DOCSLIB.ORG

Correspondence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Correspondence Correspondence Hawking, Sulston research record (Nature 555, with reductionists’ educational The advisory council’s first and science in Europe 311; 2018). As secretary general metrics. However, they all but forum was held in October 2017 of the Royal Swedish Academy of killed students’ curiosity for to develop a strategy for As well as championing open Sciences, I can confirm that this serendipitous scientific enquiry. improving this situation. It was and accessible research, physicist is still the case. My father designed stellar- framed around four cornerstones: Stephen Hawking and biologist The Nobel prize is not a lifetime inertial guidance systems for health, life sciences (including John Sulston were part of a long achievement award. In his last will reconnaissance aircraft and, after philosophy, mathematics and tradition of British engagement of 1895, Alfred Nobel stipulated he retired, would often present his astrobiology), Earth (including with European science (for that the Physiology or Medicine work to physics and engineering materials and water, food and obituaries, see Nature 555, 444; prize should go to “the person students. When they asked him energy, and climate change 2018 and Nature 555, 588; 2018). who shall have made the most what they should study to prepare and biodiversity) and society As chief scientific advisers to important discovery within the for such a career, he would reply: (including science policy and the the European Commission, we domain”; in physics should be for “Read the classics,” by which he economy). The forum’s founding feel strongly that this tradition “the most important discovery or meant Aristotle, Ralph Waldo declaration emphasizes the must not end — irrespective invention within the field”; and in Emerson, Jean-Jacques Rousseau importance for advancing society of where the future takes the chemistry should be awarded for and Blaise Pascal. of knowledge, training, talent and United Kingdom. “the most important chemical The best scientific and academic–industrial interaction Science for the greater public discovery or improvement”. technical progress does not come in all of these areas. Our view good depends on openness of It is reassuring that the out of a box. It is more likely to is that science is not just for mind, of spirit and of borders. assessment of hundreds emerge from trying to fit wild, scientists — it is a human right. Sulston and Hawking did much of nominations by Nils Hansson woolly and tangential ideas into Fernando Baquero, Jose to uphold these ideals and to (no relation of mine) and useful societal and economic A. Gutiérrez-Fuentes Gadea promote the importance of colleagues confirms that past contexts. Foundation for Science, Madrid, basing policy decisions on committees have rigorously Michael Stocker Ocean Spain. strong scientific evidence. upheld Nobel’s will. Conservation Research, ja.gutierrezfuentes@gadeaciencia. Both recognized that society Göran K. Hansson The Royal Lagunitas, California, USA. org benefits from integrated Swedish Academy of Sciences, [email protected] scientific endeavour. Indeed, Stockholm, Sweden. European projects built on [email protected] Encouraging trend this premise — such as the Sciences unite for in US astronomy intergovernmental research Spain’s prosperity organizations CERN (Europe’s How philosophy was Aswin Sekhar remarks on particle-physics laboratory near squeezed out of PhD As Spain’s economy recovers, the the low proportion of female Geneva, Switzerland) and the strategic application of science astronomers in many countries European Molecular Biology Gundula Bosch’s argument for could help to stimulate prosperity (Nature 555, 165; 2018). Laboratory — have strengthened putting the philosophy back and to attract much-needed A career in science can often science by stimulating the into the PhD is a breath of fresh investment. In an unusual move exceed 50 years, meaning that movement of ideas across the air (Nature 554, 277; 2018). It is in a world of specialization, the total average number of continent and beyond. interesting to look back and see the Spanish scientific community women (and minorities) will These great scientists shared a how broad critical thinking came has formed a