Paradigms Sometimes Fit: the Haredi Response to the Yom Kippur War
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Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life1
ORTHODOXY IN AMERICAN JEWISH LIFE1 by CHARLES S. LIEBMAN INTRODUCTION • DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORTHODOXY • EARLY ORTHODOX COMMUNITY • UNCOMMITTED ORTHODOX • COM- MITTED ORTHODOX • MODERN ORTHODOX • SECTARIANS • LEAD- ERSHIP • DIRECTIONS AND TENDENCIES • APPENDLX: YESHIVOT PROVIDING INTENSIVE TALMUDIC STUDY A HIS ESSAY is an effort to describe the communal aspects and institutional forms of Orthodox Judaism in the United States. For the most part, it ignores the doctrines, faith, and practices of Orthodox Jews, and barely touches upon synagogue hie, which is the most meaningful expression of American Orthodoxy. It is hoped that the reader will find here some appreciation of the vitality of American Orthodoxy. Earlier predictions of the demise of 11 am indebted to many people who assisted me in making this essay possible. More than 40, active in a variety of Orthodox organizations, gave freely of their time for extended discussions and interviews and many lay leaders and rabbis throughout the United States responded to a mail questionnaire. A number of people read a draft of this paper. I would be remiss if I did not mention a few by name, at the same time exonerating them of any responsibility for errors of fact or for my own judgments and interpretations. The section on modern Orthodoxy was read by Rabbi Emanuel Rackman. The sections beginning with the sectarian Orthodox to the conclusion of the paper were read by Rabbi Nathan Bulman. Criticism and comments on the entire paper were forthcoming from Rabbi Aaron Lichtenstein, Dr. Marshall Ski are, and Victor Geller, without whose assistance the section on the number of Orthodox Jews could not have been written. -
The Munich Massacre: a New History
The Munich Massacre: A New History Eppie Briggs (aka Marigold Black) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of BA (Hons) in History University of Sydney October 2011 1 Contents Introduction and Historiography Part I – Quiet the Zionist Rage 1. The Burdened Alliance 2. Domestic Unrest Part II – Rouse the Global Wrath 3. International Condemnation 4. The New Terrorism Conclusion 2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank first and foremost Dr Glenda Sluga to whom I am greatly indebted for her guidance, support and encouragement. Without Glenda‟s sage advice, the writing of this thesis would have been an infinitely more difficult and painful experience. I would also like to thank Dr Michael Ondaatje for his excellent counsel, good-humour and friendship throughout the last few years. Heartfelt thanks go to Elise and Dean Briggs for all their love, support and patience and finally, to Angus Harker and Janie Briggs. I cannot adequately convey the thanks I owe Angus and Janie for their encouragement, love, and strength, and for being a constant reminder as to why I was writing this thesis. 3 Abstract This thesis examines the Nixon administration’s response to the Munich Massacre; a terrorist attack which took place at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. By examining the contextual considerations influencing the administration’s response in both the domestic and international spheres, this thesis will determine the manner in which diplomatic intricacies impacted on the introduction of precedent setting counterterrorism institutions. Furthermore, it will expound the correlation between the Nixon administration’s response and a developing conceptualisation of acts of modern international terrorism. -
War and Diplomacy: the Suez Crisis
1 Professor Pnina Lahav, Boston University School of Law C.) Please do not use, quote or distribute without author’s permission War and Diplomacy: The Suez Crisis 1. Introduction Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution, and Mariah Zeisberg’s War Powers, are two remarkable books that certainly deserve an entire symposium devoted to them. These books complement each other in the same way that the war powers, some vested in Congress and others in the President, are in correspondence with each other. Griffin’s book revolves around the history of the war powers since 1945, and in this sense is more empirical. Its thesis is that the cold war and Truman’s subsequent decision to launch the war in Korea destabilized American constitutionalism. In the following decades the United States has found itself confronting an endless string of constitutional crises related to the deployment of troops abroad, and the quest for a formula to resolve the constitutional puzzles is as strong as ever. Zeisberg’s book, which took advantage of the fact that Griffin’s book preceded it, is more normative, even though it should be emphasized that Griffin also offers important normative insights. Both books are anchored in democratic theory in that they emphasize the cardinal significance of inter-branch deliberation. Both endorse the notion that the implicit assumption underlying the text of the Constitution is that while the war powers are divided between the legislative and executive branches, these institutions are expected to deliberate internally as well as externally when confronting the critical matter of war. -
Palestinian Groups
