DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 8. the Aftermath of Nazism: Antisemitic Ideology in Postwar Poland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 8. the Aftermath of Nazism: Antisemitic Ideology in Postwar Poland Chapter 8. The Aftermath of Nazism: Antisemitic Ideology in Postwar Poland 8.1. Antisemitism During the Holocaust Until recently in Polish historiography, there dominated the attitude to discuss the consequences of the Second World War and occupation of Poland in sepa- ration from the tendencies in Polish politics and society of the interwar period. This is particularly striking in the works on the Holocaust, which lack in-depth analysis of Poles” attitudes toward the Jews. Without such analysis, we cannot understand many events and, from time to time, the public opinion shockingly discovers the proverbial skeleton in the closet, as happened after the dissemination of the Jedwabne pogrom.531 There were many pro-Nazi sympathizers in Poland in the 1930s that we could absolve with the words “they did not know what they were doing,” but it is difficult to apply this to the initiators of pogroms or ter- rorist attacks. One of the marginal fascist groups, the Radical Healing Movement, wrote: “We will not beat or maltreat by the Jews because it will not lead to any- thing. We do not hate the Jews because one may only hate the equal or stronger. We abhor the Jews as we abhor rats and vermin.”532 The author of these words dismisses violence, but the deep contempt he expresses is similar to that found in the Nazi ideology. Such emotionless attitude led the Nazis to invent gas chambers where they murdered people in an industrial way, separated from the blood and horror of death. Were Polish Antisemites capable of similar crimes? We know that some instigated, organized, and participated in anti-Jewish rallies. The incitement of hate speech – also in Catholic publications – fostered a psychological readiness for radical action, pushing to violence even those disinterested in politics. However, the Antisemites received no help or impu- nity from the Polish state – despite the leniency of the courts – nor obedience in society because the opposing forces were strong. On the other hand, at the end of the Second Republic, everyday discrimination against the Jewish population intensified which translated into the rise of violence. In the mass emigration plans hid a threat of state coercion. However, these plans were completely unrealistic. 531 J. T. Gross (2001), Neighbors. The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Princeton; A. Bikont (2004), My z Jedwabnego, Warszawa; Idem, (2001), “Mieli wódkę, broń i nienawiść,” Gazeta Wyborcza, 16–17 VI 2001; also see J. Michlic (2004), “Rozliczenie z “ciemną stroną:” polska debata o zbrodni w Jedwabnem,” ed. K. Jasiewicz, Świat nie pożegnany, Warszawa-Londyn. 532 “Czym jest faszyzm” (1934), Front Polski Zbudzonej, No. 12. Qtd. after A. Landau- Czajka (1998), p. 178. Alina Caa - 9783631670828 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/24/2021 05:45:54AM via free access 234 Antisemitic Ideology in Postwar Poland In addition to the state assistance, Polish Jew-eaters lacked the modern technical means that had enabled the Germans to carry out the Holocaust. Antisemitic ag- gression, however, has accustomed the thought that violence against the Jews is not “immoral” or “sinful” but “normal.” Xenophobic nationalism also produced hostility and distrust that tore the Polish society from the inside, which let the Russian and German invaders use ethnic animosity for their own purposes. Contrary to many papers which discuss the specifics and evolution of Nazi Antisemitism in Germany, so far there has been no research on the possible evo- lution of Antisemitism in the Polish society of the Second World War.533 The Poles entered the war with strong Church Antisemitism, a powerful nationalist right that influenced at least 200,000 people, and other right and centrist parties who accepted Antisemitism to some degree. The problem of Antisemitism’s influ- ence on the attitudes of various factions of the Polish society and actions of the civil and armed underground state still awaits its comprehensive study, although recently appear works on various pathological phenomena like shmaltsovniks, informers, and other collaborators, but also on positive actions of helping the Jews.534 These themes are far from exhausted, and there is also a lack of analysis of the relationship between these behaviors and the influence of Antisemitism in its pre-war form or in the form of Nazi agitation. After 1989, publications appeared that aimed at cleaning the memory of the radical right, including the National Armed Forces. Typically, they were of merely factual and documentary value, but they