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XXXIV Congresso Della Commissione Internazionale Di Storia Militare Commissione Italiana Di Storia Militare

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XXXIV Congresso Della Commissione Internazionale Di Storia Militare Commissione Italiana Di Storia Militare Sotto l’Alto Patronato del Presidente della Repubblica CIHM XXXIV Congresso della Commissione Internazionale di Storia Militare Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare MINI S TERO DELLA DIFE S A Conflitti militari e popolazioni civili. Guerre totali, guerre limitate, guerre asimmetriche Conflits militaires et populations civiles. Guerres totales, guerres limitées, guerres asymmetriques STATO MAGGIORE Military conflicts and civil populations. DELLA DIFE S A Total wars, limited wars, asymmetric wars Trieste 31 agosto - 5 settembre 2008 Tomo II COMMISSIONE ITALIANA DI STORIA MILITARE PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA tutti i diritti riservati: Vietata anche la riproduzione parziale senza autorizzazione © 2009 • Ministero della Difesa CISM - Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare Salita S. Nicola da Tolentino, 1/B - Roma [email protected] Comitato di redazione direttore Col. Matteo Paesano coordinatore generale Amm. Paolo Alberini consulenti scientifici Prof. Piero Del Negro, Prof. Massimo de Leonardis collaboratori Ten. Col. Giancarlo Montinaro Magg. Luca De Sabato, Mar. 1 cl. Pierluigi Gabrielli INDICE II TOMO I conflitti extra-europei nei secoli XIX-XXI Le Nazioni Unite e la protezione delle popolazioni civili, dai documenti alle azioni ........................................................................................................................................... pag. 511 Enrico Magnani, Italia Le Canada, société non militariste: quelques jalons historiques ..................................................................................................................................... pag. 521 Charles Rhéaume, Canada Civili e guerra: armi, popolazione e territorio nella repressione della rivolta del “Mad Mullah” in Somalia (1890–1920) ........................................................ pag. 527 Gianluca Pastori, Italia The Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) and its consequences: a South African case study of military conflict and the civilian population .......... pag. 539 André Wessels, South Africa Les répercussions des deux guerres mondiales sur les populations civiles en Tunisie sur le plan démographique ................................... pag. 557 Abdesslem Ben Hamida, Tunisie Civils et guerre asymétrique: la résistance armée tunisienne aux forces d’occupation françaises en Tunisie (1881– 1956) ................................................. pag. 564 Mohamed Salah Dahmani, Tunisie L’effort de guerre en Afrique occidentale française pendant la guerre 1914-18: le cas de la colonie du Senegal .................................................... pag. 573 Mbaye Cisse, Sénégal Impacts de la participation marocaine à la Seconde Guerre mondiale sur la population civile ......................................................................... pag. 582 Bahija Simou, Maroc Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and ............................................ pag. 596 the Chinese People involved Dexue Qi, China From Campus to Battle: Student Mobilization and Transition of Japanese Imperial military’ Draft policies ......................................................... pag. 598 Mitsutoshi Hanyu, Japan Government measures and lessons learned concerning refugees during the Korean War ....................................................................................... pag. 602 Kwonsam Choi, South Korea 506 XXXIV Co n g r e s s o d e l l a Co m m I s s I o n e In t e r n a z I o n a l e d I st o r I a mIlItare • CIHm Civilians in Malvinas’ conflict .............................................................................................................................. pag. 605 Ricardo Luis Quellet, Argentina The Argentine Military Government in the Malvinas/Falkland islands during the 1982 war ............................................................................. pag. 613 Alejandro Amendolara, Argentina The origins and effect of maritime insecurity on Somalia ...................................................... pag. 639 Thean Potgieter, South Africa Les conflits au Tchad et leur impact sur la population civile du Cameroun .......................................................................................................................... pag. 652 Blaise Mbue Ngappe, Cameroun The South African ‘War Resistance’ movement 1974-1994 ................................................. pag. 662 Gavin Cawathra, South Africa Afrikaner Nationalism, Tertiary Military Education and Civil Discontent: Student attitudes at an Afrikaans University from Apartheid’s beginnings to the end of the Angolan War, 1950- 