International Journal of Korean History (Vol.18 No.1, Feb. 2013) 1
On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea
Wei Zheng*1
Brief Instruction on the Issue
In recent years, coin pattern pottery has been an object of study that has been a concern of Chinese and Korean academia. Some years ago, P’ungnap tosŏng (Pungnap doseong) of Korea had at one-time unearthed more than 30 pieces of large coin pattern pottery with a height of over 50 centimeters (Picture 1). The unearthed pieces of pottery contained fish paste and were covered with cloth in the pot mouth. These pieces force us to do new thinking about the relevant materials and problems. As we all know, P’ungnap tosŏng and Mongch’on tosŏng (Mongchon doseong) are very important ancient cities in the history of Korea; they are also critical materials in the study of the history of Paekche (Baekje) and the Three kingdoms period of Korea. However, there were no unearthed dating materials in these two cities, and the age of these cities are mainly estimated indirectly through comparisons with unearthed Chinese relics. Thus the date of Chinese relics becomes a crucial problem. In archaeology studies, the age without dating things will be mainly judged by comparison with relics of the same kind. As for the foreign relics, factors like the unearthed situation, the output condition, and the epoch differences between the output and input areas have to be considered. Meanwhile, final judgment is reached through cooperation of Chinese and
* Professor, School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University. 2 On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea
Normal size Amplified section foreign scholars. Although academic exchanges between China and Korea deepens day by day, there is much left to be done on the research work on the coin pattern pottery unearthed in P’ungnap tosŏng of Korea. In the remainder of this article, I will explain some still forming ideas about the dating problem. 1 P’ungnap tosŏng is a city built on a plain along the south bank of the Han River; Mongch’on tosŏng is a city on hills about 1 km to the southwest of P’ungnap tosŏng. Generally speaking, P’ungnap tosŏng is a plain built city while Mongch’on tosŏng is a mountain built city, and they follow the regulation that plain built cities and mountain built cities depend on each other during the Three kingdoms period of the Korean peninsula. According to the unearthed pottery, especially the coin pattern pottery pieces, scholars of Korea believe that P’ungnap tosŏng was built before the 3rd century and that Mongch’on tosŏng was built in the late of 3rd century.2 These dates are because they believe that the date of the unearthed coin pattern pottery is equivalent to the Western Jin dynasty or later.3 From the aspect of archaeology, there are some doubts about this judgment. The coin pattern pottery pieces unearthed from an accumulation, which formed the abandonment period, and such a large and strong coin pattern pottery could be used for decades or even hundreds of years. Therefore, when using the date of the coin pattern pottery to speculate on the building era of P’ungnap tosŏng and Mongchontoseong, we need to be Wei Zheng 3 very careful. However, this problem is not the focus of this paper. The key point is to suggest some ideas about the date of the unearthed coin pattern pottery of P’ungnap tosŏng, and there is the possibility that these pieces of pottery belong to the Wu period.
Reexamination on “East Asia”
Korean scholars believe that the date of the unearthed coin pattern pottery of P’ungnap tosŏng falls in the Western Jin dynasty or later, which directly relates with Chinese scholars’ research achievement. It is represented by the paper “The Research of the Unearthed Coin Pattern Pottery In early East Asia” (Dongya Diqu chutu zaoqi qianwen taociqi de yanjiu, hereafter, “East Asia”), which is so far the most systematized research paper on the coin pattern pottery. This paper analyzes the coin pattern pottery’s development and features in East Asia, especially in China as the center. On the basis of dividing China's coin pattern pottery into different periods, this paper gives its opinions on the coin pattern pottery of Korea:
the relics of Korea have mostly been taken as remains of the Western Jin dynasty. But after observing a renewable coin pattern pottery jar in P’ungnap tosŏng, we know that it is very high; it’s swelling body tapering downwards; the coin pattern is not so clearly; the layer of stamping is less, the coin pattern is mainly distributed in the shoulder part, all of which are more like the remains of Western Jin dynasty era or later period. The unearthed coin pattern pottery shreds of Mongch’on tosŏng, P’ungnap tosŏng, and Hongsŏng Singŭmsŏng are all coin pattern deformations. The body and glaze are combined in poor condition and there is the phenomenon of peeling, which shows the general characteristics of the late era, belonging to Eastern Jin dynasty era through the speculation.