tend to be biased, especially in discussing the relationship between these formations and the Holocaust. Due to the subject of this book, we focus on the negative and ambivalent attitudes of Poles during the occupation, their relation- ship with the mood of the late 1930s, the changes influenced by the occupiers, and the occupation’s impact on the history of Polish-Jewish relations in postwar Poland. Many historians proudly emphasize the lack of institutional collaboration between Poles and the Nazi occupiers. It was, above all, the result of the Nazi 533 E.g., G. L. Mosse (1972); P. Pulzer (1988), The Rise of Political Antisemitism in Germany and Austria, Cambridge, Mass.; S. Friedländer (1997), Nazi Germany and the Jews, Vol. 1–2, New York. K. Holz (2001), Nationaler Antisemitismus; G. E. Schafft (2006), (2004), From Racism to Genoside, Washigton. 534 E. Ringelblum (1992), Polish-Jewish Relations Turing the Second World War, Evanston, Ill.; Idem (1958), Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, New York; T. Prekerowa (1982), Konspiracyjna Rada Pomocy Żydom w Warszawie 1942–1945, Warszawa; P. Szapiro (1992), Wojna żydowsko-niemiecka, Londyn; W. W. Hagen (1996); T. Szarota (2000), U progu zagłady, Warszawa; K. Dunin-Wąsowicz (1996), Społeczeństwo polskie wobec martyrologii i walki Żydów w latach II wojny światowej, Warszawa; B. Engelking-Boni (2004), Szanowny panie gistapo, Warszawa; J. Grabowski (2004), Ja tego Żyda znam, Warszawa; Ed. A. Żbikowski (2006), Polacy i Żydzi pod okupacją niemiecką, Warszawa; A. Żbikowski (2006), U genezy Jedwabnego, Warszawa. Alina Caa - 9783631670828 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/24/2021 05:45:54AM via free access Antisemitism During the Holocaust 235 ideology. The Germans considered the Poles to be “subhumans” and planned no form of political cooperation as was the case in other subordinate Western coun- tries. This does not mean that the Germans did not show interest in influencing Polish political life. Nazi agency operated in the ONR-Falangi ranks in the summer of 1939. It worked at least a year and a half under the leadership of Stanisław Kozłowski, aka Stanisław Brochwicz, who was an SS intelligence officer.535 A Falanga activist, Włodzimierz Sznarbachowski, collaborated with the National Radical Organization (NOR) founded by Andrzej Świetlicki and prof. Zygmunt Cybichowski536 with the consent of the occupying military German authorities. It is difficult to judge what they expected from this collaboration, but they undoubtedly cited ideological similarities, especially Antisemitism.537 Bolesław Piasecki prob- ably backed this initiative, according to Jan Józef Lipski (1985). NOR was used to organize anti-Jewish riots in the occupied Warsaw, which began in the last days of 1939, but the greatest number of victims and material damage caused the pogrom during the Holy Week of 1940. The riots served the Nazis as a justification for the creation of the Warsaw ghetto, ostensibly for the purpose of “ensuring the safety” of the Jewish population. On March 29, 1940, the Germans ordered the Jewish community to build a wall around the Jewish quarter. Świetlicki was arrested, and soon afterward shot. Czesław Madajczyk estimates that the share of the Polish resistance movement in the General Governorate amounted to 25 % of the inhabitants while the volun- tary collaborators at a minimum of 5 %.538 Madajczyk does not consider the political choices of the German minority. It is not easy to introduce a typology of motiv- ations for the collaborative attitudes. Collaborators primarily worked with the German Security Police (Sipo) or Gestapo. We should clearly condemn the people who did not identify with Nazism but, for various reasons, engaged in contacts or cooperation with the occupying forces, for example, by denunciations out of jealousy, will of profit, or revenge; but their number remains unknown. The Polish underground accused journalists who worked for the fifty titles published by the Nazis in the Polish language. Among the journalists, we find such Antisemitic activists as Jan Emil Skiwski; one may assume that they were motivated by political 535 J. J. Lipski (1985), Antysemityzm ONR “Falangi,” (Warszawa). 536 Z. Cybichowski (1879–1946), prawnik, profesor Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. W późnych latach 30. skompromitował się aferą łapówkarską. Znał osobiście Hansa Franka, co ułatwiło mu kontakty z władzami okupacyjnymi. Do NOR należał też jego syn Jerzy oraz: Wojciech Kwasieborski, Tadeusz Lipkowski i Ryszard Oracz. Z organizacją współpracował ksiądz St. Trzeciak. 537 See T. Szarota (2000), pp. 19–82. A. Świetlicki (1915–1940) od 1938 r. był przywódcą warszawskiej ONR-Falangi. W. Sznarbachowski (1913–2003) po aresztowaniu Świetlickiego przedostał się do Rzymu, gdzie działał na rzecz polskiego podziemia. Radykalnie zmienił poglądy, wstępując do PPS. Od 1952 r. pracował w rozgłośni polskiej Radia Wolna Europa. 