Great Northern War Sweden

Great northern war sweden Continue Conflict between the Swedish and Russian empires in 1700-1721 This article talks about the 18th century war. For wars with similar names, see Northern Wars. Great Northern War Clockwise from top left: Battle of Narva Battle of D'inna Battle of Poltava, Battle of Gangut Battle of Gadebusch Date22 February 1700 – 10 September 1721 (21 years, 6 months and 2 weeks and 5 days, N.S.) PositionEnvironment central Europe Eastern Europe Coalition growth: Russia's Tsar establishes himself as a new power in Europe Decline of the Swedish Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Treaty of Nystad: Russia obtains the three domains Estonia, Livonia and Ingria, as well as parts of Kexholm and Viborg. Stockholm Treaties: Prussia conquers parts of Swedish Pomerania; Hanover gains Bremen-Verden. Treaty of Frederiksborg: Holstein-Gottorp loses its share of the Duchy of Schleswig to Denmark. Treaty of pruta: Azov and the area is ceded again to the Ottoman Empire. Russia demolishes strategic castles such as Taganrog. Charles XII of Sweden gets a safe passage from Turkey to Sweden in 1711. Belligerents Swedish Empire Holstein-Gottorp(1700–20) Warsaw Confederation(1704–09) Ottoman Empire(1710–14) Crimean Khanate(1710–14) Wallachia(1710–14) Cossack Hetmanate(1708–09) Dutch Republic (1700) 1 Scotland (1700) Ireland (1700) Great Britain (1719–20) Tsar of Russia Cossack Hetmanate Kalmyk Khanate Saxony (1700–06, 1709–19) Duchy of Courland(1700–01) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth(1701–04, 1709-19) Sandomierz Confederation (1704-09) Denmark-Norway(1700) , 1709–20) Prussia (1715–20) Hanover (1715–19) Great Britain(1717–19) Montenegro(1711–12) Moldova (1711) Commanders and Chiefs Charles XII † Eleanor I Frederick I Carl G. Magnus Stenbock † Adam L. Lewenhaupt † Arvid A. Mardefelt † Carl G. Armfeldt Johan A. Meijerfeldt Wolmar A. von Schlippenbach (POW) Otto Vellingk † Hans Wachtmeister † Carl G. Creutz (POW) Carl Nieroth † Frederick IV † Charles Frederick William III (personal union) Stanis-aw I Jàzef Potocki Jan K. Sapieha the young † Jan K. Sapieha Elder Ahmed III Baltachà M. Pasha † Ivan Mazepa † Pylyp Orlyk Kost Hordiyenko Devlet II Giray George I Peter I Alexander Menshikov Boris Sheremetev † Fyodor Apraksin Anikita Repnin Mikhail Golitsyn Carl Rànne † Jacob Bruce Bruce Bruce † Matvei Emayevich Charles Croÿ † Ivan Mazepa Danylo Apostol Ivan Skoropadsky Ayuka Khan Augustus II (personal union) Jacob Flemming Johann Schulenburg Adam Steinau † Otto Paykull (POW) Ferdinand Kettler Adam M. Sieniawski Stanis'aw Chom'towski Michaà S. Hieronim A. Lubomirski † Grzegorz A. Ogi'ski † Federico IV Christian D. Reventlow Rantzau † Ulrik C. Gylden Peter'† Frederick William I Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau George I (personal union) Danilo I Dimitrie Cantemir Force Swedish Empire:76,000[1] Holstein-Gottorp:5,000[2] Brunswick-L'erburg:76,000[1] 10,000 Warsaw Confederation:24,000[3] Ottoman Empire:130,000[4] Cossack Hetmanate:4,000[5] Dutch Republic:13 ships of the line[6] England:12 ships of the line[6] Total:249,00025 ships of the Russian Empire line:110,000[7] Cossack Hetmanate:3 0.0 000[7] Saxony:30,000[8] Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth:50,000[9] Denmark-Norway:40,000[10] Prussia :50,000 Hanover:20,000[11] Total:340,000 Casualties and losses About 200,000: 25,000 killed in combat 175,000 killed by famine, disease and exhaustion[12] (including over 40,000 Finns who died in combat or other ways)[13] About 200,000: 30,000 Russians killed, wounded and captured in combat 110,000 killed by famine, disease and exhaustion[14] 14,000–20,000 Poles, Saxons and 8,000 Danes killed in the greatest battles between 1709 and 1719[15] The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsar of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in northern, central and eastern Europe. The first leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway and Augustus II the Fort of Saxe-Poland-Lithuania. Frederick IV and AugustUS II were defeated by Sweden under Charles XII and forced to abandon the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but joined in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava. George I of Great Britain and the electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and 1717 for Great Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined in 1715. Charles XII led the Swedish army. Swedish allies include Holstein-Gottorp, several Polish magnates under Stanisaw I Leszczy'ski (1704–1710) andAcks under Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1708–1710). The Ottoman Empire temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I. The war began when an alliance between Denmark-Norway, Saxony and Russia, sensing an opportunity as Sweden was ruled by the young Charles XII, declared war on the Swedish Empire and launched a triple attack on Sweden's Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish livonia and Swedish Ingria. Sweden parryed the Danish and Russian attacks on Travendal (August 1700) and Narva (November 1700), and in a counteroffensive pushed Augustus II's forces across the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into Saxony, overthrowing Augustus on the road (September 1706) and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the Treaty of Altrantàdt (October 1706). The treaty also ensured the extradition and execution of Johann Reinhold Patkul, alliance seven years earlier. Meanwhile, Peter I's forces had recovered from the defeat at Narva and gained ground in Baltic provinces, where russian access to the Baltic Sea was cemented with the founding of St. Petersburg in 1703. Charles XII moved from Saxony to Russia to face Peter, but the campaign ended in 1709 with the destruction of the main Swedish army in the decisive Battle of Poltava (in present-day Ukraine) and Charles' exile to the Ottoman city of Bender. The Ottoman Empire defeated the Russo-Moldavian army in the Pruth River campaign, but that peace treaty was ultimately without major consequences for Russia's position. After Poltava, the anti-Swedish coalition revived and hanover and Prussia later joined. The remaining Swedish forces in plague-affected areas south and east of the Baltic Sea were evicted, with the last city, Riga, falling in 1710. Coalition members departed most of the Swedish domains among themselves, destroying Swedish maris Baltic rule. Sweden was invading from the west by Denmark-Norway and from the east by Russia, which had occupied Finland in 1714. Sweden defeated the Danish invaders at the Battle of Helsingborg (1710). Charles XII opened a Norwegian front, but was killed at Fredriksten in 1718. The war ended with the defeat of Sweden, leaving Russia as the new dominant power in the Baltic region and as a new major force in European politics. The Western powers, Great Britain and France, were trapped in the separate war of the Spanish succession (1702–1715), which broke out on the succession of Philip Bourbon of Anjou to the Spanish throne and on a possible accession of France and Spain. The formal conclusion of the Great Northern War came with the Swedish-Hanover and Swedish-Prussian Treaties of Stockholm (1719), the Dano-Swedish Treaty of Frederiksborg (1720), and the Russo-Swedish Treaty of Nystad (1721). With these treaties Sweden ceded its exemption from Remote Quotas[16] and lost the Baltic provinces and the southern part of Swedish Pomerania. Peace treaties also ended his alliance with Holstein-Gottorp. Hanover gained Bremen-Verden, Brandenburg-Prussia incorporated the Oder Estuary (Stettin Lagoons), Russia secured the Baltic provinces, and Denmark strengthened its position in Schleswig-Holstein. In Sweden, the absolute monarchy ended with the death of Charles XII, and the Age of Freedom began in Sweden. [16] Further information: Dominium maris baltici Between 1560 and 1658, Sweden created a Baltic Empire centered on the Gulf of Finland and included the provinces of Karelia, Ingria, Estonia and Livonia. During the Thirty Years ' War Sweden also gained traits in Germany, including Western Pomerania, Wismar, the Duchy of Bremen and Verden. At the same time, Sweden conquered the Danish and Norwegian provinces north of sound (1645; 1658). These can be attributed to a well-trained army, which despite its relatively small, small size, much more professional than most continental armies, and also to a modernization of the administration (both civil and military) during the seventeenth century, which allowed the monarchy to exploit the resources of the country and its empire effectively. Fighting in the field, the Swedish army (which during the Thirty Years ' War contained more German and Scottish mercenaries than ethnic Swedes, but was administered by the Swedish crown[17]) was able, in particular, to make rapid and sustained marches across large stretches of land and to maintain a high rate of fire of small arms due to skilled military exercises. However, the Swedish state eventually proved incapable of supporting and maintaining its army in a prolonged war. Campaigns on the continent had been proposed on the basis that the army would be financially self-deft through the plundering and taxation of newly earned land, a concept shared by most major powers of the period. The cost of the war proved much higher than the occupied countries could finance, and Sweden's manpower coffers and resources were eventually drained during long conflicts. Foreign interventions in Russia during the Time of Troubles led to Swedish gains in the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617). The treaty deprived Russia of direct access to the Baltic Sea. Russian fortunes began to reverse in the late 17th century, particularly with the rise to power of Peter the Great, who sought to deal with previous losses and re-establish a presence in the Baltic.

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