1 Ron’s Web Site • North Shore Flashpoints • http://northshoreflashpoints.blogspot.com/ 2 Palestinian Groups • 1955-Egypt forms Fedayeem • Official detachment of armed infiltrators from Gaza National Guard • “Those who sacrifice themselves” • Recruited ex-Nazis for training • Fatah created in 1958 • Young Palestinians who had fled Gaza when Israel created • Core group came out of the Palestinian Students League at Cairo University that included Yasser Arafat (related to the Grand Mufti) • Ideology was that liberation of Palestine had to preceed Arab unity 3 Palestinian Groups • PLO created in 1964 by Arab League Summit with Ahmad Shuqueri as leader • Founder (George Habash) of Arab National Movement formed in 1960 forms • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in December of 1967 with Ahmad Jibril • Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation (PDFLP) for the Liberation of Democratic Palestine formed in early 1969 by Nayif Hawatmah 4 Palestinian Groups Fatah PFLP PDFLP Founder Arafat Habash Hawatmah Religion Sunni Christian Christian Philosophy Recovery of Palestine Radicalize Arab regimes Marxist Leninist Supporter All regimes Iraq Syria 5 Palestinian Leaders Ahmad Jibril George Habash Nayif Hawatmah 6 Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa • 8/24/1929 - 11/11/2004 • Born in Cairo, Egypt • Father born in Gaza of an Egyptian mother • Mother from Jerusalem • Beaten by father for going into Jewish section of Cairo • Graduated from University of King Faud I (1944-1950) • Fought along side Muslim Brotherhood -
Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage
Double or Nothing? mn Double or published by university press of new england hanover and london po po Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage Sylvia Barack Fishman BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY PRESS nm Brandeis University Press Published by University Press of New England, 37 Lafayette St., Lebanon, NH 03766 © 2004 by Brandeis University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 54321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fishman, Sylvia Barack, 1942– Double or nothing? : Jewish familes and mixed marriage / Sylvia Barack Fishman. p. cm.—(Brandeis series in American Jewish history, culture, and life) (Brandeis series on Jewish Women) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–58465–206–3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Interfaith marriage—United States. 2. Jews—United States—Social conditions. 3. Jewish families—United States. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: Brandeis series on Jewish women HQ1031.F56 2004 306.84Ј3Ј0973—dc22 2003021956 Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life Jonathan D. Sarna, Editor Sylvia Barack Fishman, Associate Editor Leon A. Jick, 1992 The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820–1870 Sylvia Barack Fishman, editor, 1992 Follow My Footprints: Changing Images of Women in American Jewish Fiction Gerald Tulchinsky, 1993 Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community Shalom Goldman, editor, 1993 Hebrew and the Bible in America: The First Two Centuries Marshall Sklare, 1993 Observing America’s Jews Reena Sigman Friedman, 1994 These Are Our Children: Jewish -
The Yom Kippur War: Forty Years Later
The Yom Kippur War: Forty Years Later By HIC research assistant Philip Cane Background Yom Kippur, October 6th 1973, at five minutes past two precisely, 4,000 artillery pieces, 250 aircraft and dozens of FROG missiles1 struck Israeli positions along the Suez Canal and the Sinai, at the same time along the Golan Heights 1,400 tanks2 advanced towards Israel. The equivalent of the total conventional forces of NATO in Europe3, eleven Arab nations4 led by Egypt and Syria had begun an advance into Israeli territory gained in the 1967 Six Day War. The largest Arab-Israeli War would end in an Israeli tactical victory5, but for the first week the fate of Israel itself would be doubted, ‘most Israelis still refer to it as an earthquake that changed the course of the state’s history.’6 The war changed the perceptions of all levels of society in the Middle East and forty years later its ripples are still felt to this day. The Yom Kippur War fell on the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, a Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath) when the alertness of Israeli forces were notably reduced and only a skeleton force7 would be on duty with radio and TV stations shut down hampering mobilisation8. This has led some writers such as Trevor Dupuy and Chaim Herzog to state that this was the primary motive for any such attack9. But it what is not often known is that October 6th is the tenth and holiest day of Ramadan10, when the Prophet Mohammed conquered Mecca which resulted in all of Arabia being Arabic11. -
Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure
Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure URI BAR-JOSEPH JACK S. LEVY The most famous intelligence mission in biblical times failed be- cause actors made conscious decisions to deliberately distort the information they passed on to their superiors. The 12 spies that Moses sent to the land of Canaan concluded unanimously that the land was good. But estimates by 10 of them that the enemy was too strong and popular pressure by the Israelites who wanted to avoid the risk of fighting a stronger enemy led the 10 spies to consciously change their assessment, from a land that “floweth with milk and honey” to “a land that eateth up the inhabitants thereof.”1 This biblical precedent has been lost among contemporary intelligence analysts, who have traditionally given insufficient attention to the role of de- liberate distortion as a source of intelligence failure. Influenced by Roberta Wohlstetter’s classic study of the American failure to anticipate the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, by the increasing emphasis in political psychology on motivated and unmotivated biases, and by the literature on bureaucratic poli- tics and organizational processes, students of intelligence failure have em- phasized some combination of a noisy and uncertain threat environment, unconscious psychological biases deriving from cognitive mindsets and emo- tional needs, institutional constraints based on bureaucratic politics and orga- nizational processes, and strategic deception by the adversary.2 1 Num. 13:27–32. 2 Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962). The key psychological studies include: Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957); Joseph De Rivera, The Psychological Dimension of Foreign Policy (Columbus, OH: Charles E. -
Charles S. Liebman
Charles S. Liebman Conservative Judaism has been characterized by some· of its leading exponents as a coalition rather than an ideologically cohesive movement. Other distinguished spokesmen for the group, however, insist that it was a specific school of thought, the so-called "Historical School," rather than institutional loyalty th.i1t pro vided the matrix for the emergence of Conservative Judaism. One of the most forceful expositions of this view is found in a new book by Professor Moshe Davis. Whether and to what extent historical evi dence supports Professor Davis' thesis is examined here by Professor Charles Liebman who teaches Po litical Science at Yeshiva University. Formerly an Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania, he has written extensively on urban politics and is co-author of a forthcoming book on suburban political .patterns. He is presently engaged in the preparation of a study of orthodox Judaism in the United States. ORTHODOXY IN NI-r\ETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA Moshe Davis' new book, The that Judaism should make to the Emergence 0/ Conservative Juda American milieu. It attempts to dem ism, though reproducing much of the onstrate that with the foundation of material originally published by him the Jewish Theological Seminary the in an article on "Jewish Religious "Historical School" achieved its ulti Life and Institutions in America"l is mate institutional form as the con an interesting and informative vol servative movement. Though some ume. The author has brought many historians prefer the term "Conserv sources together in a highly readable ative Judaism," Davis maintains: . form and bis work will represent a Upon considered study of the sources good starting point for future schol and documents of the period, it ars. -
Defense at the Forward Edge of the Battle Or Rather in the Depth? Different Approaches to Implement NATO’S Operation Plans by the Alliance Partners, 1955-1988
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 15, ISSUE 3, 2014 Studies Defense at the Forward Edge of the Battle or rather in the Depth? Different approaches to implement NATO’s operation plans by the alliance partners, 1955-1988 LTC Helmut R. Hammerich Military historians love studying battles. For this purpose, they evaluate operation plans and analyze how these plans were executed on the battlefield. The battle history of the Cold War focuses first and foremost on the planning for the nuclear clash between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Although between 1945 and 1989-90 the world saw countless hot wars on the periphery of the Cold War, the “Cold World War,” as the German historian Jost Dülffer termed it, is best examined through the operational plans of the military alliances for what would have been World War Three. To conduct such an analysis we must consider Total War under nuclear conditions. Analyzing the war planning, however, is far from easy. The main difficulty lies in access to the files. The records of both the Warsaw Pact and NATO are still largely classified and therefore relatively inaccessible. Nor is access to the archives in Moscow two decades after glasnost and perestroika at all encouraging. At the request of historians, NATO has begun to declassify some of its key documents. Nonetheless, the specific details of the nuclear operational planning will continue to remain inaccessible to historians for the foreseeable future. As an alternative, historians then are forced to rely on collateral documents in the various national archives or on the compilations of ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2014 ISSN : 1488-559X VOLUME 15, ISSUE 3, 2014 diverse oral history projects. -
Rethinking the Six Day War: an Analysis of Counterfactual Explanations Limor Bordoley