538 See Cz. Madajczyk (1984), Faszyzm i okupacje 1938–45, Poznań, Vol. 2. Alina Caa - 9783631670828 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/24/2021 05:45:54AM via free access 236 Antisemitic Ideology in Postwar Poland sympathies, not just opportunism. The underground also boycotted the actors and audiences of theaters and cinemas especially because the repertoire served as a means of German propaganda. The artistic director of a theater, the Antisemite Zygmunt Ipohorski-Lenkiewicz, was accused of collaboration with the Gestapo and killed in a 1944 underground operation. Today we would judge cases of Polish- German romances or prostitution less strongly as they were judged during the war unless they resulted in the infiltration of conspiracy or denunciations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “He Was One of Us” – Joseph Conrad As a Home Army Author
    Yearbook of Conrad Studies (Poland) Vol. 13 2018, pp. 17–29 doi: 0.4467/20843941YC.18.002.11237 “HE WAS ONE OF US” – JOSEPH CONRAD AS A HOME ARMY AUTHOR Stefan Zabierowski The University of Silesia, Katowice Abstract: The aim of this article is to show how Conrad’s fiction (and above all the novelLord Jim) influenced the formation of the ethical attitudes and standards of the members of the Polish Home Army, which was the largest underground army in Nazi-occupied Europe. The core of this army was largely made up of young people who had been born around the year 1920 (i.e. after Poland had regained her independence in 1918) and who had had the opportunity to become acquainted with Conrad’s books during the interwar years. During the wartime occupation, Conrad became the fa- vourite author of those who were actively engaged in fighting the Nazi regime, familiarizing young conspirators with the ethics of honour—the conviction that fighting in a just cause was a reward in itself, regardless of the outcome. The views of this generation of soldiers have been recorded by the writers who were among them: Jan Józef Szczepański, Andrzej Braun and Leszek Prorok. Keywords: Joseph Conrad, World War II, Poland, Polish Home Army, Home Army, Warsaw Uprising 1 In order to fully understand the extraordinary role that Joseph Conrad’s novels played in forming the ethical attitudes and standards of those Poles who fought in the Home Army—which was the largest underground resistance army in Nazi-occupied Europe—we must go back to the interwar years, during which most of the members of the generation that was to form the core of the Home Army were born, for it was then that their personalities were formed and—perhaps above all—it was then that they acquired the particular ethos that they had in common.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright © London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association Copying Permitted with Reference to Source and Authors
    Copyright © London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association Copying permitted with reference to source and authors www.polishresistance-ak.org Article 17 Dr Grzegorz Ostasz, The Polish Government-in-Exile's Home Delegature During the Second World War the Polish Underground State was based on a collection of political and military organisations striving for independence. These were formed throughout Polish territories, then under German and Soviet occupation. The long tradition of struggles for independence was conducive to their creation. Already in the autumn of 1939 measures were taken to appoint an underground central administrative authority that would be a continuation of the pre-war state administration. The Statute of Service for Victory in Poland referred to the necessity of creating ‘a provisional national authority on home territory’. Likewise General Wladyslaw Sikorski’s cabinet endeavoured to establish a governmental executive organ in occupied Poland. At the start of 1940 it was decided that a home territories civilian commissioner would be granted ministerial prerogatives and hold the position of the Government-in-Exile’s delegate (plenipotentiary). Hope of the imminent defeat of the occupying powers and a repetition of the First World War scenario hastened the construction of a government administration ready to take over control of a liberated and ‘unclaimed Polish land’. The tasks of such an organisation were to include: cooperating with the Government-in-Exile (allied to France and Great Britain) and the Union for Armed Struggle (later the Home Army); participating in the planning of a general rising; consolidating the Polish community and directing its resistance to the German-Soviet occupation.
