Book Two Chapter Seven Some Irish Names and Their

BOOK TWO CHAPTER SEVEN

SOME IRISH NAMES AND THEIR MEANINGS

KILLAUN - This area and the lane foat carries this name are a part of the Barony of Eglish. The name is from foe Irish Coillea'n, meaning "underwood" and is intended to refer to a place of foe hazel or holly trees. It is sometimes spelled as Cullaun or Cullawn. It is about midway between Birre and Kinnity. KILLYON - this is a townland which was originally described as being of only sixty acres, and located at foe intersection of roads, a mile or so east of Killaun. It is marked principally by a pub, currently owned by Kavanagh, formerly by Corrigan, and before that, for many, many years by Grogan. Recent information had indicated that this townland may be greater in size than previously noted. The name is from the church of St. Liadhan (Leean) of Liedania, the mother of St. Ciaran of Ossory, not foe mother of St. Ciaran of Clonmacnois. The church must have been located here, but I don't know its site.

RATH - is a townland or parish located to the north of Kinnity and Birre. A cemetery is located at foe northeast corner of an intersection of roads there, on foe road that leads northerly out of the town of Birre.. In it, my father's brother, Joseph Hartnett lies with his wife, Josephine (Ryan) Hartnett and one of their sons, Kieran Hartnett. The name (Rath) identiﬁes it as a place where an ancient settlement or fortiﬁcation was located and, perhaps, held sacred by the people as a place where The Little People may have lived.

BIRRE - is a market town and is foe largest one in the southern part of County Offaly. It means "the place of the waters". In the earliest of Christian times in Ireland, an important synod (ecclesiastic meeting) was held here to make decisions relating to a discrepancy between dates for the celebration of Easter and other important issues. A stone in Birr marks the meeting place of the Fenians, Ireland's standing army of the 3rd Century A.D. At one end on the main street, a column formerly held a statue of foe Duke of Cumberland, but it was destroyed by foe I.R.A. when Ireland's Twenty Six counties obtained their freedom. At the other end of the street, a small roundabout (trafﬁc circle) contains a monument to the Manchester Martyrs who died for Ireland in 1867. One of them was Allan Larkin, a relative of Aunt Josephine (Ryan) Hartnett. The town name was changed by the English to Parsontown, named after foe English undertakers who were given ownership of it. The name was changed back to Birre by the Irish after independence was granted in the early 1920's. It has a rich and elegant history, and was the place of Saint Brendan of Birre, who left behind a famous book. He is not the same person as Saint Brendan the Navigator. Birre Castle - the name is from Biorra, an ancient abbey founded by Saint Brendan. There was a great battle there in the 3rd Century between Cormac, son of Conn of the Hundred Battles and foe people of Munster. That battle probably involved Eoghan Mor, who is the son of Neide, the progenitor of the Hartnett clan. The district was originally part of the area known as Ely O'Carroll. The castle was foe seat of the O'Carroll chieftains.

KINNITTY - (See also below) This is a small farm village located at the base of the Slieve Bloom Mountains. Its meaning comes from Cean Eitigh (or Etain) which means the head of Etech or Etain which was buried there. I don't know where the burial place of Etech's head is located. In the church at Kinnitty, after Owen Hartnett, my father, had attended a "Harvest Home dance, and had gone to attend an early Sunday morning Mass at Saint Joseph's Church in Kinnitty, that the Church was surrounded by Crown forces, and all of the young men were taken away in lorries for questioning to foe 3,000 man barracks in Crinkle, which is a part of Birre. It was done in foe usual manner, by torturing the young men to attempt to get them to provide information that might be useful in their domination of the area. Owen's father was notified of the happening, and he went to the barracks in Birre, and interceded to obtain the release of his son. Near foe town of Kinnitty, on foe roadway that leads northeasterly from the center of foe town, foe traveler will encounter the Walk River at the low point in foe road. Along foe south side of the river, and set back some hundreds of yards east from the roadway, Drumcullen Cemetery is located. A little further along the roadway, and off to the right, the shape of the Fairy Mound is an obvious landmark. If you proceeded a little further, a right turn will take you toward Knockbarron, and the second drive to the left should lead you to foe ruins of the old stone house, known locally as "Bernard's Castle", which is where foe Denis Hartnett lived. There is another Bernard's Castle of great magnificence, only a few miles away. Information about foe Kinnitty name is from a gloss in foe Felire of Aengus, which says that the head of Etech, an Irish princess, is buried there. She is written about in the oldest of the Irish writings. See The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries by W. Y. Evans - Wentz, Pages 374 to 375. In the early years of Ireland, it was traditional for every subject of royalty to pay their respect by placing a stone at the site of the grave of each Irish princess, as they were all greatly revered. It is not known if that type of structure became the base for the "mott and bailey" that was constructed as a fortification near the town of Kinnitty, by the Anglo Normans to oversee, and to control the native Irish population. Now, we refer to the mott and bailey as the Fairy Mound, and we know that the fairies arise out of it at least once each year at Halloween, to met with the ghosts of Drumcullen Cemetery half way between foe two places to dance, and they frolic all night long.

DRUMCULLEN -1 am not familiar with the precise meaning of this word, but it probably means the hill or ridge (drumlin) of the holly trees. It is foe area just outside of and northerly from Kinnitty where Saint John's Cemetery is located. It is famous in Irish history for a meeting that took place there with Saint Barron, in very ancient times. Also, the cemetery is the oldest one in Ireland.

GRIFFIN - Gerald Griffin was born in Limerick in 1803. Griffin is an Irish name from the barony of Inchiquin, and from the northern and western parts of County Clare. There are members of the family found in Kerry and Limerick, too. Griffin is O'Griobhtha, pronounced as O'Greefa, and it has been Anglicized to Griffey, Griffith and Griffin. Gerald Griffin. I believe, wrote for "The Nation", which was Thomas Davis' nationalistic paper of the 1850's. Some of Gerald Griffin's writings are famous.

KNOCKBARRON - The ﬁrst part of the word, "knock" means "a hill". The second part obviously refers to foe famous visit to foe area of Saint Barron, which was probably in the 4th or 5th century. A stone outbuilding of Bernard's Castle at the edge of the town forest at Knockbarron is where my grandfather obtained a two life lease on a stone house foat remained occupied by family members until my uncle Kieran Hartnett passed away. Then, it reverted back to being a part of the town forest.

SHINRONE - Suidhe-an-roin (Sheenrone) - Information from the Annals of the Four Masters, considered to be the best source of historical information available in Ireland, says foat it was the seat of foe ron, i.e. literally a seal, but ﬁguratively, a hirsute or hairy man. It is where my grandfather, Denis Hartnett married his wife, Anne Corcoran.

KIERAN - There were two Kierans who were very famous. They were: - St. Ciaran of Clonmacnois - Clonmacnois is now a collection of ruins dating to just after the time of Saint Patrick and located in County Offaly. In order of importance of Irish saints, this Saint Kieran is third, after Patrick and Columbkille (Columba). He founded an abbey from which thousands of Irish priests went forth to preach the Catholic faith. - Seirkieran is named after another Saint Kieran who is supposed to have been in Ireland before Saint Patrick arrived. He is also very famous.

SLIEVE BLOOM MOUNTAINS - Sliabh-Bladhma (Slieve Blawma) - from the Annals of the Four Masters, it was the mountain of Bladh (Blaw), who was one of foe Milesian heroes. The Milesians were Celts that came from foe area northerly from Greece across Italy to Spain, where after about three hundred years, they invaded Ireland and defeated the Tuatha de Dananns, another Celtic group, who had ruled there for a hundred years. The Hartnetts line is directly related to Heber of the Milesians.

A LITLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT OF IRELAND

Ireland, at its greatest, measures 302 miles by 304 miles. You can relate to it better by noting that it is about the size of the state of Maine. Northern Ireland is about the size of Rhode Island. For vacationing it averages 58 - 59 degrees in summer which is July and August and 40-41 degrees in February. As often as not, their temperatures are shown in degrees Celsius, not in our Fahrenheit degrees.

IRISH PARLIAMENT Its government is its Parliament or, in Irish, the Oreachtas. The House of Representatives is Dail Eireann with 166 members. Its Senate is Seanad Eireann with 60 members. The Prime Minister is foe Taoiseach, pronounced as "Teashock", who nominates 11 of foe Senators. There are 3 more elected by foe National University of Ireland There are 3 more elected by the University of Dublin There are 43 elected from panels of candidates that are established on a vocational basis. The Irish can vote at the age of 18 years.

TOWNS OF IRELAND

ADARE and its castle was the demesne of the Earl of Dunraven, and it has the ruins of a Franciscan abbey and foe old castle of the Desmonds. Nearby are two Augustinian Abbeys, the Black Abbey and the White Abbey, both of which have been restored. The town was very pretty in 1914 and has remained so, and much restoration has taken place. The town of Adare still has beautifully thatched buildings. Thatched roofs had networks of ropes laid over them in windy places, and rows of stones at the ends of the ropes helped to keep the thatch in place. Haystacks or ricks are treated the same way. ARDMORE in County Waterford was the place where Saint Declan landed in 402 A.D, as one of the earliest missionaries to Ireland, before Saint Patrick.

