DOCSLIB.ORG

Simmering Strife: Mt. Paektu and Sino-Korean Relations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Simmering Strife: Mt. Paektu and Sino-Korean Relations Simmering Strife: Mt. Paektu and Sino-Korean Relations THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Katy Straily, B.A. Graduate Program in East Asian Studies The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee: Pil Ho Kim, Adviser Mitchell Lerner Deborah Solomon Copyright by Katy Straily 2018 Abstract This research seeks to examine the creation of modern North and South Korean national identity and show the potentially explosive ramifications that this could have on Sino-Korean relations in a reunification era. Historical memory describes the way through which groups of people deliberately construct their history. These narratives are often harnessed by governments in pursuit of their political goals. Paektu Mountain, called Changbaishan by the Chinese, is a 9,000 feet volcano that straddles the border of North Korea and China. This mountain is the source of Korean foundation myth, as it is said to be where Korea’s founder, Tan’gun, was born over 3,000 years ago. In modern history, Mt. Paektu and the myth that surrounds it has become a symbol of both North and South Korean nationalism. This begs the question: how can a national symbol have the power to affect foreign relations on the Korean peninsula? Mt. Paektu thus offers us a critical window into understanding Korean nationalism and anticipating the subsequent problems of reunification and national identity. i Dedication Dedicated to Taehyun, Dante, and Petra ii Vita 2010……………………………………………………………….. Jerome High School 2013…………..……………………………….. B.A History, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: East Asian Studies iii Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………….i Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………ii Vita……………………………………………………………………………………………….iii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………….V Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1. The Importance of Mt. Paektu to North and South Korea…………………………….6 Chapter 2. History of Border Territorial Agreements …………………………………………...22 Chapter 3. The Northeast Project and Changbaishan …………………………………………...35 Chapter 4. Future Outlook on Border Negotiations……………………………………………...44 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….53 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..57 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Image of Mt. Paektu on Sino-Korean border…………………………………………...2 Figure 2. A North Korean postage stamp of the paining “Snowstorm in Mt. Paekdu”…………18 Figure 3. Image of Kando territory ……………………………………………………………...28 Figure 4. Image of women’s short track team holding up signs written with “Mt. Paektu is our territory!”………………………………………………………………………………………...47 v “I propose the following definition of the nation: it is an imagined political community- and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion.” -Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism Introduction Historical memory describes the way through which groups of people deliberately construct their history. These memories or narratives are often harnessed by the state and propagated throughout the masses in pursuit of its political goals. Paektu Mountain, called Changbaishan by the Chinese, is a 9,000 feet volcano that straddles the border of North Korea and China (See Figure 1). This mountain is where Korean foundation myth claims that its founder, Tan’gun, was born over 3,000 years ago. In modern history, Mt. Paektu became the epicenter of North Korean ideology with the Kim leaders’ “Paektu bloodline” emphasized to highlight legitimacy of the regime.1 It also holds symbolic significance to many South Koreans as the ancestral home of the Korean people and has even spawned several religious followings. Changbaishan is the focal point of a series of policies aimed at assimilating the region into the People’s Republic of China. Mt. Paektu and the myth that surrounds it has become a symbol of 1 There are two writing systems commonly used for the romanization of the Korean writing system: McCune-Reischauer and Revised Romanization. My writing adapts to the standards set forth by McCune- Reischauer. 1 both the North and South Korean nation. This begs the question: how can a national symbol/image have the power to affect foreign relations on the Korean peninsula? Figure 1: Image of Mt. Paektu on Sino-Korean border2 2 Digital image. South China Morning Post. Accessed March 23, 2018. http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1584579/uncovering-secrets-mount-paektu-china-north-korea- border 2 My research will trace through the history of territorial agreements surrounding Mt. Paektu and delve into contemporary territorial contentions through the lens of Korean national identity in order to illustrate the contentious nature of this topic and show the impetus for a conflict. Through this case study on Mt. Paektu, this research seeks to examine the creation of modern Korean national identity (North and South) and show how their ancient historical memories may have potentially serious ramifications on Sino-Korean relations in a reunification era. Identity is an essential component of international relations. Alexander Wendt explains that it is “a key link in the mutual constitution of agent and structure . [that] lead actors to see situations as calling for taking certain actions and thus for defining interests in certain ways.”3 The collective identity of a state is largely drawn from elements of its culture and its history, providing a bridge between the past, present, and future. This collective identity allows individuals within a state to identify themselves with a greater being, the nation, that transcends time. This feeling of a larger existence allows the individual to find meaning and dedicate oneself to the needs of the collective. Accompanying the collective identity is the multitude of memories that the group carries with it. Eric Langenbacher explains that “the salience of any value or memory can be assessed by the degree of diffusion and internalization among both the more general elite and the masses.”4 Some memories in particular, resonate deeply with both the elite and the masses which instills a deep well of public sentiment, quietly persisting in the background, or capable of begetting latent conflict when sufficiently provoked. The memory’s 3 Wendt, Alexander. ‘‘Collective Identity Formation and the International State,’’ American Political Science Review 88:2 (1994). 