4 On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea
In order to get a better acknowledgement of the coin pattern pottery date in P’ungnap tosŏng, it is necessary to do careful investigation on the content of “East Asia.” “East Asia” divides the periods of China's coin pattern pottery into four periods roughly and the overall evolution status is summed as: from high to low in the body, from more to less in the coin pattern layer, from clear and deep to fuzzy and light in the stamping and handwriting (Picture 2). The third period is the late Eastern Han dynasty and Wu dynasty, with the characteristic of hard ceramic in brown or black glaze; of porcelain in glaucous or greenish yellow glaze. The device had increased the pickle jar and so on, and the marks had added the “Da quan wu qian,” “Da quan dang qian,” “Da quan wu bai,” “Tai ping bai qian,” and so on. At the same time, a large number of deformed coin patterns, no coin pattern or yansheng coin pattern had appeared. The fourth period is from the middle of the Western Jin dynasty to the Eastern Jin dynasty, with the characteristic of decline of the coin pattern pottery, with the shape changing from the tank and vast to urn and jar. The coin pattern became shallow, decorated mainly on the shoulder and the type was mainly in deforming and yansheng coin pattern or no coin pattern with peeling glaze. 4 According to the division of “East Asia,” the third and the fourth periods are the same in the deforming coin pattern and no coin pattern, which are also the most easily grasping characteristics of the coin pattern pottery. The coin pattern pottery of P’ungnap tosŏng is of the same characteristic. Considering that the relics of the third period are mainly in the middle or late-period of the Wu dynasty, the existing time of the coin pattern pottery in P’ungnap tosŏng is generally from the middle or late period of the Wu dynasty to the early Eastern Jin dynasty, but not only in the Western Jin dynasty or later period. Perhaps considering the time difference between input fields and output fields, the unearthed relics of P’ungnap tosŏng are delayed to the middle or late period of the Western Jin dynasty in some research, while the middle or late period of Wu dynasty has been ruled out. Is this reasonable? Wei Zheng 5
From the middle or late period of the Wu dynasty to the early Eastern Jin dynasty, the unearthed coin pattern pottery in China is different in kind. Even on the same coin pattern pot, there are several different kinds. Their sizes are not big, and their height is below 25 cm in general. While the more than 30 pieces of coin pattern pottery pot of P’ungnap tosŏng are
6 On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea consistent in size, body, and glaze, and were unearthed together. The height is above 50 cm, which shows that these pieces are very special. They were likely produced at the same place and epoch, then transported to Paekche and stored in P’ungnap tosŏng. So, these potteries, including the few relics with the same characteristics in Mongch’on tosŏng and Hongsŏng Singŭmsŏng should not be inputed to Paekche intermittently, but at the same time. At the same time, P’ungnap tosŏng is also the capital of Paekche, so these coin pattern potteries might be related to the royal family of Paekche. There are no other goods inside the coin pattern pot except the large quantity of fish paste, which ordinary families could not obtain. In other words, the coin pattern potteries of P’ungnap tosŏng and other sites are related to the royal family, and they are the goods the royal family customized and imported from China, because there are the similar-volume coin pattern pottery found only in an Eastern Jin cellar of Zhenjiang Gaozi of China. So the pottery found in P’ungnap tosŏng may be special customized items in China by the Paekche royal family. In order to illustrate the size difference between the coin pattern pottery of P’ungnap tosŏng and the Chinese pottery, here to provide the “part of the unearthed coin pattern pottery (jar, urn) body specifications registration table in China and Korea quote from “East Asia” (Unit: cm):
Diameter Coin Length of Dynasty Unearthed Place Height of pattern the surface Bottom layer Wu (Chiwu, Ma Bridge of 25.8 31.2 16 Year year) Nanling, China 10 Wu (Chiwu, Zhuran Tomb of 22.8 32 20 Year Twelve) Ma'anshan, China 8 General Sun Tomb Wu 19 26.5 19 of Erzhou, China 8 Western Jin Shihuang Town of (Taikang, Year 24.5 33 16 Chengzhou, China 6 Nine) Western Jin Jielu Village of Qu (Taikang, Year 28 28 18 County, China 4 Eight) Wei Zheng 7
Tianzi Hillock of Western Jin 21 30.5 18 Anji, China 4 Zhenjiang City, Eastern Jin 23.5 28 15.2 China 4 Zhangzhu of Eastern Jin 15.6 32.4 14.4 Yixing, China 2 Gaozi of Dantu, Eastern Jin 39 58 China P’ungnap tosŏng of Eastern Jin(?) 34.2 56 23 Korea
According to the analysis above, the coin pattern pottery of P’ungnap tosŏng is in a strong particularity. So, during its possible existence period—middle or late period of the Wu dynasty and the early period of the Eastern Jin dynasty—which period is the main factor that leads to its particularity? I believe that Eastern Jin dynasty is almost impossible. The Western Jin dynasty is a certain possibility and the possibility of Wu dynasty is worth considering.