ATHENRY means the Ford of the King

ATHGOWLA - At Athgowla, Cuchulainn (the Hound of Culann), thrust a tree upright in the middle of the river (the Ford of the Fork) which had four branches jutting out from it, and on each of foe branches, foe head of a Connaught warrior was placed to warn the invaders what kind of a champion guarded Ulster

ATHLONE Athlone means the Ford of Luan. It is near Loch Ree, or "the Lake of Kings". On Quaker Island, or "Seven Churches" as it is called, foe residence of Queen Meave (Mab or Mebh) was situated, and she was killed there by an Ulster chieftain's sling and stone. She was an Irish warrior queen who ruled for eighty six years in Connaught. She was a very ﬁerce woman who went into battle with her forces. Her husband, King Ailell was also murdered on the island. BAILLE ATHA CLIATH - It is the original name for Dublin. It means the Ford Mouth of foe Hurdle

BALBRIGGAN - Stockings are made there. It is just north of Dublin. Leo Manley owned an apothecary shop there and he lived there with his family. He was a Chemist (pharmacist). His son used to live there, but I think that he has passed on. Leo Manley's wife was my grandmother's sister..

BALLYMACARBERRY CASTLE was a stronghold of the MacCarthys. It was once occupied by two of them who were brothers. Their wives quarreled, and one of the brothers cut off the water supply to the other. The resourceful second brother took to drinking wine instead.

BALLYNAHINCH CASTLE in Connemara is the home of the Martin family who settled in Galway in the 13th Century

BALLYNEETY means "White's Town".

BELFAST was destroyed by Edward Bruce of Scotland in 1315 A. D. On York Street, the Flax Spinning Company is located. It is a linen mill complex where the mill workers were all women. Many were in poor health from the difficulties of working in the mills. They started work around twelve years of age. In Belfast, in 1720 A. D., all of foe houses were thatched. The city began to grow in foe early 19th Century. The yellow linen shirt was the characteristic costume for foe native Irish and it was referred to as "Erin's yellow vesture". BIRRE was, for a time, called Parsontown. Lord Oxmanton, aged 5 1/2 and Lady Bridget, aged 3 lived there in Birre Castle. It is the site of an early famous telescope and of a suspension bridge. It has a beautiful demesne and it is owned by the Earl of Ross at present. The ancient name of the town was Birre. The Earl of Ross, whose family owned Birre Castle and much of foe town by conquest, had a family name of Parsons. The town's name was changed by the English to Parsonstown because of the Earl's influence. After the War for Independence was fought in 1919 to 1922, the name of foe town was changed back to Birre. The name of the county, formerly known as Kings County, was also changed to Offaly, its original name. The town has a startling history, and the Synod of Birre was held there to attempt to resolve a major issue between the parts of the Roman Catholic Church in Rome and the Catholic Church of Ireland. The difference related to foe days for foe celebration of Easter. Also, Saint Brendan of Birre is a famous figure, but he is not the same one as Saint Brendan foe Navigator, whose name is in all of the history books. There will be more about Birr (Birre) in other parts of these writings. THE BIRRE STONE - It is a piece of limestone, much like any other, a meter tall with about that much girth, is now located opposite the island at the entrance to the Kinnitty Road near Birre Center. It is on foe north side of the road, on the lawn in front of a building, opposite to the Library. Many centuries ago, England sent a scholar to Ireland to identify and to record some of foe salient facts about Ireland. This man, Geraldius Cambrensius, gave a name to this stone, calling it foe Umbilicus Hibernia, or foe Navel of Ireland, based upon its location in the middle of the country. It was, in its original location nearby, the stone that marked the meeting place of the legendary Fianna, which was Ireland's standing army of three thousand men in the 3rd Century. In 1828 A. D., the stone was removed by Thomas Steele and relocated to his private property, and it was restored near to its original site in 1974. There are many stories and tales about the Fianna, its principal hero, Cuchullainn, and foe many members of foe Fianna foat have come down to us through Ireland's oral history and old manuscripts. The name lives on through the Fenian Uprising of the 1860's and through Fianna Fail, currently the leading political party in Ireland. The SYNOD OF BIRRE in 697 A.D. It was presided over by Adomnan and during the Synod, among other things, it formalized the acknowledgement foat henceforth, the universal writ of the Church, as decreed by Rome, would apply to Ireland regarding the celebration of the date for Easter. Before the Synod, the Celtic priests of Ireland, and others who were instructed by Rome, differed on the date for Easter. Much is made of this difference in the old literature, as it emphasized the separateness of the Catholic Church, as it was established in Ireland and the Church of Rome's authority over it. BOYNE RIVER - Protestant King William led the Protestant (Orange) forces against Catholic King James I, and foe Catholics were defeated here. It happened in 1690 A. D. King James fled from the battle scene on his white horse, and he ended up in France. He was a member of foe Stuart family of English royalty. The Orangemen of today still practice their noisy drilling for their marches on the 12th of July in parades to celebrate their victory over the Catholic Irish in 1690.

BREFFNEY (or Breathnach) is an area that consisted of Counties Cavan and West Leitrim

CARRICKFERGUS CASTLE in 1914 was an arsenal. It is where King William of Orange landed with his forces in 1690 A. D. I think it is the site of the DeCourcey castle and they were part of foe Norman invaders. Mary Lou Hartnett was of foe DeCourcey line. In the town is Saint Nicholas Church, which dates to 1164 A.D. The Giant's Ring, which is a cromlech, is also located there. John Paul Jones sailed his American ship, the Ranger, there.

CASHEL - It was the home of the ancient kings of Munster. The fairies are also located there. Saint Patrick converted the ruling king of the province of Munster to Christianity, and later, Murkertagh O'Brien (See also KEVIN) granted Cashel of the Kings to the church to be the seat of an archbishop, with a cathedral and monastic school. Near the entrance is an ancient statue of St. Patrick. It rests upon a great stone where, tradition says, the minor kings of Munster paid tribute to their superior king. Cormac's Chapel was built by Cormac MacArt in 1127 A.D. It is one of the important tourist sites in Ireland. It was foe seat of foe Eoghanacht tribe, and we Hartnetts are foe noble men of O'Neide, who was the father of Eoghan Mor, from whom foe Eoghacht are named. CLONMACNOIS - It was burned down thirteen times between 722 A.D. and 1205 A.D. It was sacked eight times by Viking raiders who sailed up the River Shannon. It was also attacked twenty seven times between 832 A.D. and 1163 A.D. by native Irishmen because of various feuds and disputes. Between 1178 A.D. and 1205 A.D., it was attacked six times by Anglo-Normans. It was said that "There was not left a bed, small or large, an image or an altar, or a book or a gem, or even glass in foe window, from the wall out, which was not carried off'. "Lamentable was this deed, the plundering of the holy city of Ciar'an, foe holy patron" by the English from Athlone, who came with mules and wagons in 1552 A.D. to cart off every remaining thing. Prior to foat, Clonmacnoise had stood for a thousand years. It was founded by Saint Kieran on the banks of the River Shannon.

CONNEMARA - Ballynahinch Castle is quite famous and is the home of the Martin family who settled in Galway in foe 13th Century. The area is quite desolate, and it is said to be one of the great beauties of Ireland. Its mountains are called the Twelve Pins or foe Twelve Bens. CORCORAN - While not an issue related to this family, the famous author, William Carleton, who wrote about his times in the early and mid 1800's, sometimes in dialect, wrote a story or book entitled Paddy Corcoran's Wife. I don't believe that I've read it and while I have a book of Carleton's writings, I haven't yet checked to see if the story is included therein.

COSTIGAN was originally de Kastigne

DARCY used to be "d'Arcy".

DOUGHTY was formerly d'Haute

DONEGAL means the Fort of the Stranger

DONERAILE belonged to foe Saint Leger family. Betty St. Leger hid inside a clock and overheard foe men at their secret meeting of the Masonic Society. They admitted her to Freemasonry to preset fodr secrets and so, she became the ﬁrst woman member of the Masonic Order.

DROGHEDA - (pronounced Draw-ha-da) has a clay pipe factory. It was famous as the scene of *"S maSSaCrC m ,649 A" D" ThC h6ad °f Saint 0Hver P«ett ha* *» P-™d £ TZ be

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DUMINEELY was formerly Dumesnile

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KEATING is said to be O'Ceadfhada or O'Ceathaigh. KILCOLMAN CASTLE is the remains of Spencer's Castle which was burned during an Irish rebellion of Elizabeth s reign. Spencer (or Spenser) was a writer of Irish places and peoples.