    [Show full text]
  • Holocaust/Shoah the Organization of the Jewish Refugees in Italy Holocaust Commemoration in Present-Day Poland
    NOW AVAILABLE remembrance a n d s o l i d a r i t y Holocaust/Shoah The Organization of the Jewish Refugees in Italy Holocaust Commemoration in Present-day Poland in 20 th century european history Ways of Survival as Revealed in the Files EUROPEAN REMEMBRANCE of the Ghetto Courts and Police in Lithuania – LECTURES, DISCUSSIONS, remembrance COMMENTARIES, 2012–16 and solidarity in 20 th This publication features the century most significant texts from the european annual European Remembrance history Symposium (2012–16) – one of the main events organized by the European Network Remembrance and Solidarity in Gdańsk, Berlin, Prague, Vienna and Budapest. The 2017 issue symposium entitled ‘Violence in number the 20th-century European history: educating, commemorating, 5 – december documenting’ will take place in Brussels. Lectures presented there will be included in the next Studies issue. 2016 Read Remembrance and Solidarity Studies online: enrs.eu/studies number 5 www.enrs.eu ISSUE NUMBER 5 DECEMBER 2016 REMEMBRANCE AND SOLIDARITY STUDIES IN 20TH CENTURY EUROPEAN HISTORY EDITED BY Dan Michman and Matthias Weber EDITORIAL BOARD ISSUE EDITORS: Prof. Dan Michman Prof. Matthias Weber EDITORS: Dr Florin Abraham, Romania Dr Árpád Hornják, Hungary Dr Pavol Jakubčin, Slovakia Prof. Padraic Kenney, USA Dr Réka Földváryné Kiss, Hungary Dr Ondrej Krajňák, Slovakia Prof. Róbert Letz, Slovakia Prof. Jan Rydel, Poland Prof. Martin Schulze Wessel, Germany EDITORIAL COORDINATOR: Ewelina Pękała REMEMBRANCE AND SOLIDARITY STUDIES IN 20TH CENTURY EUROPEAN HISTORY PUBLISHER: European Network Remembrance and Solidarity ul. Wiejska 17/3, 00–480 Warszawa, Poland www.enrs.eu, [email protected] COPY-EDITING AND PROOFREADING: Caroline Brooke Johnson PROOFREADING: Ramon Shindler TYPESETTING: Marcin Kiedio GRAPHIC DESIGN: Katarzyna Erbel COVER DESIGN: © European Network Remembrance and Solidarity 2016 All rights reserved ISSN: 2084–3518 Circulation: 500 copies Funded by the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media upon a Decision of the German Bundestag.
    [Show full text]
  • What Happened in Warsaw?