There is No Possibility for Eastern Jin Dynasty
There is no possibility for the Eastern Jin dynasty. First, it cannot get the support from the physical items. China's Wu and Jin coin pattern pottery existed the latest in the age of early period of Eastern Jin. Many excavated materials and research results have proven that the appearance of pottery in the Six Dynasties had changed sharply in the early period of Eastern Jin. The pottery of Wu and Western Jin are famous for their rich species, multifarious adornment, and lenitive glaze color, of which the soul jar(魂 瓶), chicken-spout ewer, animal form implements, animal model, and warehouse and kitchen funerary wares have obvious time features. Coin pattern pottery existed together with all above implements and disappeared rapidly after the early period of Eastern Jin. Moreover, in “East Asia” it is not reliable to take the Zhenjiang Gaozi coin pattern pottery as the remains of Eastern Jin (Picture 3). This cellar with coin pattern potteries are put into coins from multiple ages, one of the latest is
8 On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea the copper cash called fenghuo, which was casted in the Later Zhao period of the Sixteen Kingdoms. The age of the coin pattern pottery is different from the age of the coin. So the age of pottery might possibly be earlier or later than the coins, and the coin cannot be evidence for the pottery’s existing in the Eastern Jin period. There is another relic coin pattern pottery of Eastern Jin, which was unearthed from the Eastern Jin tomb in Paomashan Mountain of Zhenjiang. It is quoted in “East Asia,” but the specific material has not been released so far. So there is no way to test its reliable age (Picture 4). But in “East Asia,” the form it provided is obviously different from the Gaozi cellar coin pattern pottery, but the form can be easily seen in the Wu and Western Jin dynasties, with a wide shoulder and small bottom and the flat short form, in general. Zhenjiang Eastern Jin cellar coin pattern pottery is more special among the Chinese coin pattern pottery. The coin pattern pottery with the reliable age of middle and late period of Wu is not significantly different from the ones of
Western Jin in form and features. In “East Asia,” it also mentions a coin pattern tank in brown glaze unearthed in Zhangzhu of Yixing. (Picture 5), but the age of this tank is not explained. While in the second inserting picture of “coin pattern pottery shape evolution” of this paper, the tank is placed between the coin pattern pottery of the Eastern Jin tomb, in Paomashan Mountain of Zhenjiang, and the coin pattern pottery of Dantu cellar. This shows that paper also believes that the tank belongs to Eastern Jin. Because the potteries in Paomashan Mountain tomb of Zhenjiang and Dantu cellar are not so clear in age division, the age of this tank is unreliable as well. Therefore, to judge the age deadline of the coin pattern pottery by the shape and form of the pieces of pottery is not sufficient as evidence, and the possibility of its age in late period of Wu cannot be ruled out. Looking from the history situation of Eastern Jin, there was very little possibility that Chinese coin pattern pottery could be delivered to the Korean peninsula. During the period of Eastern Jin and Western Jin, the country was in chaos. Sima Rui and Wang Dao ran southeast in discomposure. The Eastern Jin dynasty court was based on the beginning of Jiankang with great disorder. The northern regime kept attacking Eastern Jin and the sea was a path from the north to the south. The “Zizhi Tongjian” 94 series said in Eastern Jin Emperor Cheng Xianhe 5th year (330 AD ):”赵将刘征千帅众数 ，浮海抄东诸诸杀 南 ， 南沙都尉 许 儒。”In this epoch, which was full of chaos, though there was little connection between
10 On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea
Eastern Jin and Paekche, it was impossible to ship a great number of pottery like the ones in P’ungnap tosŏng to the Korean peninsula from the south. The Eastern Jin pottery that was found in Paekche of Korea may be helpful to support the above speculation. These pieces of pottery found in the below locations: Hansŏng (Hanseong) Sukch’on tong tombs, Chŏngju (Cheongju), Wŏnju Pŏpch’on-ni M2, Chenan Huasŏng-ni.5 The types included a chicken-spout ewer, pot with a dish-shaped mouth, jar etc. The bridge shape vinculum and chicken-spout stretching from the shoulder are typical features of the middle and late Eastern Jin dynasty. The pottery in the middle and late Eastern Jin appeared in many places of Paekche, and its kiln is different obviously, which indicates the frequent and wide communication between the middle and late Eastern Jin and Paekche. Corresponding to this is that Paekche at this time may have adopted the reign title of Eastern Jin. Till the middle and late period of Eastern Jin, the relationship of the two was much different from the early stages of Eastern Jin, so the pottery of P’ungnap tosŏng could not have been imported to Paekche at the early stage of Eastern Jin. There was very little possibility that Chinese coin pattern pottery could be