KILLARNEY is from "Cill" meaning "a church" and "Airne" meaning "a sloe or wild plum". The words were joined together to form Killarney

KILLAUN LANE is where the Corcoran Farm was located in County Offaly. It has changed a lot Stone clippings now covered foe two lanes that lead back from the main road. It used to be an unimproved roadway The entrance onto the main road has been widened. In 1994, the sign that promoted Spain's hurley sales (they are foe sticks that are used in the Irish game of hurling) was gone. The Spains were next-door neighbors of foe Hartnetts, and one of foe Spains had dug the cemetery graves in the Drumcullen Cemetery for the two Corcoran brothers who lived in the old Corcoran farm house. Another sign had been erected there, and it read: & Community Educational Reserve Saint Brendan's Community School - Birr Killaun Bog I understand that this bog is now a national treasure, because of some ancient growth that has been found in it. It has other meanings to the Hartnett family. In this bog, from where my family took their peat, a wooden pathway has been installed across the bogland beginning several hundred feet from Birre Road. It ends 600 feet from Killaun Lane on the old Railroad ' Lane, after wandering across the bog, and providing a spectacular walk. Near to the bog on Killaun Lane, at a bend in the road, was foe old oak tree, under which my Uncle Joe Hartnett told his children that the Leprechaun lived My Aunt Josie, who lived at the Corcoran farm on Killaun Lane with her family

had ite^ we7ny ^^th3t She SPem at thC °ld homestead II didn'1 have runninS water, but it This is I was told the bog in which Frank Slattery found the remains of the priest that had been caught and hanged by the English. I have discussed this more folly in another area. Mrs. Welsh (Walsh) is now dead. Her husband was a relative of ours, and my uncle Joe Hartnett sold the Corcoran farm back to the Walsh family when Uncle Joe moved to Birre during his older years I do not

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KILLYON in County Offaly comes from Cill Liadhan, which is the Church of Saint Liadhan a^rThereKILORGLIN is "•other a town oncomments the Ring of Kerry. Itin is thesefoe site ofnotes the Puck about Fair foat eachpuck year attractsFair -*"" an . a i°me..°uf thC TraVe,er famUieS in Ire,and have names ,ike Wards, Tuohys, Sullivans, Collins Coffees "'S'' mtemeCine feUdS- NOt a" °f **" famiHeS m Trave,ers- ™*y « »o lo^efaSS

KINNITTY (CINNEIDIGH) - a castle was built here in 1223 A.D. Also another one was built hv

Hartnett, my father's brother, was interred. This is not the Drumcullen Cemetery or the Rath Cemetery. My cousin, Joe Hartnett, had taken me there in the past, and along the west wall of the cemetery, close to the road, he had placed a mark (a cross, he said) at the spot alongside where the grave was located, but he couldn't find his mark on the day I visited there with him, and I couldn't find it this day, either. Nevertheless, Uncle Kieran is buried there, and I do not know who else might be. Since he was once married, his wife could be there also. In foe Town of Kinnitty, Giltrap's Pub still had its sign, but foe place is now run by Percy Glendenning. If you leave Kinnitty, going northwest, almost doubling back toward Birre along an almost parallel road which curves to foe north, you will get to Drumcullen Cemetery. To find it, you go to the low spot in foe road about 1/4 to 1/3 mile out of Kinnitty, and there is a Walk River bridge that seems to be known as the Drumcullen Bridge. On the north side of the bridge, and on the east side of the road, there is an opening in the bridge parapet wall, with several stone steps jutting out from foe bridge wall. You go down the steps, walk to foe nearby field, and walk along the field, generally easterly and parallel with the stream. After about four hundred yards (19 chains at 66 feet long each), you will see a cemetery on your right, and at this time, the Fairy Mound is far off to your left. The cemetery is known as St. John's Cemetery, or Old Drumcullen Cemetery, and my grandmother and grandfather are buried there, along with many more of our relatives and family friends. The cemetery is said to have dated to foe 6th Century, and is indeed an antiquity. The cemetery land is said to measure 130 links by 40 links, with each link being 0.66 foot. There was (and probably still is) a Saint John's Holy Well, said to be at foe center of Knockbarron, and I took notice of it during one of my visits.. A "station" was held at foe well every year from June 24th to June 29th. A "Station" is usually a priest's visit to a home or place in the parish, where a family will play host to foe priest who will say Mass, and all of foe neighbors will attend. Each parish family in turn will have a Station at their place. It is preceded by extensive preparation, including painting of the home and outbuildings where appropriate, decorating and the setting out of a great meal for all of those who will come. The Station location is announced by the priest from the altar at Mass, and the cost of it can be extremely burdensome to those of small means, but every effort is made to outdo the efforts put forth by others at similar functions, which may occur to each family every two to four years. Stations, which were held at shrines in older days, were often holy activities followed by fetes or celebrations, with tents erected to shelter foe varied activities, which may include music, dancing, drinking and whatever else.

KNOCKBARRON in 1994 - Continue northerly past the bridge Drumcullen to the next intersection of roads. The property (farm) on the near right corner was formerly owned by Joe (Hen) Davis, who was my father's friend, and his sons were said to own it. I met and talked to Joe Davis on one of my visits to Ireland. Take a right there and go about 1/3 mile. Go past the ﬁrst widened area which has a woods road leading from it. Go to the second one which used to have a fence across it and a metal locked gate (which are now gone) and go several hundreds of feet. On your left, on what is now an entrance into foe woodland reservation, you will see the remains of a stone house, which was known as Bernard's Castle in Knockbarron. It really wasn't the real castle, as there was one located not too far away, but it was probably one of Bernard's outbuildings for occupancy by his administrators. The building is the one in which my grandfather lived as a leasee with a two life estate, and that lease ended with the death of his son, my Uncle Kieran. The property is now owned by some branch of the government.

KNOCKMEALDOWN - from Cnoc meaning a hill and from Meave who was an ancient queen of the Celts and from Dun which is a fort and hence, it is the Hill Fort of Queen Meave (Meb).

LEAP CASTLE in County Offaly is known as being the most haunted castle in Ireland. It is foe ancestral home of the O'Carrolls, princes of Ely and it is very well built. Lords to whom great men submit Are the O'Carrolls of the plain of Birr; Princes of Ely as far as the Slieve Bloom, The most hospitable land in Erin.

Eight districts and eight chiefs are ruled By foe valiant Princes of Ely of the land of herds. Valiant in enforcing their tributes Are the troops of the yellow-ringletted hair.

The castle has a haunted tower where an O'Carroll murdered a priest, who was his brother, because he had said Mass before his brother's arrival. The ghost of the priest walks there, carrying his head beneath his arm. There have been many murders there. Some chambers are not occupied because of the ghosts. There may possibly be hidden treasure thereabouts. At 11:30 P.M., the dogs bark. A Jonathan Darby never succeeds his father to the control of the estate because of a curse. A girl, over whom two Darby brothers quarreled, interfered and she was mortally wounded. She prophesied foat a Jonathan would never succeed another one. None has. "Beyond the Leap, beyond the law" is an old saying. THE TRIBE OF ELY O'CARROLL

It was the inheritance of the O'Carrolls, which included the southwest portion of Kings County (now County Offaly), which were the baronies of Ballybrit and Cronlisk, but it also extended into County Tipperary. Part of Ely O'Carroll was co-extensive with foe Barony of Ballybrit and was called Kinel Farga and it was held by the O'Flanagans LECAIN in Ormond in County Tipperary was a place of the MacEagans and there was a school of law there.

LISSOY was the town of Oliver Goldsmith's "Deserted Village".

LOUTH is foe smallest of the counties of Ireland. It guarded foe Gap of the North, a passageway for invading armies, from time immemorial. It is the site of Cuchullain's stronghold in the ﬁrst century. 'Saint Brigid was born here. Because of her good works, she is often referred to as "The Mary of the Gael". She lived during the 5th Century.

MONASTERBOICE - At the close of the 5th Century, it was a hermitage. There are two elaborately carved stone crosses there. Also, there are foe ruins of two chapels, one from the 12th century and one which was hundreds of years earlier.

NARROW WATER CASTLE guards the mouth of Carlingford Lough. It was originally constructed in the 13th century. It was destroyed in 1641 A.D. It is located on the Cooley Peninsula in foe County of Louth which was the ﬁefdom of the ancient Celtic hero, Cuchullain . Ulster was ruled by a group known at foe time as The Red Branch Warriors. The story of Cuchullain's defense of the Gap of the North, or the mountain opening that led to the northern area, is set forth in the earliest written epic available in Ireland, known as the Tain Bo Cuailgne, often referred to as foe Cattle Raid of Cooley. Carlingford Lough is about three hundred yards wide across its mouth. A few days after my visit to the area, an ambush by the forces of the I. R. A. resulted in major casualties to the British Army Forces of Occupation in Northern Ireland. NEWGRANGE - It is the site of burial hills called tumuli.

PORTUMNA is foe Harbor of foe Oak. It is a town on the Galway side of foe River Shannon, but near to Lorrha in Tipperary, the place of residence of Ann Mahon and family. Motorized barges can be hired that are ﬁtted out as houseboats for tours of the River Shannon. Their use is quite popular. The town also has a nice restaurant owned by the O'Mearas.

