Dal Nomo Di Eliopoli Al “Distretto Di Onia” La “Terra Del Santuario” Dei Giudei in Egitto

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Dal Nomo Di Eliopoli Al “Distretto Di Onia” La “Terra Del Santuario” Dei Giudei in Egitto SILVIO BARBAGLIA CHE COSA RAPPRESENTA DAMASCO NEL DOCUMENTO DI DAMASCO? LA TERRA DEL SANTUARIO NELLA “PICCOLA GERUSALEMME” DI ONIA Volume Secondo Dal nomo di Eliopoli al “distretto di Onia” La “terra del Santuario” dei Giudei in Egitto NOVARA 2020 AVVERTENZA PER IL LETTORE L’intera opera in Tre Volumi, di cui il Terzo in Due Tomi, fu presentata originariamente nel novembre 2017 come Tesi di Dottorato in Teologia, indirizzo di Studi Biblici, presso la Facoltà Teologica dell’Italia Settentrionale di Milano, sotto la direzione del prof. don Roberto Vignolo. La nuova edizione, qui consultabile, è frutto di revisione, correzioni, aggiornamenti e ampliamenti ad opera dell’autore, tenendo conto anche delle osservazioni fornite dalla Commissione d’esame del Dottorato (proff. Roberto Vignolo, Gianantonio Borgonovo, Gian Luigi Prato e Joseph Sievers). Rispetto alle dimensioni di ampiezza della precedente edizione, la presente registra una crescita di 124 pagine di testo (=3.006 pagine), 183 note a piè di pagina (=4.747 note), 470 nuovi titoli consultati per la bibliografia (=3.326 titoli) e 30 nuovi link per la sitografia (=160 siti Internet). La Difesa dottorale, del 13 giugno 2018, tenne come oggetto di confronto unicamente il Volume Terzo, all’interno del quale la Commissione esaminatrice concesse «diritto di pubblicazione», nella forma dell’«Estratto», dell’ultimo capitolo dell’opera. La pubblicazione, al seguito indicata, è stata consegnata in data 14 novembre 2018, secondo le norme richieste per il conseguimento del titolo di Dottorato in Teologia: S. BARBAGLIA, “Damasco” nel Documento di Damasco. Il Santuario degli Ebrei in Egitto (Estratto della Dissertazione dottorale n° 81), Facoltà Teologica dell’Italia Settentrionale, Milano 2018, pp. 319. In occasione della pubblicazione della monografia S. BARBAGLIA, Il tempio di Eliopoli e i rotoli del Mar Morto. Nuova ipotesi sulle origini di Qumran («Piccola biblioteca teologica» 135), Claudiana, Torino 2020, pp. 166, appoggiata per la documentazione alle pagine che seguono, è stato aggiunto anche un «Post- scriptum», al termine dell’intera opera, per un confronto positivo con la pubblicazione dell’importante lavoro dottorale, in assoluto la più recente (giugno 2019) sul Tempio di Onia in Egitto, del prof. Meron M. Piotrkowski, della Hebrew University di Gerusalemme (cfr. Vol. III, To. 2, pp.#1827-1839). Tutte le pagine di quest’opera in Tre Volumi, di cui il Terzo in Due Tomi, sono coperte da Copyright. Edizione online del marzo 2020. Autore: Silvio Barbaglia – Copyright. All rights reserved © 2020. 2 SOMMARIO DELL’OPERA IN TRE VOLUMI Il sommario dell’intera opera in Tre Volumi riporta i livelli tematici più generali lasciando all’indice di ciascun Volume il compito di dettagliare i molteplici paragrafi di presentazione dell’argomento trattato. Il presente sommario è riproposto all’inizio di ogni Volume per favorire una visione complessiva dell’intera opera. Volume Primo “Damasco” nel Documento di Damasco Funzione retorico-teologica di un’indicazione toponomastica PROLOGO 1. Alcuni flash autobiografici per portare alla luce il «non detto» 2. Un grazie a coloro che hanno condiviso