delivered to P’ungnap tosŏng from South China of Western Jin. After destroying Wu, Western Jin kept the former appearance of Wu. This accounts for the similarity of Wu and Western Jin's pottery. But that does not meant that Western Jin carried out loose foreign policy. Since the appearance of the feudal regime, diplomatic activity was strictly controlled by the government, not even to say of the newly conquered country, Wu, and it was not contradictory with the loose internal policy. From the below materials, like the Han-Jin documents in Xinjiang, Changsha Zouma Lou well unearthed Wu bamboo slip, and “Zhaozhi biography in Jin Shu,” we can learn that at that time the government implemented a strict management on its population and Wu and Western Jin are both the same. The southern people of Western Jin could not possibly communicate freely with people overseas. Especially for the big transferring scale of Fengna coin pattern pottery, it was unlikely to fulfill it through the folk Wei Zheng 11 trade or smuggling form. Let alone these potteries may be closely relevant to the royal family of Paekche. Meanwhile, the relationship between Western Jin and Paekche decided that there was no possibility for the connection between South China and Paekche. Lelang county and Daifang county controlled the northern region of the Korean peninsula, during which the southern boundary of Daifang county was dozens of kilometers apart from Hansŏng. In the time of Western Jin, the relationship between Lelang, Daifang, and Paekche was quite nervous. Records of the history of the Three Kingdoms said: “ (责稽 王十三年，286年) 秋九月，汉与 貊人来 侵，王出御为为 兵所害薨。” and “(汾 西王七年，303年) 潜师师取 乐 浪西 诸 ，冬十月，王 为乐 浪太守所遣刺客 贼 害 薨。” Two continuous kings of Paekche were killed by Jin dynasty and the two countries had became enemy states. So, if the people of southern China still contacted Paekche at that time, this could be regarded as collaboration.6 Now we can discuss the possibility of the Wu period. As we all know, as an independent regime, Dongwu had full autonomy rights in diplomacy and developed some important diplomatic activities, such as when Sun Quan commanded his officers to search the state of Dan and to unite the political groups of the Gongsun Clan in northern China, with his political or economic purpose. There were no historical records about whether the Dongwu regime had communicated with Paekche, but the neighbored Lelang region had been in the control of the Gongsun Regime from the late period of Donghan. For the purpose of countering Cao Wei, Sun Wu consciously strengthened the connection with the Gongsun clan. Meanwhile, the Gongsun clan had good relations with Korea at that time, so Sun Wu possibly strengthened contacts with Paekche accordingly. From Jingchu 2nd year and later, the Cao Wei regime controlled Lelang, Daifang, and their neighborhood. So it was not available that the Dongwu regime still had contact with Paekche after Jingchu 2nd year. Sun Quan once sent envoys to carry a large number of items to Liaodong, which could be used as the background for the existence of coin pattern pottery in P’ungnap tosŏng. Compared with the relics of the Han dynasty north of
12 On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea
Lelang and in Daifang, the southern items of China founded in Paekche were almost negligible. Except the coin pattern pottery, almost no other southern items appeared in Paekche, which showed the infrequency of the communication between Paekche and southern China. It is only on the premise that there were communications between Dongwu and Paekche a large number of items with the same characteristics could appear in the capital Paekche and most likely they were things belonging to royal family.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis above, we believe that after the destruction of Sun regime, with the Yangzi River downstream as the starting point, foreign exchanges in the region, especially with Jianye as the center, must have been effected deeply. In the period of Dongwu and Western Jin, the pottery productivity in the Yangzi River downstream didn't change significantly. The pottery that was found from the Wu period was very few outside its territory. But in the period of Western Jin, they are founded in scale in present day Shandong, which showed that Western Jin is a climax period when lots of pottery of the Yangzi River flowed downstream and spread to other places. But in the Korean peninsula, except a celadon tiger pottery, which may be belong to Western Jin, was found in Jinkai City, nearby Paekche, there were few others to be found, which only let us suspect that this is closely related to the political factors. In a word, for the era of the unearthed coin pattern pottery in Korea, the middle and late period of Wu is very much a possibility and Western Jin is a certain possibility, but the possibility of Eastern Jin is almost nonexistent. It will not take so much time for the output of the coin pattern pottery from Wu to Pungnaptoseong. Therefore, the original date of the building of P’ungnap tosŏng could be relocated to the period of Wu in China.