RATH - The memory of the dead is our greatest treasure. It ensures that our hearts will be forever tied to a revered spot. Rath, on a cold and cloudy day has an aloneness born of solitude and respect. The names have become better known. The Guinans, the Heffernans, the Mannions and all of the others, marked or unmarked, have earned their place of rest and their time of respect. Whatever they were in life matters not, now. Give them peace, O Lord, and let foe ﬂowers bloom over them. Uncle Joe's grave was not marked at the time of my 1994 visit to Rath Cemetery, but the angels in Heaven and I know it well. A stone has since been added, and another name placed upon it. Joe's son, Kieran has now joined his father there, and so has his wife, Josephine (or Josie). Kieran was a patriot. So was his father, and his mother was from foe line of the Larkins, who were of the Manchester Martyrs in foe 1860's, whose own memorial is to be found in that trafﬁc island at the south end of the main street through the center of the town of Birre. ROSCREA is a town in the middle of brown boglands. Nearby, is Roscrea Abbey which provided succor for Owen Hartnett and many others when he had tuberculosis as a child. Three of his brothers died from foat disease, which was transmitted often by cows, and for which there was no known cure at foe time. In 1914, peat in panniers sold there for sixpence the "kish" or basketful. SCOTLAND is 20 miles from Ballycastle.

SERVICE is a specialty of the Irish. They will try their utmost to serve you, and to make your time spent with them a memory that you can bring home with you. For foat reason, when they ﬁrst emigrate, many of those who are not immediately accepted into technical business positions can easily ﬁt into service positions. Irish servants have a pathetic loyalty, which often seem to be a careless one. A tongue lashing doesn't affect them, as they always consider the source. "Ah, sure, himself didn't mean a word of it. 'Tis only a gray day in his heart". However, not speaking to them for days is a torture.

SWORDS - once described as 8 to 10 clean whitewashed cots and a round tower.

TRIM is a small town that has ruined castles and abbeys.

THE TWELVE BENS are foe twelve mountain peaks in Connemara and are also called "The Twelve Pins".

In TYRCONNELL, the sept of the O'Cannain family was mentioned in 941 A. D. records

WESTPORT is foe chief town of County Mayo and it has a "Mall' lined with trees, foat has a tiny brook running down its center. Your Irish lesson for today is: There is the County of ARMAGH and the Town of ARMAGH Also the Town of NAVAN From research by Dineen, Page 692 The name is from foe Gaelic Maca, (with a little circle over foe "c"), which is the genitive idiom for Macha, whose older pronunciations were "Ma" or "Maxa" . She is the ancient Irish goddess of War and she is typiﬁed by a scald crow. She is one of foe three Morgi o ghna (plural), spelled in modern Gaelic as Mor-rioghna (or Morrigans in English) They are referred to in Book One of my Dirty Birre. "Armagh" is "the high place of the War Goddess". There is also Eamnain M(acha)", pronounced as "aun Ma" or "avan Ma". The feminine of this is Eamain, -mna (Feminine) or Eamhain which is the ancient capital of foe Province of Ulster Now, that area is called Navan (from an Eamhain), which may be located near to the former Fort Armagh. VALENTIA has caves in cliffs opposite it which were used by smugglers in foe past. One of them was used by John Paul Jones, the American, as he preyed upon the English shipping in the area. In 1857 an attempt to lay an Atlantic cable was unsuccessful. It was accomplished in 1866

SOME INFORMATION ON A FEW IRISH NAMES In the 11th and the 12th Centuries, Irish surnames began to assume a hereditary character. The addition of foe "Ua" and the "O" had ceased before the Normans arrived in Ireland in 1171 A D Some of the surnames that are in O' are one thousand years older than foe oldest of European names' All Irish names are of patronymic origin, that is, they are the names of an ancestor with an O' or a Mac picnx.

SêORoduid °I ?!e Ir'Sh "ameS became have been chanSed> MagEraghty Some new ancestors names were adopted A few are- by MacDâdaaidh *"""* Maêrmott This was a branch of the O'Connors O'Gearadhain became McGaynor This was by Mac Fionnbhairr Some O Carrolls became Mac Bradys The Mac Sweeneys are a branch of the O'Neills of Ulster. The MacMahons of Thomond, foe MacConsadines, the MacLysaghts (MacGiolla Iasacta) are O'Briens The Mac Goldncks are a branch of the O' Rourkes The Mac Auliffes are a branch of the Mac Carthys The Mac Gillycuddys are a branch of the O'Sullivans The Mac Eochys or Keoghs of Connaught are a branch of the O'Kellys of Ui Maine The MacDermotts and MacManuses of Connaught are a branch of the O'Connors The Mac Donaghs of Sligo are a branch of the MacDermotts The MacGilleykellys (or Kilkellys) are a branch of the O'Clerys The MacDunlevys are a branch of the O'Heochys of Ulidia The MacGilhooleys are a branch of the O'Mulveys The MacSweedys and the MacCIancys of Thomond are a branch of the MacNamaras The MacCloskeys and MacAvenes are a branch of the O'Kanes The MacDevitts and the MacConnellogues are a branch of the O'Dohertys The MacCaffreys the MacAwIeys and the MacManuses of Fermanagh are a branch of the Maguires Many of foe Mac and "O" surnames that are found in Ireland are of foreign origin. Some of those - The Danes and foe Norse adopted surnames that were like the Irish ones. Some that are probably Danish or Norse in origin are: O'Dubgaill (or O'Doyle) O'Harrold O'Toner O'Hanrick O'Hiur (or O'Howard) MacCotter - Some of the Scotch Gael names are: Mac Dugald (foe same as the MacDonalds) MacSorleys (there is also a Norse name of Somairle or "summer sailor") Some of the Danish and Norse names were borrowed from them by the Irish. - The Norman names come from the Anglo-Norman invaders. There are four classes of them- 1. Patronomic names, with "Fitz" (from the Latin "filius" or the French "fils"). Some of them are- Maurice FitzGerald, Meiler Fitzhenry, Adam Fitzsimon, or the creator's name in unchanged form such as John Jordan or Robert Wallerond. 2. Local names, with "de" added, such as Richard de Burgo, William de Barri, Ralf de Mora (Moore) William de Freynes, Hugo de Crues (Cruise), David de Countetown (Condon). 3. Official names with "le" added, such as Thomas le Clerc, Philip le Harpur, Theobold le Butiler 4. Descriptive names, with "le" added, such as Richard le Blake, Oliver le Gras (Grace), John le Fort (Ford), Rys le Waleys (Walsh).

Many of the ﬁrst settlers in Ireland after the Norman Invasion took Irish names after the Norman fashion and they were often related to the places where they settled on Irish lands. Many of the Norman names became like the Irish ones in time. They were pronounced as Irish, the only language spoken by foe natives. There were some allowances made for the differences in the languages.

Many of the Anglo-Normans settlers in Ireland took surnames by pre-ﬁxing "Mac" to the Christian names of their ancestors. For instance: Milo de Staunton became Mac an Mileada (which is now Mac Evilly). The de Exeters became MacDavids, MacPhilbins, MacKeoneens or Jennings The Mac Gibbons (or Gibbons) became Mac Walters and MacRedmonds of Connaught.

Most of foe Irish names were Anglicized during the second half of the 16th Century, and they appear for the ﬁrst time in the state documents that relate to things like "this person has forfeited his land ~-" or similar matters. This Anglicizing of the Irish names was the work of Anglo Irish ofﬁcials who knew the Insh language, or thought that they did. The name was written down more or less in the way foat it was pronounced, but without any regard to the Irish spelling of it. An example was: Ua Laoi (which was pronounced as "Lee") became O'Lee Mac Murrough became Morrow or Murphy

During the last (or 19th) century, and in preceding centuries, many families abandoned foe old phonetic rendering of surnames, and they adopted a more English form, which was supposed to be a translation, such as: K O ' B r u i c B a d g e r O'Bruacain Banks O'Cadain Barnacle O ' M a l a c h y B l e s s i n g O ' M a r c y R y d e r O'Bradain Fisher Mac Conroy King Mac Conshnamha Forde MacShane Johnson O'Braignain Thornton O'Gaoitin Wyndham Foreign names have sometimes been substituted for Irish names that have a similar sound, such as- O C a r e l a n f o r C a r l e t o n O'Harrartain for Harrington Mac Clintain for Clinton, and so forth. Some substitutions that were made were: O'Clumain for "Clifford" in Limerick, Mayo and Kerry, and for "Coleman" in Carlow and Wexford MacGuarnacain for Gorden in Mayo and in Down. O'Lane for Lyons in Cork and Donegal

SOME INFORMATION ON THE ORIGINS OF SURNAMES It is hoped foat some of this will help to explain how some of the Irish names came into being The TnTus!fofttr^cTT W?Rn0t rd f°r *■ Irishman' but they 0ften used a edification of it. Scottishw^ ; r,ba names "!? are Bng,d formed WaS along the aImost lines of unknown Irish principles, in and the were earIy often Irish founded and in ScotchIreland. Annals

rfl.l^TTTfiX f°r .\surname was "°'Mul"

«Mn,»Mul means °r^n "the °r servant M°L°r MacE1of or "the °r votary MaC" of and or GiIit has or a Christian Kil °r MacL origin. orMai CI Eoin or (or L Malone) is the son of the servant of Saint John. "Malcom" which is common in ScoLd, is foe soof the onTf£Xn^' • Tce STh SUmame °f "°8i,Vy" is Pr0bab,y not a Gaelic onk asl accen i S^£i2^tne Highland h ,S Scot3 SCfTh:ame: who were of k Irish Pr°bably origin. derives fr0m the "Low,and" S«*s, rather than from

