3 in a group, superficial, subglobose, 215–255µm high, 325–370µm diam., collapsing becoming cupulate when dry, orange-yellow to yellow when fresh and yellow when dry, not changing color in 3% KOH or in Fig. 4 Conidia of Bionectria intermedia (HMAS 183127). Scale bars lactic acid, surface hairy; hairs yellowish to white, 5 μm fasciculate, 40–65µm long, 33–50µm wide at the base. 22 Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25

Fig. 6 Morphology of Hydropisphaera yunnanensis (HMAS 183505): a median section of an ascoma; b mMedian section of part of an ascoma with fasciculate hairs on ascomatal surface; c–d asci with simple apex; e–f ascospores

Ascomatal wall 17–70µm thick, of two layers; outer layer wide, and somewhat shorter and wider ascospores (11.7−) 11–63µm thick, cells angular, 5.5–30×2.5–24.5µm, cell 12.7–17.3(−19.8)×(2.7−)3.3–4(−4.5) µm and not con- wall 0.5–1µm thick; inner layer 5–11µm thick, cells stricted at septum (Samuels et al. 1990; Rossman et al. flattened, 8–22×2–6.5µm, cell wall 0.5–1.5µm thick. Asci 1993, 1999). clavate, 8-spored, apex simple, 50–70×5.5–8µm (n=50). Ascospores fusiform, nonseptate when young and unisep- Nectriopsis apiosporae J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. tate at maturity, constricted at septum, hyaline, with 6– (Figs. 1c, 3c and 7a–d) 8 guttules, spinulose, irregularly biseriate, 15–22×2.4–3.6 (−4) µm (n=50). Holotype China, Fujian, Wuyishan, 800 m alt., on fruit- bodies of Apiospora sp. on twig, J. Luo and W.Y. Zhuang Anamorph unknown. 6844, 21.9.2006, HMAS 183129.

Notes Perithecia of Hydropisphaera are smooth to hairy, Etymology The specific epithet refers to the substrate of the and 8 species are characterized by presence of fasciculate fungus. hairs on ascomatal surface (Rossman et al. 1999). Com- pared with them, H. yunnanensis is similar to H. leuco- Peritheciis globosis vel subglobosis, papillatis, 105–150µm tricha Penz. & Sacc. and H. rufofusca (Penz. & Sacc.) diam.; ascis clavatis, 8-sporis, 32.5–42×5–8.5µm; asco- Rossman & Samuels in cupulate perithecia when dry, sporis longe ellipsoideis, triseptatis, 9–12.6×1.8–3.6µm. clavate asci with a simple apex, and uniseptate and spinulose ascospores. H. leucotricha differs in larger Ascomata on well-developed stroma, perithecial, gregarious perithecia 350–575µm diam., thicker perithecial wall 50– up to 30 in a group, superficial, globose to subglobose, 100µm thick, circular cells in outer perithecial wall, longer 125–155µm high, 105–150µm diam., collapsing laterally hairs with a wider base up to 200µm long and 50–60µm when dry, yellowish when fresh and yellowish to white wide base, wider asci 8–10µm wide, and wider ascospores when dry, not changing color in 3% KOH or in lactic acid, 4–5(−6) µm wide and not constricted at septum, and on surface rough or slightly warted; warts 2.5–8µm high, cells Elettaria sp. (Samuels et al. 1990; Rossman et al. 1999). H. globose, of the same type as cells of the outer ascomatal rufofusca differs in smaller perithecia 240–250µm diam., wall, 3.5–8.5×2.5–6µm, cell wall 0.5–1.5µm thick. Asco- orange to brown-orange, thicker perithecial wall 40–80µm matal wall 9–22µm thick, of one or two layers; outer layer thick, longer hairs up to 130µm, wider asci (7.2−)8–9µm 9–19µm thick, cells globose to angular, 3.5–9×1.5–6µm, Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25 23

Fig. 7 Morphology of Nectriopsis apiosporae (HMAS 183129): a median section of an ascoma upon its host; b median section of an ascoma; c–d pediculate asci with a simple apex

cell wall 0.5–1.5µm thick; inner layer if present 1–5µm New records for China thick, cells flattened, 5–8×1–2.5µm, cell wall 0.5–1µm thick. Asci clavate, 8-spored, apex simple, 32.5–42×5–8.5 Bionectria epichloë (Speg.) Schroers, Stud. Mycol. 46: 140, µm (n=50). Ascospores elongate-ellipsoid, 3-septate, not 2001. constricted at septum, hyaline, with 3–4 guttules, spinulose, 1–3-seriate, 9–12.6×1.8–3.6µm (n=50). Anamorph Clonostachys epichloë Schroers.