alcuni tratti del percorso di ricerca 3. Avvertenze utili per il lettore INTRODUZIONE GENERALE ALL’OPERA 1. Presentazione sintetica dell’opera in Tre Volumi 2. Per un «cambiamento di paradigmi» nella storia del Giudaismo del Secondo Tempio: il contributo di DD e dei mss. di Qumran 3. Elenco delle cruces interpretum più significative, diversamente interpretate 4. La questione del metodo, in una prospettiva sistemica SOMMARIO DELL’OPERA IN TRE VOLUMI ABBREVIAZIONI E SIGLE INTRODUZIONE AL VOLUME PRIMO PARTE PRIMA Il Documento di Damasco. Ricezione testuale, ipotesi storiche e occorrenze di “Damasco” CAPITOLO I – La pubblicazione dei frammenti di un’opera sadocita, la scoperta dei mss. del Mar Morto e il dibattito scientifico conseguente 1. L’editio princeps di Solomon Schechter a confronto con le testimonianze dei mss. di Qumran 2. Ipotesi molteplici sull’identità del gruppo all’origine di DD CAPITOLO II – Il ruolo centrale dell’indicazione enigmatica di “Damasco” nel Documento di Damasco 1. Le occorrenze di «Damasco» nel Documento di Damasco 2. Elementi di sintesi e di confronto CAPITOLO III – “Damasco” nei testi biblici e negli altri manoscritti di Qumran 1. Elenco delle occorrenze di «Damasco» nel testo biblico e tipologia 2. Elenco delle occorrenze nei manoscritti del Mar Morto 3. Valutazioni preliminari di carattere fenomenologico e semantico PARTE SECONDA L’insorgenza della lingua di Giuda come “lingua sacra”. Con Abramo, da Babele/ Babilonia a Damasco CAPITOLO I – Il quadro metodologico dell’«Anti-language» e l’auto- definizione linguistica del gruppo di Qumran 1. Il «testo-guida» nel percorso semantico ed ermeneutico: 4Q464 (4QNarrazione sui patriarchi) 2. Uno sguardo di sintesi prima di iniziare il cammino CAPITOLO II – Abramo l’«ebreo», tra gli astrologi Caldei e la custodia dell’ebraico come «lingua sacra» 1. La «confusione» delle lingue nel rimando a Babele/ Babilonia in Gen 11,1-9 2. La figura «anti-idolatrica» del patriarca Abramo tra Babele/ Babilonia e Ur/ fuoco dei Caldei CAPITOLO III – Abramo e l’astrologia, dalla Mesopotamia all’Egitto 1. Abramo riceve in dono la lingua e i testi sacri della creazione 2. La testimonianza dello Pseudo-Eupolemo: con Abramo, dalla Mesopotamia all’Egitto (II sec. a.C.) CAPITOLO IV – Abramo «a Damasco» e «di Damasco»? Nuove prospettive di ricerca 1. Le testimonianze di Nicola di Damasco (I sec. a.C. – I sec. d.C.) e di Pompeo Trogo (I sec. a.C. – I sec. d.C.) םָרֲא ») «Χαρραν / Ḥaran – Carran», una città degli «Aramei/ Siriani – ןָרָח » .2 – Σιδών/ Συρία») per ri-comprendere «Damasco» 3. Il ruolo storico di Nabonide (555-539 a.C.) per la redazione del ciclo di Abramo 4. ḇen-mešeq, «Eliezer di Damasco»: crux interpretum 5. Cazael di Damasco nel ciclo di Elia e di Eliseo 6. Abramo, i 318 guerrieri ed Eliezer di Damasco, nella dinamica tra eredità e successione CAPITOLO V – L’ebraico come «lingua sacra», nella sintesi della vicenda di Abramo secondo l’interpretatio judaica 1. L’ebraico come «lingua sacra» nel testo di 4Q464 (4QNarrazione sui patriarchi) 2. L’ebraico come «lingua sacra» nel testo di Iub. 12,25-27 4 3. L’ebraico come «lingua sacra» in altre attestazioni successive nella teoria della «lingua sacra» del (« קשמד ») «Il toponimo «Damasco .4 Santuario, alla luce della ri-lessicalizzazione del linguaggio CAPITOLO VI – Baalbek, ovvero l’«Eliopoli nella terra di Damasco» 1. Baalbek e l’identificazione