"serv^tn^ "^u^ °f' "Gi,,a de" (as in Gi,dea- Gi,day or Kilday) means namen»ZZ £ means'a W,tl\add't,ves' "the descendant such « Mac Giolla (or son) Iosa (as of in foe MacAleese, servant MacLise of Jesus. or MacLeish) «^eisnj methe Following are some names foat are related to "Mul" and "Gil"- Kilmary,Kilm^^r-f to JSGilmary, relf V?to Gilmore MU,e? who t0 Mu,ry'are all "descendants t0 Meyler' t0of Mi,es'foe servant t0 MacElmurry, of Mary" to Kilmurry to Michaera°,lmh,Chil ^ re,at6d t0 MU,Vy> l° MU,Vihi11 Wh° are me "descendan* of the servant of Saint - Mac Lane and MacLean are related to the "son of the servant of Saint John" - Mullpeter, Gilfeather, Gilfoyle and Kilfoyle refer similarly to "Saints Peter and Paul" - Maelbnghte or Gillabrighte refer similarly to the servants of Saint Brigid

Knhr^enSHMa\S!mKi,arly "f ^ the S6rVant °f Saint Brigid are MuIb"d*. MacGilbride, MacBride ™ and Mucklebrees, as does Magillabreede (which is often now changed to Gibson) MacBnae' Calla^6 Mah°llandS are the descenda"ts of the servant of Saint Callan, and Tyrholland is "the house of - Cellach comes from Kilkelly Saint Canice is the origin of "Kilkenny"

McCnttock0"3 Fhi°nntain °r "S°n °f ^ SCrVant °f Fintan" is the SOurce of MacAlinden, McCIinton and - From pagan times, "Mul" can sometimes mean "hero", as in the names of Molloy, Milloy, Mulloy and Meloy. There are at last two hundred different modern forms of "Mul" and "Gil" names. To conform with foe STATUTE OF 1464 A. D. of EDWARD IV, ordering foat: "All residing within the Counties of Meath, Dublin and Kildare (which were the counties that the King of England controlled at that time) should adopt an English surname - either from a town, as Sutton, Chester, Trim, Shrine, Cork, Kinsale, or from some color, such as Black, White or Brown, or from some trade, such as Smith, Carpenter, or from some ofﬁce, such as Cook, butler - And that their posterity should retain that name in future times." This law, which was disregarded at that time, as English power was at a low ebb, was later widely followed. Lynch was quoted as saying that "whenever the vicissitudes of war gave the Ascendancy (or foe English in Ireland) to the English, the Irish adopted names conformable to English fashion". Old Irish names were replaced with English ones. The Sinnachs called themselves Fox Mac Anghobhann (or MacGowan) called themselves Smyth The Galbhains called themselves White The Brannachs called themselves Walsh

There were other changes in Irish names for a lot of reasons. In Colonial times, almost all names were written down phonetically. Very few people knew how to read or write, and very, very few knew how to read and write Gaelic (or Irish). In an English name, a letter might be dropped or added, but generally foe sound of foe name was preserved. Some Irish names were purposely changed to aid the Irish in their searches for employment in a new world or adoption into the community. You must remember that the Irish were not allowed to own land in America for a long time, and ownership of land required attendance at foe Protestant churches. Some names were changed in Ireland, and they were re-changed here in America. Some were: O'CIery became Clarke (meaning a clerk or secretary) M a c G a a u r a n " S o m e r s ( s u m m e r ) MacKiernan " Whitcomb M a c G o w a n " S m i t h O'Mulvihill " Melville M a c M u r r o u g h " M o r r o w O ' L o u g h r a n " L o c h r e n O ' N e i l l " K n e i l l M a c L a u g h l i n " C l a ﬂ i n O'Carroll " Caryl and Coral O ' B r i e n " B r y a n As an example of the foregoing, William O'Brien who was a soldier in foe Catholic Army of King James I at foe time of foe Battle of the Boyne, settled in Pasquatank County in North Carolina in 1690 A. D. He was probably a member of foe "Wild Geese" at one time or another from Limerick. A descendant of his was the famous writer and statesman, William Jennings Bryan. Many of the Irish in America dropped foe "Mac" and "O" preﬁx.

There were some who transposed their letters, such as "Sullivan" to Navillus". Others of a similar nature were: M a c F e r g u s b e c a m e F e r g u s o n M a c G u i r e " G u i r e C a s e y " K e y s e O ' F a r r e l l " O p h e r l O ' B y r n e " B u r r i n O ' S h a u g h n e s s y " S h a n s e e Doil Maghartee Kail Reighley Morphew Dunniphant Seylovan Obriant Ownailles Driskil Dehorty Flanikin Melonnay Makan Megoune Gollerhosne

If anybody was interested, in 1100 A. D., or just before foe Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, about 45% of foe men had a second name, while the other 55% didn't. Bt 1300 A. D., 99% of the men had second names. A lot of this was forced upon foe Irish by the English. Of foe English names in Ireland, foe following: 36.5% related to the locality in which one lived 34.5 % related to a relationship 17.0% related to knicknames 12.0% related to occupations

In the City of Dublin, which used to be an English city, as it was part of the English Pale, the leading surnames in 1961 through 1966 were Murphy Kelly O'Byrne O'Connor Ryan O'Brien Walsh Doyle Daly Smith O'Reilly O'Neill Kennedy Sullivan Burke Farrell Brennan Nolan Carroll McCarthy Moore CASSITERIDES - they were foe Tin Islands - Generally, the Scilly Islands and Cornwall. The Veniti got tin from Cornwall, and they took it to the islands to keep its source a secret when they traded with the Phoenicians.

The SCILLY ISLES - Man of War Rock - from the Cornish for men (maen) an vawr - which means "big rock" The Duke of Wellington was born Lord Arthur Wellesley in a tall brick house on Upper Merion Street in Dublin-on-the-Liffey

O'MAOLDORAIGH is mentioned as a surname before 1000 A. D.

McDermot, foe Prince of Coolavin, never suffered his wife to sit at a table with him; although his daughter-in-law was permitted to that honor, as she was the descendent from the royal family of O'Connor. MAC DONGURA (or Magennes) was mentioned in 956 A. D.

MACKINNONS were from the Isle of Skye

The GRAEMES of the Debatable Land made themselves too odious to remain in Scotland, so they migrated to Ireland. Groomsport, near Bangor, was originally Graemsport. SHANE'S CASTLE on Lough Neagh in Antrim, the seat of the O'Neills, the ancient kings of Ireland.

O'BRUADAIR is the Irish for Broderick. They were the viscounts of Middletown.

O'CIARA (or O'Keary) is noted as an Irish name in 952 A. D.

O'CEALLAIGH (or O'Kelly of Ui Maine) is mentioned as a surname before 1000 A. D.

O'CEADFHADA or O'Ceathaigh was Keating.

O'DUBDA (or O'Dowd) was mentioned as a surname before 1000 A. D.

Fear a Ti means "man of the house".

FINBARR is from Fionn Barr or Blond Head

Dom Pedro Clovo is Peter O'Neill as O'Neill is O-Nail and Nail is un clavo. That is the Spanish transformation of the name.

IVE-LEARY is from Uebh Laoghaire

LIR is supposed to be the father of swans. It is from the legend of The Children of Lir.

CARRIG-A-PHOOKA is the Rock of the Pooka (Pu'ca).

AODH means Fire or Hugh and is the origin of Magee or McKee who are the sons of ﬁre, and it may refer to foe color of hair. A sleiveen is a comical name for a rogue.

gentile0"66" " * ^ ""*> j0,m- "* * " "<**« """ a b« *"»" who would *» *e rank of a

toady".MCKEEN is a der°8at°0' word for a Dubliner, calling him "a little English Johnny" or "an English

one ana'l^mn^'.Mv "" **?? Ca" eVeryb°dy eta to Ireland a "CULCHIE". The name is a Gaelic 3£ <£&& aTSefofclT8' ""^ °ne eXP,anati°n that' ^ h-d «* * " ~ *

CAREY means "Gray" in English. At the O'Leary tryst at the Ford near the Carrignacurra Castle, on one night of each vear O'Learv comes back to seek his wife of long ago. He was an Irish patriot that was killed taan uprisLg ^

i J ^ t t S S & Z X * * ° r D ° " a l d - « * " * a ^ — » ■ » ° « « " g e l l e d a s Another source says that Donald is also Dudley (or Dubhaltach in Gaelic).

THOMAS is Tumaus in Irish COSTELLO is Coisdealbhach

LEAHi piillr MONAf^lT tW° or Mogh partS- Nua's The half. north Leah was Mona LEAH was Mogh c^IN Nuadhat's or Conn's (or Eoghan half and Mort) the half South was

For many centuries, the families that owned foe provinces were Connaught the O'Connors Munster foe O'Briens Leinster the McMorroughs Ulster the O'Neills

Fene is an ancient name for the Irish.