1989 .............................. pag. 675 Ian Liebenberg and Dean Visser, South Africa Haiti - The path to peace – Minustah ........................................................................................................... pag. 693 Aureliano Pinto De Moura, Brazil “The Echo of” Coin:The Problem with History and the Population Centric Theory in American Counterinsurgency Doctrine ..................... pag. 699 Gian P. Gentile, United States of America The military occupation of Iraq: Brave Rifles at Tall “Afar” ............................................. pag. 717 Riccardo Herrera, United States of America Civilians as a centre of gravity. Dutch security assistance operations in Afghanistan and Iraq ............................................................................................................... pag. 739 Arthur ten Cate, Netherlands IDF Combat Intelligence in an Asymmetric War: The Second Lebanon War against Hezbollah, July-August 2006 .................................... pag. 745 Dani Asher, Israel Workshop The war and the hospitals - when soldiers replace civilians ................................................ pag. 755 Manuel Antonio Pereira Couto, Portugal Civilians and the Italian military mission in Budapest in 1919 ........................................ pag. 763 Alberto Becherelli, Italy Strategic bombing: the civilian population as target .................................................................. pag. 770 Serge Gadal, France The Marine Corps Occupation of the Dominican Republic ................................................ pag. 774 Ellen Tillman, United States of America aC t a 507 Colombia: post-modern conflict? ..................................................................................................................... pag. 795 Valeria Rosato, Italy Solution to conflicts or incitement to guerilla warfare? Eastern German military support in Southern Africa and civilian victims. The case of Mozambique ......................................................................................................................................... pag. 811 Klaus Storkmann, Germany Conclusioni Bilancio scientifico del Convegno .................................................................................................................... pag. 821 Piero Del Negro – Massimo de Leonardis, Italia Le congrès de Trieste en rétrospective ....................................................................................................... pag. 829 Cornelis M. Schulten, Netherlands Commiato .............................................................................................................................................................................. pag. 833 Luc de Vos Note biografiche dei relatori............................................................................................................................... .. pag. 835 Programma accademico delle presentazioni ....................................................................................... pag. 841 Elenco alfabetico dei partecipanti al XXXIV Congresso della CIHM ...................... pag. 848 Elenco dei partecipanti per nazione ............................................................................................................. pag. 851 Immagini del Convegno ............................................................................................................................................ pag. 855 I conflitti extra-europei nei secoli XIX - XXI aC t a 511 Le Nazioni Unite e la protezione delle popolazioni civili, dai documenti alle azioni ENrICo MAGNANI La protezione delle popolazioni nel corso di conflitti e’ un fenomeno relativamente recen- te, ma e’ cresciuto parallelamente con la maggiore letalita’ degli armamenti e i primi passi della costituenda comunita’ internazionale. Il tema fu discusso nelle Conferenze della Pace dell’Aja, ma in maniera marginale e indiretta, relativa all’uso di armamenti e tecniche bel- liche (armi chimiche, bombardamenti aerei e proiettili a frammentazione), per gli effeti che potevano avere sulle popolazioni civili. La fine del primo conflitto mondiale vide un impegno massiccio a favore delle popola- zioni civili coinvolte in una guerra soprattutto quando, a fronte della drammatica situazione umanitaria delle popolazioni civili delle Potenze Centrali stremate da tre anni di blocco, gli Alleati e Associati istituirono un comitato per gli approvvigionamenti che avvio’ una prima ripresa della fornitura di prodotti alimentari, ma era una azione estemporanea. Nel giugno 1921, il Consiglio della Societa’, pressato dalla Croce Rossa Internazionale e da altre organizzazioni, creò un’organizzazione per i profughi, la cui direzione fu affidata all’esploratore norvegese Fridtjof Nansen (che aveva concluso con successo il rimpatrio di oltre 500.000 prigionieri di guerra, sempre su incarico della Societa’), con il titolo di
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