Wei Zheng 13
Notes :
1 Hashin daekhakgyo, Hashin kogohak balgul 16 nyun [Hanshin Archeology and excavation 16th], (2003-2004), 42. 2 Han’guk kogohak hoe, Han’guk kogohak kangŭi [Korean Archaeological Studies] (Seoul: Sahoe Pyŏngnon, 2007), 285. 3 Sŏng Chŏngyong, “Paekche hwa Chungguk chŏk muyŏk toja” [Paekche and China's ceramicstrade], Paekje yǒn’gu 38 (2003). Cho Yunjae, “Luelun Hanguo Baiji gudi chutu de Zhongguo taocí” [General discussion of Paekche's unearthed Chinese pottery], Gugong Bowuyuan Yuankan 2 (2006). 4 He yunao, Feng hui, Li jie, “Dongya Diqu chutu zaoqi qianwen taociqi de yanjiu” [The Research of the Unearthed Coin Pattern Pottery In early East Asia], Kaoguyuwenwu, (2008-2.). 5 Sŏkchondong balguljosadan, Sŏkchondong 3hobun (chŏksŏkchong) bokwŏn ŭl ŭihan balgulbogosŏ, [Excavation Report for Sŏkchondong 3rd Hole Tomb(JiShi grave)’s Recovery], (1984) ; Wŏnguangdaehak bakmulguanjang, Gukrib Konjubakmulguan, Paekje samawang [The King Sama of Baekje], (2001); Jin yuanlong, “Wŏnsŏng’gun bŏbchunli sŏkguak myohwa chultoyumul” [Yuancheng county Faquanli stone tomb and unearthed relics], Kogo misul 120, (1973) ;Xiaoshanfushi, “Yŏwŏlyo banchul jŏk Chungnamdo Paekje dogi - 4segi Baekje dogiji’i” [Baekje Zhongnandao Pottery Unearthed together with Yue kiln - Baekje Pottery in 4 century, 2nd], ], Paekje yǒn’gu, Chungnam daehak gaegyo 30ju’nyun gi’nyum tukjibho, (1982). 6 Zhou Yuxing, “Cong Haishang jiaotong kan Zhongguo yu Baiji de guanxi” [Research the relationship between China and Paekche in the aspect of the marine traffic], Dongnan wenhua 2 (2010). 1
Submission Date: 2012. 11. 15 Completion Date of Review: 2013. 1. 13. Accepted: 2013. 1. 19.
14 On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea
On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea
Wei Zheng
The two ancient city sites—Feng Na and Meng Cun are very famous in Korean archaeological and historical research. Due to lack of history document, the building time of these two sites are commonly inferred from the Chinese coin-patterned pottery and porcelain which were digged out there. The paper—On The Early Coin-patterned Pottery and porcelain Unearthed in East Asia, as a representative paper written by china scholars, points out that the first building time of Feng Na and Meng Cun city sites could be dated back to Dongjin Dynasty, because the Chinese coin-patterned pottery and porcelain discovered there possessing many characters of that time. But the date of the crucial material evidence coin-patterned pottery as storing vessel excavated from Zhen Jiang city can not be determined as Dongjin Dynasty, the possibilty of early or late than Dongjin Dynasty is both existed. The Chinese coin-patterned pottery and porcelain discovered in Feng Na city site are more than 30 articles, and are all more than 50 centimetre high. These vessels may be made in some place in China in one time, and transported to Korean, eventually reached the royal city of Baiji as a whole. The situtation of early period in Dongjin Dynasty was very messy, the Dongjin government not only faced the war intimidation from the north, but also had much problems such as government rebuilding, aristocrat or warlord rebelling, economical crisis, etc. So the Dongjin government can not keep or develop foreign relationship with southern part of Korean Peninsula. The celadons of the middle and late periods of Dongjin Dynasty are discovered repeatedly from tombs or city sites in Korean, but there almost no early period pieces found. This fact supports the idea that no intercourse between early Dongjin Dynasty and Korean . It was difficult too in West Jin Dynasty for large scale trade between southern part of Wei Zheng 15
China and Korean. Dongwu Dynasty may be the most proper time for those coin-patterned pottery and porcelain carried to Korean. In order to resist Wei Dynasty, Dongwu Government tried to develop foreign relationship with Liaodong government, and Le Lang the neighbour area of Korean was controlled by Liaodong government some time. The Chinese coin-patterned pottery and porcelain may be conveyed to Korean by Dongwu Government in this period. After Dongwu Dynasty, the southern part of China lost power to develop foreign relationship with other countries, so the possibilty of coin-patterned pottery and porcelain sent to Korean in West Jin Dynasty is almost non-existed.