The word Ireland came from Ir who was one of Milesius sons.

The Cornish names were often identiﬁed by their inclusion of TRE - POL - or PEN.

CUILIN is a maid with fair hair, or a "colleen".

FINDABAIRbair was the wondrously beautiful daughter of Queen Maeve of Connaught. CULDEES were the ﬁrst Christian missionaries. They were said to be a secret society MATHGAMHAM means Mahon

BREATHNACH means Breton

MULL is from the Gaelic "maol" meaning bare. However, Mul as a preﬁx is often referred to as meaning "the servant of, particularly as it related to their liturgical services in behalf of some saint.

CLAN KINA included the O'Corcorans.

The O'FLANAGANS held a part of Ely O'Carroll which was co-extensive with the Barony of Ballybrit which was called Kinel Farga From foe Annals of the Four Masters .- O'HAIDHNIDH - Chief of Gno Beag - a district along foe western banks of Lough Corrib, between that lake and the Bay of Galway in the Barony of Movcullen County Galway. O'HAIRT (or O'Hart) were princes of Tara, and were also styled as princes of Bregia.

GARRET OGE was foe young Gerald (of foe Fitzgerald or Geraldine line), foe eleventh Earl of Kildare, and was called The Wizard Earl. Silken Thomas, foe Earl of Kildare, burned the Cathedral at Thurles in 1495 because he thought that foe Archbishop was inside of it. Silken Thomas was a Geraldine who rebelled.

The Countess of Desmond died in 1604 at the age of 140 years of age. She is buried in Youghal.

In 806 A.D., in consequence of foe violations of the church lands of the monastery of Tallaght foe monks seized the chariot horses of AODH OIRNIDHE, the monarch of Ireland, while foe celebration of foe games of Tailtean (Tara) were ongoing, and they retained the horses until ample reparation was made, foe lands restored and a grant was given by the king.

In 1543 A.D., Murrorh O'Brien submitted to Henry VIII and became the Earl of Thomond and the Baron of Inchiqum. He agreed to give up the name O'Brien and to take whatever name the king gave him He and his heirs and the people who inhabit his lands were required to use the English dress, manners customs and language. Also, they were to keep no kerns or gallowglasses. (The kerns and gallowglasses were the lightly and heavily armed infantry of the time). In 1558 A.D., Conor O'Brien did foe same thing.

Surnames were not arbitrarily assumed. Each family or clan were at liberty to adopt a surname from some particular ancestor, and generally took their name from the chief of their tribe, celebrated for his valor, wisdom, piety or some other great qualities. Surnames were partially adopted by various tribes as early as the 9th or 10th Century Hereditary and permanent surnames were not established until the 11th or 12th Centuries. Americans have been led to think that "Mac" is a Scottish name prefix, and that "O" is an Irish name prefix. That is not so. "Mac" which is often written incorrectly as "Mc" or M' and it means "son of while O' or "Ua" m Gaelic means either "grandson of or "descendent of. "Ui" is foe plural of "Ua" ' An example of its use is in The O'Neills who would be the Ui Neills. James son of John, is in Gaelic, Seumas MacShane, or in English, James Johnson. The "grandson" (or descendant) of John would be O'Shane (or Ua Shane). The use of the singular O' as a hereditary and exclusive family name generally began in foe 10th Century, and it was at the insistence of Brian Boru, who was the King of All Ireland. Brian was famous as a genealogist and a warrior. Among the many things that Brian did, was to revise the genealogies of families, and to distribute them into houses, to regulate the precedence of nobility Montalbert has said "In Ireland, foe influence of blood and the worship of genealogy still continue to a degree thatjs not known in other lands". Across foe water, foe descendents of the Irish in Scotland, did not use an O prefix to their name, but, instead adopted the use of "Mac", like their Irish ancestors did

n^bles'oflrela'na^ *""* ° "k^* *°m ** ^ of IreIand' and the relationships to the chiefs and live t w.1°hT l^0.* around 1900 B- C-the Pic* arrived in Ireland and they were allowed to battZ£ ?£es. Then, J*c!i the 'S^ Scotch ?r°Vlded Highlands th6y were Paid settled tribute by t0 Irish mem in the ^ time monarchs> of Cairbre whichdal Riada. caused The western many Scots were Insh Gaels and the eastern ones were Picts, but that has all changed by now. There is no

ages 8Uage ft" There ^ no P,ct monut"ents, but there were tribes of Picts in Ireland throughout the

Fitzgeralds & Keatings

celebratedrPl.hST Afraid, Anglo-Norman Lord of chiefCarew who in came Wales, over was to Ireland the brother with the of Norman Maurice invaders Fitzgerald. and Strongbow Maurice was a The descendents of one of foe sons of William Fitzgerald took the name of de Carew and from them are descended foe Carews of Ireland. They are great families in Cork, Wexford and Carlow

descended.H« JOSS Thth6r They are °f r1?"1',5 also families S°n/' of M note Sh0Wn in Ireland. in Lodge's PeeraSe' the Keati"gs «nd the Gerards are

RaymondRav^nH0.^ le $°l°fGros V"'™from hisFltZgQraM great size WaS and strength.caIled Raymond He was one Fitzwilliam of the most and valiant he got Anglo-Norman the name of commanders. There should be additional data about him. Later, the name was to become Grace

The Barony of Kilcoursey was the Old Munster-Tagan, foe district of the O'Caharneys, the Sinachs (or Sumachs) and the Foxes. The Sinnachs adopted the Fox name in some instances. Hibernis ipsis Hiberniores - The Fitzgeralds - More Irish than foe Irish themselves.

Among the Chief Families of English descent in Kildare is the Keatings.

name"to^^tcolello. " *" "^ °f ^ "* May0 Wh° ""* the Bar0nS of Cavan chanSed *™ An old verse goes By Mac and O, you'll always know True Irishmen they say; But if you lack both O and Mac, No Irishmen are they.

Cath ^7^ '" "" GaeHC' *• "a'h" iS USUa"y Siknt- « —- «« « from

DRUIDISM was introduced into Ireland nine centuries before Christianity by Tiehemmis While worshipingat Crom Cruach, an idol at Magh Sleacht in Brefhe on the feast of SamMn he andtoe fourths of his people were killed when struck by lightning as punishment for inducing SfttS Ireland.

CARBURY became Stone

O'BRACCAN became O'Brogan

MAG UIDHAR became MAGUIRE of Siol Maguire

MALLORY - originally Mael-ora - was an old Fermanagh family. Turlough Mael-ora fought the Danes at foe Battle of Clontarf.

DOMNAILL O'NEILL was the ﬁrst O'Neill of Ulster in 943 A. D.

O'RUAIRC (or O'Rourke) was mentioned in 952 A. D.

CULYEAN CASTLE was the Seat of the Marquess of Ailsa, foe chief of the Kennedy family.

The oldest name for Ireland in Gaelic is IBHERIU. In foe 5th century, the Irish were called the SCOTTI. By foe Celtic speaking Iberians, then Ireland was "IERNE" By foe Celtic speaking Iberians, then England was "ALBION" Name changes occurred after the Normans entered Ireland and became "more Irish than the Irish themselves". Some were De Burgh (Burgo) became Mac William in Mayo and Galway Bermingham became McYorris in Athenry Fitzmaurice became McMaurice in Lixnaw FitzUrse became McMahon in Louth plus many others In Irish, possessions are things that are "at you", such as "There is no silver at me" or "I am penniless". Also, any sort of suffering is "on us". The Irish Bulls, as the "Saxon foreigners" (or Sassanach) call them, come from translating subtle meanings in language. Some of them are invented to have fon, and others for confusion. An example of an Irish bull is: An Irish groom said "If foat colt could catch foe other, he'd beat him!" The reference was to the horse being far behind in foe race, and it was showing spirit, speed and strength, and the jockey was not able to help foe horse win.

IRISH POETRY Alliteration is internal rhymes. There are 16 rhymes in the Gaelic (Irish) quatrain. (The word "Gaelic" in language is now "Irish"). The Irish poem is a work that is as intricate as a game of chess. One is rather amazed by foe artiﬁce, and not always moved by foe sentiment. An example follows:

THE COUNTY OF MAYO as translated by George Fox On the deck of Patrick Lynch's boat, 1 sit in woefol ﬂight, CASSITERIDES - they were the Tin Islands - Generally, the Scilly Islands and Cornwall. The Veniti got tin from Cornwall, and they took it to the islands to keep its source a secret when they traded with foe Phoenicians.

The SCILLY ISLES - Man of War Rock - from foe Cornish for men (maen) an vawr - which means "big rock" The Duke of Wellington was born Lord Arthur Wellesley in a tall brick house on Upper Merion Street in Dublin-on-the-Liffey

O'MAOLDORAIGH is mentioned as a surname before 1000 A. D.

McDermot, the Prince of Coolavin, never suffered his wife to sit at a table with him; although his daughter-in-law was permitted to that honor, as she was the descendent from the royal family of O'Connor. MAC DONGURA (or Magennes) was mentioned in 956 A. D.