Anamorph unknown. Material examined China, Fujian, Wuyishan, 800 m alt., on rotten bamboo, J. Luo and W.Y. Zhuang 6848, 6849, Notes This fungus is characterized by small perithecia, thin 21.9.2006, HMAS 183106, 183107. perithecial walls with a single layer, negative KOH and lactic acid reactions, clavate asci with a simple apex, Notes Compared with morphology of this species described spinulose ascospores, and fungicolous habit. All these by Samuels (1988) and Schroers (2001), the Chinese features indicate its position in Nectriopsis. collections differ slightly in smaller asci 30–42×5–8µm Among the existing species of the genus, N. apiosporae vs. (32−)37–47(−65)×(5−)7–9(−10) µm, narrower asco- is similar to N. macroepichloë Samuels and N. uredinophila spores 2–3.5µm vs. (2.4−)3–4(−4.4) µm, and shorter (Syd.) W.Y. Zhuang & X.M. Zhang in a simple ascal apex, conidia 4–6.8µm vs. (4.8−)6–7(−9.6) µm. We treat the 3-septate ascospores, and fungicolous habit. N. macro- above distinctions as infraspecific variations. epichloë differs in smooth and larger perithecia 190–250 µm diam., larger asci (42–)45–62(−75)×(7−)8–12µm, Bionectria kowhaii (Dingley) Schroers, Stud. Mycol. 46: smooth and larger ascospores 15.3–19.2(−23)×3–4µm, 69, 2001. and in being parasitic on a Balansia sp. (Samuels 1988). N. uredinophila differs in smooth perithecia, curved, Anamorph Clonostachys kowhaii (Dingley) Schroers. smooth, 1–3-septate and longer ascospores 15–22×2–3 µm, and in occurring on Puccinia phyllostachydis Kusano Material examined China, Yunnan, Tengchong, on rotten (Zhang and Zhuang 2003c). twig, W.P. Wu, W7114, 15.10.2003, HMAS 183121. 24 Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25