topografica dei siti di tradizione biblica Biqʿaṯ-ʾĀwen» (Am 1,5). Il rapporto – ןֶואָ־תַﬠְקִבּ » Baalbek corrisponde a .2 con Damasco e il sistema religioso arameo della divinità uranica e solare 3. Macrobio e il collegamento tra Egitto e Siria nel nome di «Eliopoli» CONCLUSIONE – Dalla «terra di Damasco» ad Eliopoli BIBLIOGRAFIA DEL VOLUME PRIMO 1. Versioni di DD in lingua moderna 2. Edizioni e studi sul testo di DD (CD-A; CD-B; 4Q266-273; 5Q12 e 6Q15) 3. Ulteriori studi citati nel Volume Primo SITOGRAFIA DEL VOLUME PRIMO INDICE DEL VOLUME PRIMO _______________________________________ Volume Secondo Dal nomo di Eliopoli al “distretto di Onia” La “terra del Santuario” dei Giudei in Egitto SOMMARIO DELL’OPERA IN TRE VOLUMI INTRODUZIONE AL VOLUME SECONDO PARTE PRIMA Eliopoli, “la città del sole”. Le origini di Israele e la presenza degli Ebrei in Egitto CAPITOLO I – L’Egitto come terra di salvezza. Il ruolo di Eliopoli nella storia di Giuseppe 1. La storia di Giuseppe come osservatorio ideologico di un’epoca pacifica tra Israele ed Egitto in alcuni autori giudeo-ellenisti 2. Eliopoli e la presenza degli ebrei in Egitto: le tracce dei libri della Genesi e dell’Esodo CAPITOLO II – L’Egitto come terra di schiavitù. Il ruolo di Eliopoli nella storia di Mosè 1. Eliopoli «edificata» dagli ebrei, secondo la LXX (Es 1,11) 2. La focalizzazione della storia di Giuseppe e di Mosè tra Egitto e Terra promessa 3. Il Muso/ Mosè di Artapano tra Eliopoli ed Ermopoli 5 4. L’antigiudaismo di Manetone all’epoca di Mosè e ai suoi giorni CAPITOLO III – La deportazione giudeo-samaritana nella terra d’Egitto, al tempo di Tolomeo I Sotere (302 a.C.) 1. Le informazioni storiche e l’enigma del «sommo sacerdote Ezechia» 2. Ezechia, prima governatore e poi sommo sacerdote a Gerusalemme 3. Il «sommo sacerdote Ezechia» e la storia di Giuseppe l’egiziano 4. Il «sommo sacerdote Ezechia» e la plausibilità di un’istituzione sacrale in terra d’Egitto all’inizio del III sec. a.C. 5. Il «sommo sacerdote Ezechia» muta il nome in «Onia» e inaugura una nuova stagione della discendenza sadocita CAPITOLO IV – La discendenza sadocita degli Oniadi 1. I due «nomi seriali»: «Onia» e «Simeone/ Simone» 2. «Onia-Menelao»: un caso discusso nel conflitto delle fonti 3. La «terra di Onia» e gli «Oniadi»: sintesi dei risultati PARTE SECONDA L’“interpretatio judaica” del sistema eliopolitano CAPITOLO I – Eliopoli e la presenza degli ebrei in Egitto: le testimonianze dei libri profetici 1. Le attestazioni e le variazioni terminologiche 2. La «Città dell’argilla e della giustizia» dove s’invocherà il nome di YHWH (Is 19,18) 3. Eliopoli, la famiglia sommo-sacerdotale degli Oniadi e la rinnovata interpretazione della profezia di Isaia: la «Città di Giustizia – Πόλισ- ασεδεκ» dove s’invoca il nome di YHWH (Is 19,18) 4. Il profeta Osea tra «Bêṯ-ʾĒl», «Bêṯ ʾĀwen» e «Bêṯ-ʾÔn» CAPITOLO II – Dal testo fondatore del Tempio di Leontopoli (Is 19,18) alla sua distruzione, nella testimonianza di Giuseppe Flavio 1. Onia III oppure Onia IV, fondatore del Tempio di Leontopoli? 2. Ruolo e funzione fondativa di Is 19,18ss nel racconto storico di Giuseppe Flavio 3. Il luogo della costruzione del Tempio: Leontopoli, «campo di Bubastis», Tell el-Yehoudiyeh o Eliopoli/ Demerdash 4. La struttura del Tempio di Onia ad Eliopoli secondo la testimonianza di Giuseppe Flavio 5.
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