MACKINNONS were from the Isle of Skye

O'BRUADAIR is the Irish for Broderick. They were the viscounts of Middletown.

O'CIARA (or O'Keary) is noted as an Irish name in 952 A. D.

O'CEALLAIGH (or O'Kelly of Ui Maine) is mentioned as a surname before 1000 A. D.

O'CEADFHADA or O'Ceathaigh was Keating.

O'DUBDA (or O'Dowd) was mentioned as a surname before 1000 A. D. Fear a Ti means "man of the house".

FINBARR is from Fionn Barr or Blond Head

Dom Pedro CIovo is Peter O'Neill as O'Neill is O-Nail and Nail is un clavo. That is the Spanish transformation of the name.

IVE-LEARY is from Uebh Laoghaire

LIR is supposed to be the father of swans. It is from the legend of The Children of Lir.

CARRIG-A-PHOOKA is the Rock of the Pooka (Pu'ca). AODH means Fire or Hugh and is the origin of Magee or McKee who are the sons of ﬁre, and it may refer to the color of hair. A sleiveen is a comical name for a rogue.

A shoneen is a little gentry John. He is an upstart and a big farmer who would ape the rank of a gentleman. A JACKEEN is a derogatory word for a Dubliner, calling him "a little English Johnny" or "an English toady". The Dubliners, in self defense, call everybody else in Ireland a "CULCHIE". The name is a Gaelic one and I am not folly aware of its meaning. However, one explanation that I have heard for it is foat a Culchee (or Culchie) is a seeker of culture.

CAREY means "Gray" in English.

At foe O'Leary tryst at the Ford near foe Carrignacurra Castle, on one night of each year, O'Leary comes back to seek his wife of long ago. He was an Irish patriot that was killed in an uprising.

DANIEL1 is the English of Donhnal, or Donald, anciently a royal name. It is often spelled as Domhnal. It is pronounced Doe-nail Another source says foat Donald is also Dudley (or Dubhaltach in Gaelic).

THOMAS is Tumaus in Irish COSTELLO is Coisdealbhach

Ireland was split into two parts. The north was LEAH CUIN or Conn's half and the South was LEAH MONA or Mogh Nua's half. Leah Mona was Mogh Nuadhat's (or Eoghan Mor's) half

For many centuries, the families that owned the provinces were Connaught the O'Connors Munster foe O'Briens Leinster the McMorroughs Ulster the O'Neills

Fene is an ancient name for foe Irish.

The word Ireland came from Ir who was one of Milesius sons.

The Cornish names were often identiﬁed by their inclusion of TRE - POL - or PEN.

CUILIN is a maid with fair hair, or a "colleen".

CONAN was a son of Nessa and a King of Ulster at the beginning of the Christian era. He was the uncle and guardian of Cuchullain, and he raised Deidre. He died of anger on foe day of Christ's execution.

FINDABAIRbair was the wondrously beautiful daughter of Queen Maeve of Connaught.

CULDEES were foe ﬁrst Christian missionaries. They were said to be a secret society MATHGAMHAM means Mahon

BREATHNACH means Breton

CLAN KINA included foe O'Corcorans.

The O'FLANAGANS held a part of Ely O'Carroll which was co-extensive with foe Barony of Ballybrit which was called Kinel Farga From foe Annals of the Four Masters - O'HAIDHNIDH - Chief of Gno Beag - a district along foe western banks of Lough Corrib, between that lake and the Bay of Galway in the Barony of Moycullen, County Galway. O'HAIRT (or O'Hart) were princes of Tara, and were also styled as princes of Bregia.

GARRET OGE was the young Gerald (of the Fitzgerald or Geraldine line), the eleventh Earl of Kildare, and was called The Wizard Earl. Silken Thomas, foe Earl of Kildare, burned foe Cathedral at Thurles in 1495 because he thought that foe Archbishop was inside of it. Silken Thomas was a Geraldine who rebelled.

The Countess of Desmond died in 1604 at the age of 140 years of age. She is buried in Youghal.

In 806 A.D., in consequence of the violations of the church lands of the monastery of Tallaght, the monks seized foe chariot horses of AODH OIRNIDHE, the monarch of Ireland, while the celebration of the games of Tailtean (Tara) were ongoing, and they retained the horses until ample reparation was made, the lands restored and a grant was given by the king.

In 1543 A.D., Murrorh O'Brien submitted to Henry VIII and became the Earl of Thomond and foe Baron of Inchiquin. He agreed to give up the name O'Brien and to take whatever name the king gave him. He and his heirs and the people who inhabit his lands were required to use the English dress, manners, customs and language. Also, they were to keep no kerns or gallowglasses. (The kerns and gallowglasses were the lightly and heavily armed infantry of the time). In 1558 A.D., Conor O'Brien did foe same thing.

Surnames were not arbitrarily assumed. Each family or clan were at liberty to adopt a surname from some particular ancestor, and generally took their name from the chief of their tribe, celebrated for his valor, wisdom, piety or some other great qualities. Surnames were partially adopted by various tribes as early as the 9th or 10th Century. Hereditary and permanent surnames were not established until the 11th or 12th Centuries. Americans have been led to think foat "Mac" is a Scottish name prefix, and that "O" is an Irish name prefix. That is not so. "Mac" which is often written incorrectly as "Mc" or M' and it means "son of, while O' or "Ua" in Gaelic means either "grandson of or "descendent of. "Ui" is the plural of "Ua" . An example of its use is in The O'Neills who would be the Ui Neills. James, son of John, is in Gaelic, Seumas MacShane, or in English, James Johnson. The "grandson" (or descendant) of John would be O'Shane (or Ua Shane). The use of the singular O' as a hereditary and exclusive family name generally began in the 10th Century, and it was at the insistence of Brian Boru, who was the King of All Ireland. Brian was famous as a genealogist and a warrior. Among the many things that Brian did, was to revise the genealogies of families, and to distribute them into houses, to regulate the precedence of nobility. Montalbert has said "In Ireland, foe influence of blood and foe worship of genealogy still continue to a degree foat is not known in other lands". Across the water, the descendents of the Irish in Scotland, did not use an "O" prefix to their name, but, instead adopted the use of "Mac", like their Irish ancestors did. The Scots were well aware of their descent from the Irish of Ireland, and the relationships to the chiefs and nobles of Ireland. As was shown in foe records around 1900 B. C. the Picts arrived in Ireland and they were allowed to live in Scotland by the Milesians, provided they paid tribute to them as monarchs, which caused many battles. Then, the Scotch Highlands were settled by Irish in the time of Cairbre dal Riada. The western Scots were Irish Gaels, and the eastern ones were Picts, but that has all changed by now. There is no Pict language left. There are no Pict monuments, but there were tribes of Picts in Ireland throughout the ages.

Fitzgeralds & Keatings William Fitzgerald, Lord of Carew in Wales, was the brother of Maurice Fitzgerald. Maurice was a celebrated Anglo-Norman chief who came over to Ireland with the Norman invaders and Strongbow. The descendents of one of the sons of William Fitzgerald took the name of de Carew and from them are descended the Carews of Ireland. They are great families in Cork, Wexford and Carlow. From another of William's sons, as shown in Lodge's Peerage, the Keatings and the Gerards are descended. They are also families of note in Ireland. The oldest son of William Fitzgerald was called Raymond Fitzwilliam and he got the name of Raymond le Gros from his great size and strength. He was one of the most valiant Anglo-Norman commanders. There should be additional data about him. Later, the name was to become Grace.

The Barony of Kilcoursey was the Old Munster-Tagan, the district of the O'Caharneys, foe Sinachs (or Sinnachs) and the Foxes. The Sinnachs adopted the Fox name in some instances. Hibernis ipsis Hiberniores - The Fitzgeralds - More Irish than the Irish themselves.

Among the Chief Families of English descent in Kildare is the Keatings. The de Angulos or the Nangles of Meath and Mayo who were the Barons of Cavan changed their name to MacCostello.

An old verse goes By Mac and O, you'll always know True Irishmen they say; But if you lack both O and Mac, No Irishmen are they.

CATHAL means "Charles" In the Gaelic, the "ath" is usually silent. It means great warrior from Cath (battle) and all (great)

DRUIDISM was introduced into Ireland nine centuries before Christianity by Tighernmis. While worshiping at Crom Cruach, an idol at Magh Sleacht in Brefhe on the feast of Samhain, he and three fourths of his people were killed when struck by lightning as punishment for introducing idolatry into Ireland.

CARBURY became Stone

O'BRACCAN became O'Brogan

MAG UIDHAR became MAGUIRE of Siol Maguire

MALLORY - originally Mael-ora - was an old Fermanagh family. Turlough Mael-ora fought the Danes at foe Battle of Clontarf.

DOMNAILL O'NEILL was the ﬁrst O'Neill of Ulster in 943 A. D.

O'RUAIRC (or O'Rourke) was mentioned in 952 A. D.

CULYEAN CASTLE was the Seat of the Marquess of Ailsa, the chief of the Kennedy family.