Keywords: Date, coin pattern pottery in Korea, Pungnaptoseong, Mongchontoseong
16 On the Date of the Coin Pattern Pottery in Korea
<국문초록>
한반도 출토 동전무늬 도자기 연대 연구
웨이 정(북경대학 考古文博學院 교수)
한국의 고고학자와 역사학자들 사이에서 풍납토성과 몽촌토성의 입지는 매우 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그러나 두 유적의 조영 시기는 사료가 부족한 탓에 대 개 그 곳에서 출토되는 중국식 전문토기를 통해서 파악한다. 이를 주제로 중국 학 자가 저술한 대표적 연구서로서 『동아지구출토조기전문도자기적연구(东东地出区 土早期钱钱 陶瓷器的研 究)』를 들 수 있는데, 이 논문에서는 이 두 도성유적의 조영 시기를 동진(東晉) 시대로까지 앞당겨 본다. 여기서 출토된 전문토기들이 대개 그 시대의 특징을 보여주기 때문이다. 하지만 전장(鎭江)시에서 출토되어 현재 가장 중요한 물적 증거로 여겨지는 전문토기를 살펴보면, 그 연대를 동진 시대로만 단 정 지을 수 없다. 이들 유물에는 동진 시대를 앞서거나 뒤따르는 시기의 특징도 공존하기 때문이다. 풍납토성에서 출토된 중국식 전문토기는 현재까지 30 점이 넘 는데, 모두 크기가 50cm 를 넘는다. 이 토기들은 어느 일정한 시기에 중국에서 만 들어진 뒤 한국으로 건너오게 되고 끝내는 백제의 도성에 다다르게 되었다. 동진 왕조의 초기 환경은 무척 혼란스러웠다. 북쪽 오랑캐들과의 전쟁 위협에 더해 정 부의 재건 문제, 귀족과 지역 토호들의 반란, 경제적 위기 등이 꼬리를 물었기 때 문이다. 결국 동진 왕조는 한반도 남부와의 외교관계를 지속 또는 발전시킬 수 없 게 되었다. 동진 시대의 중기와 말기를 대표하는 청자들도 한반도 내 여러 지역에 서 계속 출토되는데, 아직까지 이보다 앞선 시기의 것들은 나오지 않고 있다. 이 는 결국 초기의 동진과 한반도 사이에는 교류가 없었다는 주장에 힘을 실어준다. 서진(西晉) 시대에 중국 남부와 한반도 사이에 대규모 무역 교류가 있었다는 주장 도 설득력을 갖기가 어렵다. 그래서 한반도에 유입된 전문토기의 연대는 동오(東 吳) 시대로 설정하는 것이 가장 적절할 것이다. 동오는 위 왕조에 맞서 요동과 외 교관계를 수립하려 했을 뿐만 아니라, 한동안 요동의 지배 하에 있던 한반도 내 낙랑과도 교류하려 했기 때문이다. 아마 중국식 전문토기는 이 시기에 동오에서 한반도로 건너갔을 것이다. 동오의 멸망 후 중국 남부는 외국과 외교 관계를 발전 Wei Zheng 17
시켜나갈 힘을 잃고 말았고, 그로 인해 전문토기가 서진 왕조에서 한반도로 건너 갈 가능성은 거의 전무했던 것이다.
주제어: 연대, 한반도 출토 동전무늬 도자기, 풍납토성, 몽촌토성