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The Us National Debate on Relations with Haiti, 1789 CLASH OF DISCOURSES: THE U.S. NATIONAL DEBATE ON RELATIONS WITH HAITI, 1789-2004 A Ph.D. Dissertation by ESRA PAK İN Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara November 2008 CLASH OF DISCOURSES: THE U.S. NATIONAL DEBATE ON RELATIONS WITH HAITI, 1789-2004 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ESRA PAK İN In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA November 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Assistant Professor Nur Bilge Criss Dissertation Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Associate Professor Ersel Aydınlı Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Assistant Professor Paul Williams Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Assitant Professor Edward Kohn Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. Assistant Professor Serhat Güvenç Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Professor Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT CLASH OF DISCOURSES: THE U.S. NATIONAL DEBATE ON RELATIONS WITH HAITI, 1789-2004 Pakin, Esra Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assistant Professor Nur Bilge Criss November 2008 This dissertation is a historical-comparative analysis of the rhetorical forms and frames that have shaped United States-Haitian relations, departing from the predominantly action-oriented perspective of international relations literature. The study expounds continuity and change in official foreign policy discourse as “The United States” and “Haiti” were reinterpreted through time. It also displays how these constructions of “self” and “other” have been contested within the public and political domain. This work is a contribution not only for its elaboration on the mostly unattended public, press and congressional critique of Haitian policy, but also for shedding further light on the role of African Americans in U.S. foreign policy making. Keywords: The United States, Haiti, discourse, foreign policy, rhetoric, immigration, intervention iii ÖZET SÖYLEMLER ÇATI ŞMASI: HA İTİ İLE İLİŞ KİLER ÜZER İNE AMER İKAN ULUSAL TARTI ŞMASI, 1789-2004 Pakin, Esra Doktora, Uluslararası İli şkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Kasım 2008 Bu doktora tezi, Amerika Birle şik Devletleri-Haiti ili şkilerini şekillendiren dilsel biçim ve çerçevelerin tarihsel-kar şıla ştırmalı bir analizi olarak, uluslararası ili şkiler literatürüne hakim olan eylem a ğırlıklı perspektiften ayrılır. Çalı şma, “Amerika Birle şik Devletleri” ve “Haiti” ifadelerinin zaman içerisinde yeniden yorumlanması üzerine resmi dı ş politika söyleminde gözlemlenen süreklilik ve de ğişiklikleri detaylıca ortaya koymaktadır. İlave olarak, bu “ben” ve “öteki” kurgularının politik düzlemde ve kamuoyu nezdinde ne şekilde ele ştirildi ğini de gözler önüne sermektedir. Eser, akademik ara ştırmalarda nispeten gözardı edilmi ş kamuoyu, medya ve parlamenter kar şı-söylemlerine yaptı ğı vurgunun yanısıra, Amerikan dı ş politika yapım sürecinde Afro-Amerikalıların rolüne ı şık tutmasıyla da literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Amerika Birle şik Devletleri, Haiti, söylem, dı ş politika, retorik, göç, müdahale iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitudes to all my professors and friends at Bilkent University and İstanbul Bilgi University, who have been kind enough to lend their support to my study and contributed to this dissertation in one way or another. I owe more than I can express to Assistant Professor Nur Bilge Criss, who has always been more than a dissertation supervisor for me. She deserves a million thanks not only for her constructive comments and invaluable recommendations on professional and personal issues, but also for treating me as a colleague throughout numerous trials and tribulations on my way to getting the PhD title. I deeply appreciate Associate Professor Ersel Aydınlı, Assistant Professor Paul Williams, Assistant Professor Edward Kohn, and Assistant Professor Serhat Güvenç for spending their precious time to review my dissertation. My special thanks go to Serhat Güvenç, with whom I had the chance to work as an assistant for two years at İstanbul Bilgi University. I was the most fortunate to have both the moral and logistic support of Zeynep Özgen (UCLA), Halil Ege Özen ( İstanbul Bilgi University), Güldeniz Kıbrıs (Leiden University) and Burcu Sarı (Bilkent University), not to mention my office mates throughout this academic journey. Words do not suffice to express my gratitude to Soli Özel at İstanbul Bilgi University. He has played an inspirational role throughout my transformation from a novice assistant into a more professional scholar, who has an awareness for and a belief in her own talents and capacities. Last but certainly not least, I am forever in debt to the unfailing support of my family. Without their encouragement, this thesis would not have been completed. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ iii ÖZET ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1 1.1 Case study and objective ............................................................................1 1.2 Methodology .............................................................................................5 1.3 Literature review .......................................................................................8 1.4 Haitian history until independence ...........................................................10 1.5 Synopsis....................................................................................................12 1.5.1 The pre-Cold War period (1789-1945) ..................................12 1.5.2 The Cold War period (1945-1990) .........................................18 1.5.3 The post-Cold War period (1990-2004) .................................21 CHAPTER II: FROM THE FOUNDATIONAL ERA TO THE COLD WAR, 1789- 1945 ...........................................................................................................................23 2.1 Prior to the Haitian independence (1789-1904) ......................................23 2.2 From Haitian independence to the recognition of Haiti (1804-1862)…...35 2.3 From recognition to occupation (1862-1915) ………………………….50 2.4 The occupation (1915-1934) ……………………………………………65 2.5 Until the Cold War (1934-1945) ………………………………………..85 2.6 Analysis …………………………………………………………………87 CHAPTER III: THE COLD WAR PERIOD, 1945-1990 ...................................................................................................................................98 3.1 The Early Cold War Period ……………………………………………98 3.2 Relations in the shadow of communism ………………………………105 3.3 Anti-communist Haiti ………………………………………………...112 3.4 Refugee Crisis – I ……………………………………………………...119 vi 3.5 Refugee Crisis – II …………………………………………………….132 3.6 Analysis ………………………………………………………………..148 CHAPTER IV: THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD, 1990-2004 ...................................................................................................................................161 4.1 The “New World Order”? ……………………………………………..161 4.2 The second intervention in Haiti ………………………………………164 4.3 Relations in the shadow of 9/11 ……………………………………….170 4.4 Enter new threats ………………………………………………………172 4.5 Clash of discourses …………………………………………………….175 4.5.1 Counterarguments in general ………………………………..175 4.5.2 Counterarguments on refugee affairs ………………………..182 4.5.3 Counterarguments on new threats …………………………..193 4.6 Analysis ………………………………………………………………..196 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..............................................................................200 5.1 General overview ……………………………………………………...200 5.2 Epilogue: Haiti and the Dominican Republic compared ……………...206 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................219 APPENDICES A. MAP OF THE CARIBBEAN ...............................................................231 B. MAP OF HAITI .......................................................................232 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Case Study and Objective This dissertation is a historical-comparative analysis of the rhetorical forms and frames that have shaped United States-Haitian relations. It is a
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