384. 4 Warburg, Bettina. “Germany's National Identity, Collective Memory, and Role Abroad“. Langenbacher, Eric and Shain, Yossi. Power and the Past: Collective Memory and International Relations. (Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2010). 54. 3 critical association with the deeply instilled collective identity is what allows it to generate such powerful emotions and actions within the realm of international relations. The importance of memory in international relations is undeniable. Langenbacher elaborates on the two ways through which memory plays a role: Memory clearly matters for international affairs in both a diffuse sense—in terms of the identities and values that the makers of foreign policy bring with them; and in terms of the specific demands, valued or preferred policies, and historical analogies used in making a particular decision.5 For this research, the way that both North and South Korea views the Korean nation, a collective ethnic identity that in many ways transcends political divisions, is the key identity and associated values that may shape the prerogatives of a reunified state. The ways that both states have chosen to construct memories surrounding Mt. Paektu through the frame of both foundation myth and the ethnic nation have instilled deeply held values that are attached to the geographic region. Mt. Paektu thus offers us a critical window into understanding modern Korean nationalism and anticipating the subsequent problems of reunification and national identity. As my research seeks to clarify the Korean views on territorial claims to Mt. Paektu, I heavily utilized the existing literature written by Korean academics on the region. Limited by knowledge of Chinese, I compared these researchers’ interpretations of the texts on historical border negotiations (Andre Schmid, Jong-Seok Lee, Seonmin Kim). Through intensive study of Korean academic research on Chinese policy surrounding the region, I was able to distill the 5 Ibid. 38-39. 4 different ways through which Korean academia views Mt. Paektu and explore the nature of the dispute. In order to accurately depict the way that both North and South Koreans view themselves, it is essential to explore not only how the government represents the Korean nation, but how Korean citizens represent their own interests. Accordingly, my research has analyzed both government and public-initiated actions. Due to the restrictive nature of the North Korean regime, exploring public opinion or public-initiated actions was unfeasible, but I explored the North Korean perspective on Mt. Paektu through government propaganda and various official statements from the Korea Central News Agency. The North Korean political ideology and ethnic nationalism is so deeply inculcated into the public that some measure of internalization can be assumed. For the South Korean
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leonetti-Geo3.Pdf
    GEO 3 Il Mondo: i paesaggi, la popolazione e l'economia 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 2 Geo 3: Il Mondo I paesaggi, la popolazione, l’economia Per la Scuola Secondaria di Primo Grado a cura di Elisabetta Leonetti Coordinamento editoriale: Antonio Bernardo Ricerca iconografica: Cristina Capone Cartine tematiche: Studio Aguilar Copertina Ginger Lab - www.gingerlab.it Settembre 2013 ISBN 9788896354513 Progetto Educationalab Mobility IT srl Questo libro è rilasciato con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA Attribuzione – Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode Alcuni testi di questo libro sono in parte tratti da Wikipedia Versione del 11/11/2013 Modificato da [email protected] – 23/9/15 INDICE GEO 3 Glossario Mappe-Carte AulaVirtuale 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 3 Presentazione Questo ebook fa parte di una collana di ebook con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA per la scuola. Il titolo Geo C3 vuole indicare che il progetto è stato realizzato in modalità Collaborativa e con licenza Creative Commons, da cui le tre “C” del titolo. Non vuole essere un trattato completo sull’argomento ma una sintesi sulla quale l’insegnante può basare la lezione, indicando poi testi e altre fonti per gli approfondimenti. Lo studente può consultarlo come riferimento essenziale da cui partire per approfondire. In sostanza, l’idea è stata quella di indicare il nocciolo essenziale della disciplina, nocciolo largamente condiviso dagli insegnanti. La licenza Creative Commons, con la quale viene rilasciato, permette non solo di fruire liberamente l’ebook ma anche di modificarlo e personalizzarlo secondo le esigenze dell’insegnante e della classe.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparing for the Possibility of a North Korean Collapse
    CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that EDUCATION AND THE ARTS helps improve policy and decisionmaking through ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT research and analysis. HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from INFRASTRUCTURE AND www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND TRANSPORTATION Corporation. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND Purchase this document TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Browse Reports & Bookstore Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Security Research Division View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for re- search quality and objectivity. Preparing for the Possibility of a North Korean Collapse Bruce W. Bennett C O R P O R A T I O N NATIONAL SECURITY RESEARCH DIVISION Preparing for the Possibility of a North Korean Collapse Bruce W.