meritocratic, remain low for another half strong sense of social decency and to be eased out of the doctorate, all-sciences advisory council a century, even if we achieve encouraged a profound respect squeezing academic enquiry into within the Gadea Foundation for parity now among early-career for expertise, each of which are narrow disciplines. Science in Madrid, a non-profit scientists. What matters as much more important now than ever. The process started in the body of leading scientists that as where we’ve been is where Rolf Heuer, Paul Nurse early 1970s in the United States, works to improve Spain’s science we’re going. European Commission, Brussels, prompted by a suspicion that system. The council’s aim is to As the chair of the Belgium. intellectual artefacts of the ‘soft’ galvanize politicians and the International Astronomical [email protected] sciences, as they were then public into promoting research Union’s US committee for called — such as sociology, that will ensure social progress membership applications, I can anthropology and philosophy — (see www.gadeaciencia.org). report that we are doing much Nobel principles hold were stimulating campus unrest. Spain ranks ninth in the world better than the grand averages true after 123 years This conveniently dovetailed for scientific production and would suggest. Women comprise with the idea that if industry has 58 scientists in the 2017 around 40% of the latest US Nils Hansson and colleagues outsourced its research and Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited intake of 212 individuals, with suggest that Nobel committees development departments Researchers list (see go.nature. 43% of those having gained in 1901–66 were persuaded to universities by setting (and com/2j77ctb). The application of their PhDs after 2010. This is to award the Nobel Prize in funding) curricula, then students research results for the benefit of an encouraging trend. Physiology or Medicine based on would have ready-made jobs in society is still disturbingly low, David Soderblom Space the potential research impact of industry on graduation. These however, owing to meagre public Telescope Science Institute, a single discovery or innovation, mechanistic conceits looked support and too few industries Baltimore, Maryland, USA. rather than on a distinguished good on paper and fitted well based on science and technology. [email protected] ©2018 Mac millan Publishers Li mited, part of Spri nger Nature. All ri ghts res5e rAPRILved. 2018 | VOL 556 | NATURE | 31 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ethical Principles in Ethical Principles in Scientific Research Scientific Research and Publications
    Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology Library ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN SCIENTIFIC LectureRESEARCH author AND PUBLICATIONSOnlineby © Emin Kansu,M.D.,FACP ESCMID ekansu@ada. net. tr Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY - HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY Ankara PRESENTATION • UNIVERSITY and RESEARCHLibrary • ETHICS – DEFINITION • RESEARCH ETHICS • PUBLICATIONLecture ETHICS • SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTauthor • SCIENTIFIC FRAUD AND TYPES Onlineby • HOW TO PREVENT© UNETHICAL ISSUES • WHAT TO DO FOR SCIENTIFIC ESCMIDMISCONDUCTS Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID IMPACT OF TURKISH SCIENTISTS 85 % University – Based 1.78% 0.2 % 19. 300 18th ‘ACADEMIA’ UNIVERSITY Library AN INSTITUTION PRODUCING and DISSEMINATING SCIENCE Lecture BASIC FUNCTIONS author Online-- EDUCATIONby © -- RESEARCH ESCMID - SERVICESERVICE UNIVERSITY Library • HAS TO BE OBJECTIVE • HAS TO BE HONESTLecture AND ETHICAL • HAS TO PERFORM THEauthor “STATE-OF-THE ART” • HAS TO PLAYOnline THEby “ROLE MODEL” , TO BE GENUINE AND ©DISCOVER THE “NEW” • HAS TO COMMUNICATE FREELY AND HONESTLY WITH ALL THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN ESCMIDPUBLIC WHY WE DO RESEARCH ? Library PRIMARY AIM - ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE Lecture SECONDARY AIM author - TOOnline PRODUCEby A PAPER - ACADEMIC© PROMOTION - TO OBTAIN AN OUTSIDE SUPPORT ESCMID SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Library A Practice aimed to contribute to knowledge or theoryLecture , performed in disciplined methodologyauthor and Onlineby systematic approach©