Notes Except for its longer ascospores (16.5−)18–23(−24.5) Etayo J (2002) Aportaciόn al conocimiento de los hongos liquenícolas µm vs. (14.6−)16.6–19.6(−23.2), the Chinese material agrees de Colombia. Bibl Lichenol 84:46–47 well with the original description of Bionectria kowhaii.This Fröhlich J, Hyde KD (2000) Palm microfungi. Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong species was previously known only from the type locality, Gams W, Hoekstra ES, Aptroot A (1998) CBS course of mycology, Auckland, New Zealand (Schroers 2001), and this collection 4th edn. Centraalbureau voor Schimmecultures, Baarn extends its distribution to Yunnan, China. Hall TA (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequences align- ment editor analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98 Bionectria subquaternata (Berk. & Broome) Schroers Lu B, Hyde KD, Ho WH, Tsui KM, Taylor JE, Wong KM, Yanna ZD & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 46: 162, 2001. (2000) Checklist of Hong Kong fungi. Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong Anamorph Clonostachys subquaternata Schroers Luo J, Zhuang WY (2007) A new species and two new Chinese records of Bionectria (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales). Mycotaxon & Samuels. 101:315–323 Nong Y, Zhuang WY (2005) Preliminary survey of Bionectriaceae and Material examined China, Guangdong, Dinghushan, 150 m (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes) from Jigongshan, Chi- – alt., on twig, W.Y. Zhuang and Z.H. Yu 2686-B, na. Fungal Divers 19:95 107 Ridgway R (1912) Color standards and color nomenclature. Ridgway, 10.10.1998, HMAS 183128. Washington, DC Rossman AY (1996) Morphological and molecular perspectives on Notes The fungus is characterized by its erumpent stroma, systematics of the Hypocreales. Mycologia 88(1):1–19 laterally to apically pinched perithecia when dry, whitish to Rossman AY (2000) Towards monophyletic genera in the holomor- phic Hypocreales. Stud Mycol 45:27–34 pale orange perithecial warts, large ascospores with coarse Rossman AY, Samuels GJ, Lowen R (1993) Leuconectria clusiae gen. striations on surface. Except for smaller ascomata 240–330 nov. and its anamorph Gliocephalotrichium bulbilium with notes µm diam. vs. 350–400(−600) µm diam., the Chinese on Pseudonectria. Mycologia 85(4):685–704 collection fits well the description of the fungus by Rossman AY, Samuels GJ, Rogerson CT, Lowen R (1999) Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Schroers (2001). Ascomycetes). Stud Mycol 42:1–260 Samuels GJ (1988) Fungicolous, lichenicolous, and myxomycetico- Hydropisphaera suffulta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rossman lous species of Hypocreopsis, Nectriopsis, Nectria, Peristomialis, – & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 42: 32, 1999. and Trichonectria. Mem N Y Bot Gard 48:1 78 Samuels GJ, Doi Y, Rogerson CT (1990) Hypocreales. Mem N Y Bot Gard 59:6–108 Anamorph Acremonium sp. Schroers HJ (2001) A monograph of Bionectria (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae) and its Clonostachys anamorphs. – Material examined China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 500 m Stud Mycol 46:1 214 Schroers HJ, Samuels GJ, Gams W (1999) Stephanonectria, a new alt., on twig, W.Y. Zhuang and Z.H. Yu 3068, 16.10.1999, genus of the Hypocreales (Bionectriaceae), and its sporodochia HMAS 183501; Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 500 m alt., on anamorph. Sydowia 51(1):114–126 bark, W.Y. Zhuang and Z.H. Yu 3077, 16.10.1999, HMAS Schroers HJ, Žerjav M, Munda A, Halleen F, Crous PW (2008) 183502; Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 650 m alt., on twig, W.Y. Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum sp. nov., with notes on Cylindro- carpon species with wide, predominantly 3-septate macroconidia. Zhuang and Z.H. Yu 3101, 17.10.1999, HMAS 183503; Mycol Res 112:82–92 Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 650 m alt., on twig, X.M. Zhang, Stevens RB (1981) Mycology guidebook. Mycological Society of Z57-1, 15.11.2006, HMAS 183504. America, University of Washington Press, Seattle Sydow H (1929) Fungi Chinese. Ann Mycol 27:418–434 Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their deep Molecular Evolutionary GeneticsAnalysis(MEGA)software thankstoDrs.W.P.Wu,X.M.ZhangandY.Z.Wangforproviding version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599. doi:10.1093/ some of the specimens and a culture for this study, Dr. L. Wang for molbev/msm092 consultation, and Ms. X.F. Zhu for inking the drawings. This Taylor JE, Hyde KD (2003) Microfungi of tropical and temperate project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation palms. Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong of China (nos. 30470009, 30670055), Ministry of Science and Teng SC (1934) Notes on Hypocreales from China. Sinensia 4:269–298 Technology of China (Special Project for Fundamental Research Teng SC (1935) Supplementary notes on Ascomycetes from China. no. 2006FY120100), and State 863 Project (no. 2008AA02Z312) Sinensia 6:185–217 to WYZ. Teng SC (1936) Additional fungi from China II. Sinensia 7:490– 527 Teng SC (1963) Fungi of China. Science Press, Beijing References Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgin DG (1997) The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strate- gies for multiple sequences alignment aided by quality Döbbeler P (2004) Bryocentria (Hypocreales), a new genus of analysis tools. Nucl Acids Res 25:4876–4883. doi:10.1093/ bryophilous Ascomycetes. Mycol Prog 3(3):247–256 nar/25.24.4876 Mycol Progress (2010) 9:17–25 25

Wang L, Zhuang WY (2004) Designing primer sets for amplification Zhang XM, Zhuang WY (2003c) Re-examination of Bionectriaceae of partial calmodulin genes from penicillia. Mycosystema and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) from temperate China on deposit 23:466–473 in HMAS. Nova Hedwig 76:191–200 Wang YZ, Wu SH, Zhou WN, Chang TT, Chen KY, Chen SF, Chen Zhuang WY (2000) New species of fungi from tropical China: a new JL, Tzean SS, Liu CH, Hsieh WH, Hsieh HJ, Chung CH, Chien species of Hydropisphaera (Bionectriaceae). Mycotaxon 76:93– CY (1999) List of the fungi in Taiwan. Agriculture Committee, 95 Administrative Department, Taipei Zhuang WY, Zhang XM (2002) Re-examination of Bionectriaceae and Zhang XM, Zhuang WY (2003a) New Chinese records of the Bionec- Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) from tropical China on deposit in triaceae and Nectriaceae. Mycosystema 22(4):525–530 (in Chinese) HMAS. Nova Hedwig 74:275–283 Zhang XM, Zhuang WY (2003b) New Species and new records of Zhuang WY, Nong Y, Luo J (2007) New species and new Chinese Bionectriaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) from China. records of Bionectriaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Asco- Mycotaxon 88:343–347 mycetes) from Hubei, China. Fungal Divers 24:347–357