Limor Bordoley Rethinking the Six Day War: An Analysis of Counterfactual Explanations Limor Bordoley Abstract The Six Day War of June 1967 transformed the political and physical landscape of the Middle East. The war established Israel as a major regional power in the region, while the Israeli territorial acquisitions resulting from the war have permanently marred Israel’s relationship with its Arab neighbors. The May crisis that preceded the war quickly spiraled out of control, leading many to believe that the war was unavoidable. In this paper, I construct three counterfactuals that consider how May and June 1967 might have unfolded differently if a particular event or person in the May crisis had been different. Ultimately, the counterfactuals show that war could have been avoided in three different ways, demonstrating that the Six Day War was certainly avoidable. In the latter half of the paper, I construct a framework to compare the effectiveness of multiple counterfactual. Thus, the objective of this paper is twofold: first, to determine whether war was unavoidable given the political climate and set of relations present in May and June 1967 and second, to create a framework with which one can compare the relative persuasiveness of multiple counterfactuals. Introduction The Six Day War of June 1967 transformed the political and physical landscape of the Middle East. The war established Israel as a major regional power, expanding its territorial boundaries and affirming its military supremacy in the region. The Israeli territorial acquisitions resulting from the war have been a major source of contention in peace talks with the Palestinians, and has permanently marred Israel’s relationship with its Arab neighbors. -
Cyber, Intelligence, and Security
Cyber, Intelligence, and Security Volume 3 | No. 1 | May 2019 European Countries Facing the Challenge of Foreign Influence on Democracy—Comparative Research David Siman-Tov and Mor Buskila The Threat of Foreign Interference in the 2019 Elections in Israel and Ways of Handling it Pnina Shuker and Gabi Siboni The INF Treaty and New START: Escalation Control, Strategic Fatalism, and the Role of Cyber Stephen J. Cimbala Iranian Cyber Capabilities: Assessing the Threat to Israeli Financial and Security Interests Sam Cohen Outsourcing in Intelligence and Defense Agencies: A Risk of an Increase in the Proliferation of Cyber Weapons? Omree Wechsler The Academization of Intelligence: A Comparative Overview of Intelligence Studies in the West Kobi Michael and Aaron Kornbluth Forty-Five Years Since the Yom Kippur War: Intelligence and Risk Management in the Thirty Hours Preceding the War Shmuel Even National Cyber Security in Israel Yigal Unna Cyber, Intelligence, and Security Volume 3 | No. 1 | May 2019 Contents European Countries Facing the Challenge of Foreign Influence on Democracy—Comparative Research | 3 David Siman-Tov and Mor Buskila The Threat of Foreign Interference in the 2019 Elections in Israel and Ways of Handling it | 27 Pnina Shuker and Gabi Siboni The INF Treaty and New START: Escalation Control, Strategic Fatalism, and the Role of Cyber | 41 Stephen J. Cimbala Iranian Cyber Capabilities: Assessing the Threat to Israeli Financial and Security Interests | 71 Sam Cohen Outsourcing in Intelligence and Defense Agencies: A Risk of an Increase in the Proliferation of Cyber Weapons? | 95 Omree Wechsler The Academization of Intelligence: A Comparative Overview of Intelligence Studies in the West | 117 Kobi Michael and Aaron Kornbluth Forty-Five Years Since the Yom Kippur War: Intelligence and Risk Management in the Thirty Hours Preceding the War | 141 Shmuel Even National Cyber Security in Israel | 167 Yigal Unna The purpose of Cyber, Intelligence, and Security is to stimulate Cyber, and enrich the public debate on related issues. -
Constructing Jewish Buddhist Identity in America
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY The Choosing People: Constructing Jewish Buddhist Identity in America by Nicole Heather Libin A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2009 © Nicole Heather Libin 2009 ISBN: 978-0-494-51194-7 Abstract Evidence suggests that Jews comprise an overwhelmingly disproportionate number of American Buddhist converts. This study examines this phenomenon, exploring the identity construction and lived experiences of Jewish individuals who identify with Buddhism. Through in-depth, unstructured interviews with fifteen individuals, supplemented by textual sources, the study investigates the ways self-identified Jewish Buddhists characterize their own identities, examining the nature of both their Buddhist and Jewish identities, and the relationships between the two. Using a journey motif, the research explores the roles these identities play in their lives, how they came about, and how they continue to evolve. The Jewish individuals in this study moved from processes of Seeking Meaning to Finding Something that Resonates to Creating Their Own Paths of Meaning. Unstructured interviews and constructivist grounded theory are key tools for understanding Jewish identity as it is lived and constructed by individuals today. Identities are multiple, evolving, and variable. Individuals are the arbiters of meaning. They seek, choose, and follow paths and traditions based on personal meaning and relevance. They choose how to connect to being Jewish, which parts of Buddhist teachings fit with what they are seeking and what makes sense for them, and how the two traditions fit into their lives and identities.