    [Show full text]
  • Sborník Konferenčních Příspěvků Byl Vydán Pod ISBN 978-80-7305-117-4 a Poskytnut Všem 170 Registrovaným Účastníkům Konference
    111 let Nobelových cen MENDEL FORUM 2011 Projekt „Od fyziologie k medicíně“ CZ.1.07/2.3.00/09.0219, který je prezentován v rámci konference Mendel Forum 2011, je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky. Mendelianum MZM, Brno Ústav fyziologie FVL VFU Brno ÚŽFG AV ČR, v.v.i., Brno ISBN 978-80-7305-132-7 MENDEL FORUM 2011 25. - 26. října 2011 Dietrichsteinský palác Zelný trh, Brno PROGRAM úterý 25. října 2011 8:30 – 9:00 registrace, zahájení Sekce: OD FYZIOLOGIE K MEDICÍNĚ 9:00 – 9:30 Od fyziologie k medicíně: vzdělávací projekty (I. Fellnerová) 9:30 – 10:00 Fyziologie/medicína v Nobelových cenách (J. Doubek) Sekce: GENETIKA-MENDEL 9:30 – 10:00 Mendel Memorial Medal Mendel Lecture (S. Zadražil) 10:30 – 11:00 diskuse, přestávka s občerstvením 2 11:00 - 11:30 Mendel – neustálá výzva (J. Sekerák) 11:30 – 12:00 Mendel, Biskupský dvůr a počátky vědy na Moravě (J. Mitáček) s navazující odpolední prohlídkou Biskupského dvora středa 26. října 2011 Sekce: NOBELOVY CENY 21. STOLETÍ 9:00 – 9:30 Nobelovy ceny v novém tisícíletí (E. Matalová) 9:30 – 10:00 Helicobacter pylori (M. Heroldová) 10:00 – 10:30 Umlčování genů (M. Buchtová) 10:30 – 11:00 přestávka 3 11:00 – 11:30 Telomery a nesmrtelnost (L. Dubská) 11:30 – 12:00 In vitro fertilizace (B. Kuřecová) s navazující diskusí a občerstvením ************************************** 111 let Nobelových cen http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/ 4 Seznam přednášejících, kontakty doc. RNDr. Marcela Buchtová, Ph.D Ústav živočišné fyziologie a genetiky AV ČR, v.v.i., Brno, Fakulta veterinárního lékařství, VFU Brno [email protected], www.iapg.cas.cz prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report Fy 2018 Human Frontier Science Program Organization
    APRIL 2017 APRIL 2018 — MARCH 2019 ANNUAL REPORT FY 2018 HUMAN FRONTIER SCIENCE PROGRAM ORGANIZATION The Human Frontier Science Program Organization (HFSPO) is unique, supporting international collaboration to undertake innovative, risky, basic research at the frontier of the life sciences. Special emphasis is given to the support and training of independent young investigators, beginning at the postdoctoral level. The Program is implemented by an international organisation, supported financially by Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland, the United States of America, and the European Commission. Since 1990, over 7000 researchers from more than 70 countries have been supported. Of these, 28 HFSP awardees have gone on to receive the Nobel Prize. 2 The following documents are available on the HFSP website www.hfsp.org: Joint Communiqués (Tokyo 1992, Washington 1997, Berlin 2002, Bern 2004, Ottawa 2007, Canberra 2010, Brussels 2013, London 2016): https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/membership Statutes of the International Human Frontier Science Program Organization: https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/hfspo-statutes Guidelines for the participation of new members in HFSPO: https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/membership General reviews of the HFSP (1996, 2001, 2006-2007, 2010, 2018): https://www.hfsp.org/about/strategy/reviews Updated and previous lists of awards, including titles and abstracts:
    [Show full text]
  • ILAE Historical Wall02.Indd 10 6/12/09 12:04:44 PM
    2000–2009 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Tim Hunt Robert Horvitz Sir Peter Mansfi eld Barry Marshall Craig Mello Oliver Smithies Luc Montagnier 2000 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2007 2008 Arvid Carlsson Eric Kandel Sir Paul Nurse John Sulston Richard Axel Robin Warren Mario Capecchi Harald zur Hauser Nobel Prizes 2000000 2001001 2002002 2003003 200404 2006006 2007007 2008008 Paul Greengard Leland Hartwell Sydney Brenner Paul Lauterbur Linda Buck Andrew Fire Sir Martin Evans Françoise Barré-Sinoussi in Medicine and Physiology 2000 1st Congress of the Latin American Region – in Santiago 2005 ILAE archives moved to Zurich to become publicly available 2000 Zonismide licensed for epilepsy in the US and indexed 2001 Epilepsia changes publishers – to Blackwell 2005 26th International Epilepsy Congress – 2001 Epilepsia introduces on–line submission and reviewing in Paris with 5060 delegates 2001 24th International Epilepsy Congress – in Buenos Aires 2005 Bangladesh, China, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Nicaragua, Pakistan, 2001 Launch of phase 2 of the Global Campaign Against Epilepsy Singapore and the United Arab Emirates join the ILAE in Geneva 2005 Epilepsy Atlas published under the auspices of the Global 2001 Albania, Armenia, Arzerbaijan, Estonia, Honduras, Jamaica, Campaign Against Epilepsy Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Lebanon, Malta, Malaysia, Nepal , Paraguay, Philippines, Qatar, Senegal, Syria, South Korea and Zimbabwe 2006 1st regional vice–president is elected – from the Asian and join the ILAE, making a total of 81 chapters Oceanian Region
    [Show full text]
  • Human Genetics 1990–2009
    Portfolio Review Human Genetics 1990–2009 June 2010 Acknowledgements The Wellcome Trust would like to thank the many people who generously gave up their time to participate in this review. The project was led by Liz Allen, Michael Dunn and Claire Vaughan. Key input and support was provided by Dave Carr, Kevin Dolby, Audrey Duncanson, Katherine Littler, Suzi Morris, Annie Sanderson and Jo Scott (landscaping analysis), and Lois Reynolds and Tilli Tansey (Wellcome Trust Expert Group). We also would like to thank David Lynn for his ongoing support to the review. The views expressed in this report are those of the Wellcome Trust project team – drawing on the evidence compiled during the review. We are indebted to the independent Expert Group, who were pivotal in providing the assessments of the Wellcome Trust’s role in supporting human genetics and have informed ‘our’ speculations for the future. Finally, we would like to thank Professor Francis Collins, who provided valuable input to the development of the timelines. The Wellcome Trust is a charity registered in England and Wales, no. 210183. Contents Acknowledgements 2 Overview and key findings 4 Landmarks in human genetics 6 1. Introduction and background 8 2. Human genetics research: the global research landscape 9 2.1 Human genetics publication output: 1989–2008 10 3. Looking back: the Wellcome Trust and human genetics 14 3.1 Building research capacity and infrastructure 14 3.1.1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (WTSI) 15 3.1.2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics 15 3.1.3 Collaborations, consortia and partnerships 16 3.1.4 Research resources and data 16 3.2 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries 17 3.3 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries: within the field of human genetics 18 3.4 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries: beyond the field of human genetics – ‘ripple’ effects 19 Case studies 22 4.
    [Show full text]
  • John Sulston 1942-2018 Book of Celebration I Was Privileged to Work in the Same Lab As John at the Sanger Cenre in the 1990S
    John Sulston 1942-2018 Book of celebration I was privileged to work in the same lab as John at the Sanger Cenre in the 1990s. I found John to be an inspirational man. He was incredibly kind and a pleasure to speak with. He always made me feel valued. I have a very fond memory of showing some colleagues at the time the results that can be produced with dry ice and soap to create a ‘snake of foam’ (admittedly, not work related) - when John’s voice came close behind me - ‘are you having fun Emma?’ Some years after leaving the Sanger Centre, I bumped into John at a pub. He asked me if I was still having fun. I first met John Sulston in 2002 when Decades later, I have often thought of contacting John to express my thanks. My health has not been perfect The Common Thread was published. and I have to take Biologics to be able to move. Because of John’s work - drugs like this have been quicker in He had lunch with a bunch of us PhD students the making and available on the NHS. Thanks to John - I am still having fun. during the Edinburgh Book Festival. I was in It amazes me to think of all the people like me, who have been and will be helped by John’s work - now and awe, but he was so friendly, down-to-earth for all time. In addition, he was such a decent and respectful person. I am sure will be greatly missed by all and appeared to be entirely without ego.