The oldest name for Ireland in Gaelic is IBHERIU. In the 5th century, the Irish were called the SCOTTI. By foe Celtic speaking Iberians, then Ireland was "IERNE" By foe Celtic speaking Iberians, then England was "ALBION" Name changes occurred after foe Normans entered Ireland and became "more Irish than foe Irish themselves". Some were De Burgh (Burgo) became MacWilliam in Mayo and Galway Bermingham became McYorris in Athenry Fitzmaurice became McMaurice in Lixnaw FitzUrse became McMahon in Louth plus many others In Irish, possessions are things that are "at you", such as "There is no silver at me" or "I am penniless". Also, any sort of suffering is "on us". The Irish Bulls, as the "Saxon foreigners" (or Sassanach) call them, come from translating subtle meanings in language. Some of them are invented to have fun, and others for confusion. An example of an Irish bull is: An Irish groom said "If that colt could catch the other, he'd beat him!" The reference was to the horse being far behind in the race, and it was showing spirit, speed and strength, and the jockey was not able to help foe horse win. IRISH POETRY Alliteration is internal rhymes. There are 16 rhymes in the Gaelic (Irish) quatrain. (The word "Gaelic" in language is now "Irish"). The Irish poem is a work that is as intricate as a game of chess. One is rather amazed by foe artiﬁce, and not always moved by foe sentiment. An example follows:

THE COUNTY OF MAYO as translated by George Fox

On the deck of Patrick Lynch's boat, I sit in woeful ﬂight, Through my sighing the livelong day, and weeping all the night. Were it not that from my people, foil of sorrow, forth I go, By the blessed sun! Tis royally, I'd sing thy praise, Mayo! 'Tis my grief that Patrick Laughlin is not Earl of Irrul still, And foat Brian Duff no longer rules as Lord upon foe Hill, And foat Colonel Hugh MacGrady should be lying dead and low, And I sailing, sailing swiftly, from the County of Mayo!

The pedigree of the O'Gorman family shows a motto in Gaelic "Tosach Catha Agus Dernadh Air" or "The First and Fiercest to Fight"

From foe AMERICAN IRISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S notes, the following on Irish Names

ADERG The Red Ford AGHLEIM The Horse's Leap ANNAGHGOD The marsh of the Sally Trees BALLYMAGOONA The Town of the Artiﬁcers BALLINHOE The Town of the Mist BALLIN TOUR The Town of the Bleaching Green BACLOUGHADALLA The Town of the Lake of Two Swans BALLYDEROWN The Town between Two Rivers BALLYKEEN The Pleasant Townland BALLYNABRAGGET The Town of the Ale BOOLEYNASRUHAUN The Milking Place of the Little Streams BREAGHEY The Plain of Wolves BENNANILRA The Remote Place of the Eagle CAHIRNAMALLAGHT The Fort of Cursing CAHERAPHEEPA The Fortress of the Fairy Piping CARKFREE The District of the Grouse CARRIGATAKA The Rock of the Swarming Bees CLOGHERACULLION The Stony Place of the Holly Bushes CLONMAN The Meadow of the Fruit CARRAGHATORK The Moor of the Hawk DERRYNABLAKA The Oak Grove of the Blossoms DRIMMINOWWEELAUN The Ridge of the Seagulls GORTACRAHIG The Field of Hanging INCHBOFiN The Meadow of the White Cow KILLABRICK The Wood of the Badger MALLYREE The Little Hills of Heather MONCENATIEVE The Little Bog of Rushes POULNAGLOG The Hole of Bells - a deep hole in Clare. The bells of Drumcliff Abbey are supposed to be buried there. RATHNAGLYE The Fortress of Shouting SCARTNAMACAGH The Thicket of Gold - TheDaneswere supposed to have buried treasure in it. SLIEVE MISH The Mountain of Phantoms TAG ASHINN Y The House of the Fox TABRENADROAA The Well of the Druids TULLYVAL The Hill of Honey FIDH-NAGCAER The Hill of Berries -corrupted to "Vinegar Hill" From the American Irish Historical Society's Volume X dated 1910 to 1911, the following excerpt:

THE MAC'S AND THE O'S

When Ireland was founded by the Mac's and the O's, I never could tell, for nobody knows. But History says they came over from Spain, to visit Old Grania, and there to remain. Our fathers were heroes for wisdom and fame; for multiplication, they practiced foe same; Saint Patrick came over to heal their complaints, and very soon made them an Island of Saints.

The harp and the shamrock were carried before brave Roderick O'Connor and Roger O'Moore, And foe good and bad deeds of the Mac's and the O's, and this is the tale that these verses disclose. Hugh Neil of Tyrone, O'Donnell, O'Moore, O'Brien, O'Kelly, O'Connell galore; All houses so royal, so loyal, so old, one drop of their blood was worth ounces of gold.

M. Donnell, McDougal, O'Curran, O'Keefe, sly Redmond O'Hanlon, the Rapparee chief; O'Malley, McNally, O'Sullivan rare, O'Failey, O'Daily, O'Burns of Kildare, O'Dougherty, chief of the Isle Innishone, McGuinnes, the prince of the valleys of Down; The Collerns, Hollerans, everyone knows, the Raffertys, Flahertys - they were all O's.

One eyed King McCormack, and great Phil McCoole, McCarty of Dermot and Tooley O'Toole; Hugh Neil the grand, and great Brian Bom, Sir Tagan O'Regen and Con Donahue, O'Hara, O'Marrah, O'Connor, O'Kane, O'Carroll, O'Farrell, O'Brennan, O'Drane, With Murtaugh McDermot, that wicked old Turk, who had a crim.con. with the wife of O'Rourke.

MacGra, MacGrath, MacGil, MacKeon, MacCadden, MacFadden, MacCarren, MacGlone; Macgarren, MacFarren, MacClarey, MacCoy, MacHaley, MacClinch, MacElrath, MacElroy, MacMillen, MacClellan, MacGillan, MacFinn, MacCullagh, MacCunn, MacManus, Mac Gyn; MacGinley, MacKinlry, MacCaffrey, MacKay, MacCarroll, MacFarrell, MacCurchy, MacRay. O'Dillion, O'Dolan, O'Devlin, O'Doyle, O'Mullen, O'Nolan, O'Bolan, O'Boyle O'Murray, O'Rooney, O' Cooney, O'Kane, O'Carey, O'Leary, O'Shea and O'Shane. O'Brien, O'Rourke, O'Reilly, O'Neill, O'Hagan , O'Reagan, O'Fagan, O'Sheil; O'Dennis, O'Dwyer, O'Blaney, O'Flynn, O'Grady, O'Shaughnessy, Brian O'Lynn. The daughters of Erin are Eileen O'Roone, and Norah MacCushla, and Sheila MacClune; With Kathleen Mavourneen and Molly Asthore, foe beautiful charmers, we love and adore. There is Donah MacCushla and Widow MacChree; There is Molly Maguire and Biddy MacGhee; There is dear Norah Creina and Sheila MacGrath, and the mother of all is sweet Erin Go Bragh.'

A LITTLE BIT ABOUT IRISH FLAGS

It was Thomas Francis Meagher, who became famous in America, and who was known as "Meagher of the Sword", who is said to have unfurled the first Irish Tricolor, when he was a Young Irelander in Ireland, before coming to America. His vision of the meaning, or symbolism, of the flag was: The white in foe centre signifies a lasting truce between the "Orange" and the "Green", and I trust that beneath its folds, the hands of the Irish Protestant and the Irish Catholic may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood". His fellow nationalist and Young Irelander John Mitchel said "I hope to see that flag one day waving as our national banner". After its use in foe Rising in Dublin in 1916, it became the widely accepted flag of the Nationalists as their flag of Ireland. It was used by the Irish Republic (1919 to 1921) and also by foe Irish Free State (1922 to 1937). In 1937, when foe Constitution of Ireland was introduced, foe tricolor flag was formally confirmed as foe national flag of Ireland. The statement was "The national flag is the tricolor of green white and orange".

It is the official flag of The Republic of Ireland today, but it is not an official flag in Northern Ireland. The only official flag that represents Northern Ireland is the Union flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Ulster Banner is sometimes used unofficially as a de facto regional flag for Northern Ireland. Since the Partition of Ireland, there has been no universally accepted flag to represent foe entire island. As a provisional solution for certain sports fixtures, the Flag of the Four Provinces enjoys a certain amount of general acceptance and popularity.

In foe past, other ﬂags have been used in Ireland:

Saint Patrick's Flag (or Saint Patrick's Saltire, Saint Patrick's Cross) which was the flag sometimes used for foe Kingdom of Ireland, and which represented Ireland on foe Union flag, after the Act of Union (1802). A green flag with a harp was used by most nationalists in the 19th Century. It is also foe flag of the Province of Leinster. A blue flag with a harp was used from the 18th Century onward by many nationalists, and it is now foe standard of foe President of Ireland. The Irish Tricolour. The Sunburst upon a field of blue is another nationalist flag.

Saint Patrick's Saltire was formerly used to represent the island of Ireland by the All Ireland Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) before foe adoption of foe "Four Provinces" ﬂag. The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) uses the Tricolour to represent the whole of the island of Ireland.