    What happened in Warsaw? A WWII mystery RPG by Jan “Crowen” Rosa ​ Written for the Golden Cobra 2018 Challenge ​ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = TOP SECRET - REPORT K45W0017 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Chapter 1 - Warsaw Incident and the analysis of the following events In 1939, German authorities began to concentrate Poland's population of over three million Jews into a number of extremely crowded ghettos located in large Polish cities. The largest of these, the Warsaw Ghetto, concentrated approximately 300,000–400,000 people into a densely packed, 3.3 km2 central area of Warsaw. Approximately 250,000–300,000 ghetto residents met their deaths at Treblinka during the two-month-long operation in 1942, another thousands in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943. On 1 August 1944, The Warsaw Uprising began as part of a nationwide Operation Tempest, launched at the time of the Soviet Lublin–Brest Offensive. Our objectives were to drive the Germans out of Warsaw while helping the Allies defeat Germany. The uprising was timed to coincide with the retreat of the German forces from Poland ahead of the Soviet advance. While approaching the eastern suburbs of the city, the Red Army temporarily halted combat operations, enabling the Germans to regroup. Initially, we established control over most of central Warsaw, but the Soviets ignored our attempts to maintain radio contact with them and did not advance beyond the city limits. Intense street fighting between us and the Germans continued. By 14 September, the eastern bank of the Vistula River opposite our positions was taken over by the Polish troops fighting under the Soviet command. 1,200 men made it across the river, but they were not reinforced by the Red Army.
    [Show full text]
  • SS-Totenkopfverbände from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande)
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history SS-Totenkopfverbände From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande) Navigation Not to be confused with 3rd SS Division Totenkopf, the Waffen-SS fighting unit. Main page This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason Contents has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2010) Featured content Current events This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding Random article citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) Donate to Wikipedia [2] SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), rendered in English as "Death's-Head Units" (literally SS-TV meaning "Skull Units"), was the SS organization responsible for administering the Nazi SS-Totenkopfverbände Interaction concentration camps for the Third Reich. Help The SS-TV was an independent unit within the SS with its own ranks and command About Wikipedia structure. It ran the camps throughout Germany, such as Dachau, Bergen-Belsen and Community portal Buchenwald; in Nazi-occupied Europe, it ran Auschwitz in German occupied Poland and Recent changes Mauthausen in Austria as well as numerous other concentration and death camps. The Contact Wikipedia death camps' primary function was genocide and included Treblinka, Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor. It was responsible for facilitating what was called the Final Solution, Totenkopf (Death's head) collar insignia, 13th Standarte known since as the Holocaust, in collaboration with the Reich Main Security Office[3] and the Toolbox of the SS-Totenkopfverbände SS Economic and Administrative Main Office or WVHA.
    [Show full text]
  • Ford, Kissinger, Edward Gierek of Poland
    File scanned from the National Security Adviser's Memoranda of Conversation Collection at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library MEMORANDUM THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON ~:p1NODIS MEMORANDUM OF CONVERSATION PARTICIPANTS: President Gerald R. Ford Edward Gierek, First Secretary of the Central Com.mittee of the Polish United Workers' Party Stefan 01szowski, Minister of Foreign Affairs Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of State and Assistant to the President Lt. General Brent Scowcroft, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Ambassador Richard T. Davies, US Amb. to Poland Polish Interpreter DATE AND TIME: Tuesday, October 8, 1974 11 :00 a. m. - 12:40 p. m. PLACE: The Oval Office The White House [Ge~eral Scowcroft missed part of the opening conversation. ] Gierek: In France, the ethnic group of Poles came during the French Revolution. People of Polish extraction have been introduced into many countries. Kissinger: Then in the 19th Century, the Polish nationalists concluded that the only way they could get independence was to join every war -- individually. Gierek: Secretary Kissinger knows our history very well. In our anthem, it says we have been guided by Bonapartist methods of how to win. We Socialists left it in. Kissinger: I have always been impressed by Warsaw's Old City. It took much pride to restore it that way. Gierek: That is true. ~/NODIS 9'!ii............ tmCLASSIFJBI) -~\.. B.O. 1295S, Sec. 3.S NSC lfQJDo, lln419S, State Dept. Guidelines 11 t!t=. , NARA, Date d,,'e -2­ President: Let me at the outset welcome you in a personal way. I really look forward to your mission and what has been done to bring us together as peoples and what we can do in the future to expand our contacts.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust
    THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE NOVEMBER 17, 2016 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jan Grabowski THE INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE, endowed by the William S. and Ina Levine Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona, enables the Center to bring a distinguished scholar to the Museum each year to conduct innovative research on the Holocaust and to disseminate this work to the American public. Wrong Memory Codes? The Polish “Blue” Police and Collaboration in the Holocaust In 2016, seventy-one years after the end of World War II, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs disseminated a long list of “wrong memory codes” (błędne kody pamięci), or expressions that “falsify the role of Poland during World War II” and that are to be reported to the nearest Polish diplomat for further action. Sadly—and not by chance—the list elaborated by the enterprising humanists at the Polish Foreign Ministry includes for the most part expressions linked to the Holocaust. On the long list of these “wrong memory codes,” which they aspire to expunge from historical narrative, one finds, among others: “Polish genocide,” “Polish war crimes,” “Polish mass murders,” “Polish internment camps,” “Polish work camps,” and—most important for the purposes of this text—“Polish participation in the Holocaust.” The issue of “wrong memory codes” will from time to time reappear in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Bul NKVD AJ.Indd
    The NKVD/KGB Activities and its Cooperation with other Secret Services in Central and Eastern Europe 1945 – 1989 Anthology of the international conference Bratislava 14. – 16. 11. 2007 Edited by Alexandra Grúňová Nation´s Memory Institute BRATISLAVA 2008 Anthology was published with kind support of The International Visegrad Fund. Visegrad Fund NKVD/KGB Activities and its Cooperation with other Secret Services in Cen- tral and Eastern Europe 1945 – 1989 14 – 16 November, 2007, Bratislava, Slovakia Anthology of the international conference Edited by Alexandra Grúňová Published by Nation´s Memory Institute Nám. SNP 28 810 00 Bratislava Slovakia www.upn.gov.sk 1st edition English language correction Anitra N. Van Prooyen Slovak/Czech language correction Alexandra Grúňová, Katarína Szabová Translation Jana Krajňáková et al. Cover design Peter Rendek Lay-out, typeseting, printing by Vydavateľstvo Michala Vaška © Nation´s Memory Institute 2008 ISBN 978-80-89335-01-5 Nation´s Memory Institute 5 Contents DECLARATION on a conference NKVD/KGB Activities and its Cooperation with other Secret Services in Central and Eastern Europe 1945 – 1989 ..................................................................9 Conference opening František Mikloško ......................................................................................13 Jiří Liška ....................................................................................................... 15 Ivan A. Petranský ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Peregrination in the Age of the Numerus Clausus: Hungarian
    DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2019.10 PEREGRINATION IN THE AGE OF THE NUMERUS CLAUSUS: HUNGARIAN JEWISH STUDENTS IN INTERWAR EUROPE Ágnes Katalin Kelemen A DISSERTATION In History Presented to the Faculties of the Central European University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Budapest, Hungary 2019 Supervisors Victor Karády CEU eTD Collection Michael Laurence Miller DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2019.10 Copyright in the text of this dissertation rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. I hereby declare that this dissertation contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions and no materials previously written and/or published by another person unless otherwise noted. CEU eTD Collection II DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2019.10 Abstract This dissertation investigates the dynamics between academic antisemitism, Jewish social mobility and Jewish migration through the case study of the “numerus clausus exiles” – as Jewish students who left interwar Hungary due to the antisemitic numerus clausus law (Law XXV of 1920) were called by contemporaries and historians. After a conceptual and historiographic introduction in the first chapter embedding this work in the contexts of Jewish studies, social history and exile studies; interwar Hungarian Jewish peregrination is examined from four different aspects in four chapters based on four different types of sources.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Guide to the German Camp in Płaszów 1942–1945
    a historical guide to the german camp in płaszów 1942 płaszów in camp german the to guide historical a Ryszard Kotarba A HISTORICAL GUIDE TO THE GERMAN CAMP in płaszów 1942–1945 A map with a visiting route inside – 1945 Ryszard Kotarba A HISTORICAL GUIDE TO THE GERMAN CAMP in płaszów 1942–1945 © Copyright by Institute of National Remembrance – Commission of the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, 2014 REVIEVER dr Joanna Lubecka EDITING Rafał Dyrcz TRANSLATION AND PROOFS Kamil Budziarz, Language Link Dorota Plutecka, Language Link PROOFREADING Tytus Ferenc GRAPHIC DESIGN, TYPESETTING AND PRINT Studio Actiff / www.actiff.pl Photos from the collection of the Institute of National Remembrance (1-6, 10, 12-15, 17-27, 29, 31-37, 42-43, 45-46, 48, 52, 55-57, 59), the National Archives in Kraków (7, 9, 11, 16) and Ryszard Kotarba (8, 28, 30, 38-41, 44, 47, 49-51, 53-54, 58). Photo on the cover from the collection of the Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 978-83-932380-8-8 Foreword In 1939, the Republic of Poland was attacked by Germany (supported by Slovakia) and the Soviet Union. Although France and the UK declared war on Germany, they did not pursue any activities to provide their Polish ally with any real assistance. Despite its total defeat and its entire territory being occupied, Poland did not surrender. Escaping to France and then to the UK, the authorities of the Republic of Poland demonstrated legalism and maintained the continuity of the Polish state. Poland as a state continued to be an actor of international law, and within the Allied bloc, it was the legal representative of all the citizens of the Republic of Poland – regardless of their nationality, religion or political views.