    [Show full text]
  • Close to the Edge: Co-Authorship Proximity of Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine, 1991 - 2010, to Cross-Disciplinary Brokers
    Close to the edge: Co-authorship proximity of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, 1991 - 2010, to cross-disciplinary brokers Chris Fields 528 Zinnia Court Sonoma, CA 95476 USA fi[email protected] January 2, 2015 Abstract Between 1991 and 2010, 45 scientists were honored with Nobel prizes in Physiology or Medicine. It is shown that these 45 Nobel laureates are separated, on average, by at most 2.8 co-authorship steps from at least one cross-disciplinary broker, defined as a researcher who has published co-authored papers both in some biomedical discipline and in some non-biomedical discipline. If Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine and their immediate collaborators can be regarded as forming the intuitive “center” of the biomedical sciences, then at least for this 20-year sample of Nobel laureates, the center of the biomedical sciences within the co-authorship graph of all of the sciences is closer to the edges of multiple non-biomedical disciplines than typical biomedical researchers are to each other. Keywords: Biomedicine; Co-authorship graphs; Cross-disciplinary brokerage; Graph cen- trality; Preferential attachment Running head: Proximity of Nobel laureates to cross-disciplinary brokers 1 1 Introduction It is intuitively tempting to visualize scientific disciplines as spheres, with highly produc- tive, well-funded intellectual and political leaders such as Nobel laureates occupying their centers and less productive, less well-funded researchers being increasingly peripheral. As preferential attachment mechanisms as well as the economics of employment tend to give the well-known and well-funded more collaborators than the less well-known and less well- funded (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • 512420 Idea Intellectual Property Law 47.5.Ps
    659 WHY IT MIGHT BE TIME TO ELIMINATE GENOMIC PATENTS, TOGETHER WITH THE NATURAL EXTRACTS DOCTRINE SUPPORTING SUCH PATENTS ALLEN K. YU* ABSTRACT The purpose of recognizing enforceable rights in intellectual property in the United States is to “promote the progress of science and useful arts.” Given the changing landscapes of technologies, it is critical that policies and laws be continually adjusted to reflect the needs of new technologies. When the law tries to shield from—rather than confront—new technological realities, patents subvert rather than promote technological progress. This paper explores how the natural extracts doctrine, established over a century ago to allow purified compounds to be patented at a time when biochemistry was more alchemy than science, subverts rather than promotes progress in the modern biotechnological context. This paper argues that the natural extracts doctrine, together with the various isolation-based product patents—including gene product patents—that it has spawned, must be promptly abandoned or at least radically reduced in scope. Such patents not only violate the prohibition against the patenting of nature, but are also not commensurate with the underlying contributions made to the arts. In a proper patent regime, incentives given for today’s innovation should be appropriate for today's innovations, and not be given at the expense of tomorrow’s incentives. The paper concludes by offering a glimpse of what a patent system without the natural extracts doctrine might look like. It shows * Associate, Townsend, Townsend, and Crew, LLP; J.D. (2006) Harvard Law School. I would like to thank Prof. Josh Learner (Harvard Business School), Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of the Secrets of Life Timeline
    Discovery of the Secrets of Life Timeline: A Chronological Selection of Discoveries, Publications and Historical Notes Pertaining to the Development of Molecular Biology. Copyright 2010 Jeremy M. Norman. Date Discovery or Publication References Crystals of plant and animal products do not typically occur naturally. F. Lesk, Protein L. Hünefeld accidentally observes the first protein crystals— those of Structure, 36;Tanford 1840 hemoglobin—in a sample of dried menstrual blood pressed between glass & Reynolds, Nature’s plates. Hunefeld, Der Chemismus in der thierischen Organisation, Robots, 22.; Judson, Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1840, 158-63. 489 In his dissertation Louis Pasteur begins a series of “investigations into the relation between optical activity, crystalline structure, and chemical composition in organic compounds, particularly tartaric and paratartaric acids. This work focused attention on the relationship between optical activity and life, and provided much inspiration and several of the most 1847 HFN 1652; Lesk 36 important techniques for an entirely new approach to the study of chemical structure and composition. In essence, Pasteur opened the way to a consideration of the disposition of atoms in space.” (DSB) Pasteur, Thèses de Physique et de Chimie, Presentées à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris. Paris: Bachelier, 1847. Otto Funcke (1828-1879) publishes illustrations of crystalline 1853 hemoglobin of horse, humans and other species in his Atlas der G-M 684 physiologischen Chemie, Leizpig: W. Englemann, 1853. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace publish the first exposition of the theory of natural selection. Darwin and Wallace, “On the Tendency of 1858 Species to Form Varieties, and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and G-M 219 Species by Natural Means of Selection,” J.
