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PICES SCIENTIFIC REPORT No. 51, 2017 Report of Working Group 26 ISBN 978-1-927797-28-0 ISSN 1198-273X PICES PUBLICATIONS PICES SCIENTIFIC REPORT No. 51, 2017 The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) was established by an international convention in 1992 to promote international cooperative research efforts to solve key scientific problems in the North Pacific Ocean. PICES regularly publishes various types of general, scientific, and technical information in the following publications: PICES ANNUAL REPORTS – are major JOURNAL SPECIAL ISSUES – are peer- products of PICES Annual Meetings which reviewed publications resulting from symposia document the administrative and scientific activities and Annual Meeting scientific sessions and of the Organization, and its formal decisions, by workshops that are published in conjunction with PICES SCIENTIFIC 2017 51, REPORT No. calendar year. commercial scientific journals. PICES SCIENTIFIC REPORTS – include BOOKS – are peer-reviewed, journal-quality proceedings of PICES workshops, final reports of publications of broad interest. PICES expert groups, data reports and planning reports. PICES PRESS – is a semi-annual newsletter providing timely updates on the state of the PICES TECHNICAL REPORTS – are on-line ocean/climate in the North Pacific, with highlights of reports published on data/monitoring activities that current research and associated activities of PICES. require frequent updates. ABSTRACT BOOKS – are prepared for PICES SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS – are products that Annual Meetings and symposia (co-)organized by are destined for general or specific audiences. PICES. For further information on our publications, visit PICES at www.pices.int. Front cover figure An aggregation of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (maximum bell diameter: 2 m) in a set-net in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The recurrent population explosions of this species over the last two decades throughout much of the East Asian Marginal Seas have caused severe damage to local fisheries in both Japan and Korea. However, this species is commercially harvested for food in China. Photo provided by Report of Working Group 26 on Jellyfish Yomiuri Shimbun. ORGANIZATION MARINE SCIENCE NORTH PACIFIC Blooms around the North Pacific Rim: Causes and Consequences PICES Scientific Reports PICES SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Hargreaves, N.B., Hunter, J.R., Sugimoto, T. and Wada, T. Megrey, B.A., Taft, B.A. and Peterson, W.T. (Eds.) 2000. (Eds.) 1993. Coastal Pelagic Fishes (Report of Working PICES-GLOBEC International Program on Climate Change Group 3); Subarctic Gyre (Report of Working Group 6). and Carrying Capacity: Report of the 1999 MONITOR and PICES Sci. Rep. No. 1, 130 pp. REX Workshops, and the 2000 MODEL Workshop on Published since 1993, the PICES Scientific Report series includes proceedings of PICES workshops, final Talley, L.D. and Nagata, Y. (Eds.) 1995. The Okhotsk Sea Lower Trophic Level Modelling. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 15, reports of PICES expert groups, data reports and reports of planning activities. Formal peer reviews of the and Oyashio Region (Report of Working Group 1). 148 pp. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 2, 227 pp. Stehr, C.M. and Horiguchi, T. (Eds.) 2001. Environmental scientific content of these publications are not generally conducted. Anonymous. 1995. Report of the PICES-STA Workshop on Assessment of Vancouver Harbour Data Report for the Monitoring Subarctic North Pacific Variability. PICES PICES MEQ Practical Workshop. PICES Sci. Rep. No. Printed copies of Scientific Reports are available upon request from Sci. Rep. No. 3, 94 pp. 16, 213 pp. Hargreaves, N.B. (Ed.) 1996. Science Plan, Implementation Megrey, B.A., Taft, B.A. and Peterson, W.T. (Eds.) 2001. Plan (Report of the PICES-GLOBEC International PICES-GLOBEC International Program on Climate Change PICES Secretariat Program on Climate Change and Carrying Capacity). and Carrying Capacity: Report of the 2000 BASS, MODEL, P.O. Box 6000 PICES Sci. Rep. No. 4, 64 pp. MONITOR and REX Workshops, and the 2001 BASS/ Sidney, British Columbia LeBlond, P.H. and Endoh, M. (Eds.) 1996. Modelling of the MODEL Workshop. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 17, 125 pp. Canada. V8L 4B2 Subarctic North Pacific Circulation (Report of Working Alexander, V., Bychkov, A.S., Livingston, P. and McKinnell, E-mail: [email protected] Group 7). PICES Sci. Rep. No. 5, 91 pp. S.M. (Eds.) 2001. Proceedings of the PICES/CoML/IPRC Anonymous. 1996. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Workshop on “Impact of Climate Variability on Observation Okhotsk Sea and Adjacent Areas. PICES Sci. Rep. No. and Prediction of Ecosystem and Biodiversity Changes in 6, 426 pp. the North Pacific”. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 18, 210 pp. On-line versions of PICES Scientific Reports can be found at: meetings.pices.int/publications/scientific-reports Beamish, R.J., Hollowed, A.B., Perry, R.I., Radchenko, V.I., Otto, R.S. and Jamieson, G.S. (Eds.) 2001. Commercially Yoo, S. and Terazaki, M. (Eds.) 1997. Summary of the Important Crabs, Shrimps and Lobsters of the North Workshop on Conceptual/Theoretical Studies and Model Pacific Ocean. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 19, 79 pp. Development and the 1996 MODEL, BASS and REX Batchelder, H.P., McFarlane, G.A., Megrey, B.A., Mackas, Task Team Reports. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 7, 93 pp. D.L. and Peterson, W.T. (Eds.) 2002. PICES-GLOBEC Nagata, Y. and Lobanov, V.B. (Eds.) 1998. Multilingual International Program on Climate Change and Carrying Nomenclature of Place and Oceanographic Names in the Capacity: Report of the 2001 BASS/MODEL, MONITOR Region of the Okhotsk Sea. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 8, 57 and REX Workshops, and the 2002 MODEL/REX pp. (Reprint from MIRC Science Report, No. 1, 1998) Workshop. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 20, 176 pp. Hollowed, A.B., Ikeda, T., Radchenko, V.I. and Wada, T. Miller, C.B. (Ed.) 2002. PICES-GLOBEC International (Organizers) 1998. PICES Climate Change and Carrying Program on Climate Change and Carrying Capacity: Capacity Workshop on the Development of Cooperative Report of the PICES 2002 Volunteer Observing Ship Research in Coastal Regions of the North Pacific. Workshop. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 21, 38 pp. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 9, 59 pp. Perry, R.I., Livingston, P. and Bychkov, A.S. (Eds.) 2002. Freeland, H.J., Peterson, W.T. and Tyler, A. (Eds.) 1999. PICES Science: The First Ten Years and a Look to the Proceedings of the 1998 Science Board Symposium on Future. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 22, 102 pp. The Impacts of the 1997/98 El Niño Event on the North Taylor, F.J.R. and Trainer, V.L. (Eds.) 2002. Harmful Algal Pacific Ocean and Its Marginal Seas. PICES Sci. Rep. Blooms in the PICES Region of the North Pacific. No. 10, 110 pp. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 23, 152 pp. Dugdale, R.C., Hay, D.E., McFarlane, G.A., Taft, B.A. and Feely, R.A. (Ed.) 2003. CO2 in the North Pacific Ocean (Working Yoo, S. (Eds.) 1999. PICES-GLOBEC International Group 13 Final Report). PICES Sci. Rep. No. 24, 49 pp. Program on Climate Change and Carrying Capacity: Aydin, K.Y., McFarlane, G.A., King, J.R. and Megrey, B.A. Summary of the 1998 MODEL, MONITOR and REX (Eds.) 2003. PICES-GLOBEC International Program on Workshops, and Task Team Reports. PICES Sci. Rep. Climate Change and Carrying Capacity: The BASS/ No. 11, 88 pp. MODEL Report on Trophic Models of the Subarctic Lobanov, V.B., Nagata, Y. and Riser, S.C. (Eds.) 1999. Pacific Basin Ecosystems. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 25, 93 pp. Proceedings of the Second PICES Workshop on the McKinnell, S.M. (Ed.) 2004. Proceedings of the Third Okhotsk Sea and Adjacent Areas. PICES Sci. Rep. No. Workshop on the Okhotsk Sea and Adjacent Areas. 12, 203 pp. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 26, 275 pp. This report was developed under the guidance of the PICES Science Board and its Biological Oceanographic Danchenkov, M.A., Aubrey, D.G. and Hong, G.H. 2000. Kishi, M.J. (Ed.) 2004. Report of the MODEL Task Team Committee. The views expressed in this report are those of participating scientists under their responsibilities. Bibliography of the Oceanography of the Japan/East Sea. Second Workshop to Develop a Marine Ecosystem Model PICES Sci. Rep. No. 13, 99 pp. of the North Pacific Ocean including Pelagic Fishes. Hunt, G.L. Jr., Kato, H. and McKinnell, S.M. (Eds.) 2000. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 27, 49 pp. Predation by Marine Birds and Mammals in the King, J.R. (Ed.) 2005. Report of the Study Group on the This document should be cited as follows: Subarctic North Pacific Ocean. PICES Sci. Rep. No. Fisheries and Ecosystem Responses to Recent Regime 14, 168 pp. Shifts. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 28, 162 pp. Uye, S.I. and Brodeur, R.D. (Eds.) 2017. Report of Working Group 26 on Jellyfish Blooms around the North Pacific Rim: Causes and Consequences. PICES Sci. Rep. No. 51, 221 pp. Continued on inside back page PICES Scientific Report No. 51 2017 Report of Working Group 26 on Jellyfish Blooms around the North Pacific Rim: Causes and Consequences Edited by Shin-ichi Uye and Richard D. Brodeur September 2017 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada E-mail: [email protected] www.pices.int Table of Contents In Memoriam ............................................................................................................................................. vi Jennifer Purcell and David W. Welch Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Richard Brodeur and Shin-ichi Uye 1.1 Background and
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