    [Show full text]
  • 20Th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015
    IPE International Perspectives 74 in Adult Education 20th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015 Matthias Klingenberg / Arne Segelke (Editors) International Perspectives in Adult Education – IPE 74 The reports, studies and materials published in this series aim to further the develop- ment of theory and practice in adult education. We hope that by providing access to information and a channel for communication and exchange, the series will serve to increase knowledge, deepen insights and improve cooperation in adult education at international level. © DVV International 2016 Publisher: DVV International Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes e. V. Obere Wilhelmstraße 32, 53225 Bonn, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)228 97569 - 0 / Fax: +49 (0)228 97569 - 55 [email protected] / www.dvv-international.de DVV International is the Institute for International Cooperation of the Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e. V. (DVV), the German Adult Education Association. As the leading professional organisation in the field of Adult Education and development cooperation, DVV International provides worldwide support for the establishment and development of sustainable structures for Youth and Adult Education. Responsible: Christoph Jost Editors: Matthias Klingenberg/Arne Segelke Managing Editor: Gisela Waschek Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher and editors. This publication, or parts of it, may be reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The publisher asks to be provided with copies of any such reproductions. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National­­ bibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available at http://dnb.ddb.de ISBN: 978-3-942755-31-3 Corporate design: Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Assets – Lesson 6
    Supplemental Assets – Lesson 6 The following resources are from the archives at Yad Vashem and can be used to supplement Lesson 6, Jewish Resistance, in Echoes and Reflections. In this lesson, you learn about the many forms of Jewish resistance efforts during the Holocaust. You also consider the risks of resisting Nazi domination. For more information on Jewish resistance efforts during the Holocaust click on the following links: • Resistance efforts in the Vilna ghetto • Resistance efforts in the Kovno ghetto • Armed resistance in the Sobibor camp • Resistance efforts in Auschwitz-Birkenau • Organized resistance efforts in the Krakow ghetto: Cracow (encyclopedia) • Mordechai Anielewicz • Marek Edelman • Zvia Lubetkin • Rosa Robota • Hannah Szenes In this lesson, you meet Helen Fagin. Learn more about Helen's family members who perished during the Holocaust by clicking on the pages of testimony identified with a . For more information about Jan Karski, click here. In this lesson, you meet Vladka Meed. Learn more about Vladka's family members who perished during the Holocaust by clicking on the pages of testimony identified by a . Key Words • The "Final Solution" • Jewish Fighting Organization, Warsaw (Z.O.B.) • Oneg Shabbat • Partisans • Resistance, Jewish • Sonderkommando Encyclopedia • Jewish Military Union, Warsaw (ZZW) • Kiddush Ha-Hayim • Kiddush Ha-Shem • Korczak, Janusz • Kovner, Abba • Holocaust Diaries • Pechersky, Alexandr • Ringelblum, Emanuel • Sonderkommando • United Partisan Organization, Vilna • Warsaw Ghetto Uprising •
    [Show full text]