    [Show full text]
  • John Sulston (1942–2018) (IMAGE COURTESY of MRC LABORATORY of MOLECULAR BIOLOGY)
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press In memoriam John Sulston (1942–2018) (IMAGE COURTESY OF MRC LABORATORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY) Any scientist would be proud to have changed the world. John that these deaths must be deliberate, thereby launching the field Sulston changed the way we think about biology not once, not of programmed cell death in the worm. twice, but three times: first with his elucidation of the C. elegans John went on to elucidate the full pattern of cell divisions in cell lineage, then in pioneering genome mapping and sequencing, the worm’s several larval stages, in collaboration with Bob Horvitz. and lastly through his leadership in promoting open data. Along He made a brief foray into embryonic cell lineaging to settle a dis- the way, he showed us how science should be done and how life pute, but because others were attempting to determine the embry- should be lived. onic lineage, he focused on other things. Only when others I met John at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) abandoned their efforts a couple of years later did John take on in the early ’70s, where he was a staff scientist. He had been drawn the seemingly impossible task of following all of the cell divisions to the LMB by Sydney Brenner’s visionary project on C. elegans. of the developing embryo. He shut himself in a dark room every After earning undergraduate and graduate degrees from day for a year and a half while he mapped the full cell lineage of Cambridge University, John did post-doctoral work with Leslie the worm (see Gitschier [2006] for more), an accomplishment rec- Orgel at the Salk Institute probing the origins of life.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions of Civilizations to International Prizes
    CONTRIBUTIONS OF CIVILIZATIONS TO INTERNATIONAL PRIZES Split of Nobel prizes and Fields medals by civilization : PHYSICS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHEMISTRY .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 PHYSIOLOGY / MEDECINE .............................................................................................................................................. 3 LITERATURE ................................................................................................................................................................... 4 ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 MATHEMATICS (Fields) .................................................................................................................................................. 5 PHYSICS Occidental / Judeo-christian (198) Alekseï Abrikossov / Zhores Alferov / Hannes Alfvén / Eric Allin Cornell / Luis Walter Alvarez / Carl David Anderson / Philip Warren Anderson / EdWard Victor Appleton / ArthUr Ashkin / John Bardeen / Barry C. Barish / Nikolay Basov / Henri BecqUerel / Johannes Georg Bednorz / Hans Bethe / Gerd Binnig / Patrick Blackett / Felix Bloch / Nicolaas Bloembergen
    [Show full text]
  • Biotechnology 101 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ Ggbd030-Fm.Tex Ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28
    P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Biotechnology 101 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Recent Titles in the Science 101 Series Evolution 101 Randy Moore and Janice Moore P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Biotechnology 101 Brian Robert Shmaefsky Science 101 GREENWOOD PRESS r Westport, Connecticut London P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shmaefsky, Brian. Biotechnology 101 / Brian Robert Shmaefsky. p. cm.—(Science 101, ISSN 1931–3950) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0–313–33528–1 (alk. paper) 1. Biotechnology. I. Title. TP248.215.S56 2006 660.6–dc22 2006024555 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2006 by Brian Robert Shmaefsky All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006024555 ISBN: 0–313–33528–1 ISSN: 1931–3950 First published in 2006 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Contents Series Foreword xi Preface xiii 1.
    [Show full text]