    [Show full text]
  • People for Profit: North Korean Forced Labour on a Global Scale Edited by Remco E
    PEOPLE FOR PROFIT People for Profit North Korean Forced Labour on a Global Scale Edited by Remco E. Breuker & Imke B.L.H. van Gardingen Contributors Jan Blinka Britt C.H. Blom Marte C.H. Boonen Klara Boonstra Rosa Brandse Remco E. Breuker Imke B.L.H. van Gardingen Larissa van den Herik Tycho A. van der Hoog Marieke P. Meurs Cedric Ryngaert Shannon R. Stewart Anoma P. van der Veere This is an open source publication by LeidenAsiaCentre. Copyright © 2018 (authors). People for Profit: North Korean Forced Labour on a Global Scale Edited by Remco E. Breuker and Imke B.L.H. van Gardingen ISBN 978-90-826167-1-2 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-826167-3-6 (e-book) LeidenAsiaCentre is an independent research centre affiliated with Leiden University and made possible by a grant from the Vaes Elias Fund. The centre focuses on academic research with direct application to society. All research projects are conducted in close cooperation with a wide variety of partners from Dutch society. More information can be found on our website: www.leidenasiacentre.nl For contact or orders: [email protected] M. de Vrieshof 3, 2311 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands Book design: A.P. van der Veere Contents Contributors IX Acknowledgements XII Introduction Remco E. Breuker and Imke B.L.H. van Gardingen 1 Chapter I Setting the Background: Labour Conditions in the DPRK Remco E. Breuker 6 Chapter II Accountability for DPRK Workers in the Value Chain: The Case of Partner Shipyard, a Polish Shipbuilder and its Dutch Partners Imke B.L.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Thousands of Feet on the Ground Are a Challenge in Changbai Mountain, China by Leah Eskelin
    Refuge Notebook • Vol. 16, No. 41 • October 24, 2014 Thousands of feet on the ground are a challenge in Changbai Mountain, China by Leah Eskelin tional Nature Reserve, with a focus on wildland fire management and visitor services in protected areas. Changbai Mountain straddles the China-North Korea border and has been held in almost sacred es- teem by both nations for centuries. It is this adula- tion that has protected the landscape from develop- ment over the years, until it became officially pro- tected within a 200,000 hectare reserve in 1960. How- ever, now, with a growing middle class and increas- ingly easy tourist travel to the region (the Changbais- han airport opened in 2008), human pressures on the area’s natural resources are mounting. Illegal hunting, plant and mushroom gathering, and the simple recre- ational activities of law-abiding visitors are all taking their toll on the land. Lake Tianchi, the awe-inspiring crater lake atop Mount Baekdu, can be viewed from two vantage points. We visited the North Approach on a Saturday, along with 10,000 other visitors. The experience is in- tense. First, in a vehicle driven by Changbai Moun- tain staff, you travel up the mountain from the forest of yew, Korean pine and birch at the base through 30 hairpin turns onto the tundra, and finally to the sum- mit of gray rock. At an elevation of 6,257 feet, there The North Approach to Lake Tianchi sees over 10,000 vis- is a chill to the air that solicits rental parkas in the itors on weekend days (credit: Matt Conner/USFWS).
    [Show full text]
  • China on Asia's Mind
    BRIEF POLICY CHINA ON ASIA’S MIND François Godement SUMMARY Talk of an “Asian century” is increasingly overshadowed by This brief is based on a study trip to Tokyo in speculation about the prospect or risk of a “Chinese century”. June 2014, during which a group of ECFR’s China, India, Indonesia, and Japan will make up half of the Council members met with a wide and world’s GDP by 2030. The continent is becoming the global distinguished group of interlocutors from Japan, South Korea, and elsewhere in Asia, price maker for oil, iron ore, copper, and aluminium – China and discussed how they see the future of the and South Korea alone make up 67 percent of the world’s continent and its implications for Europe. iron ore consumption. Speculative bubbles from China’s What had often been predicted to be an “Asian currency reserves and runaway lending now drive global century” is turning out to be one in which property markets and their excesses. China has amassed China is foremost in Asia’s mind. Tensions in $4.5 trillion of currency reserves – an amount that seems East Asia are becoming the new normal and immense until one compares it with the estimated cost of it is increasingly clear that trade does not Korean reunification – estimated at around $5 to 6 trillion.1 guarantee peace and stability. Europe can Its defence budget, which is becoming four times as large neither take Asia’s stability for granted nor every 10 years, looks set to approach America’s by 2030. afford to be complacent about Asian security.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sunshine Policy Na Coreia Do Sul O Impacto Da Política De Unificação De Moon Jae in E Os Jogos Olímpicos De Pyeongchang (2017 – 2018)
    A SUNSHINE POLICY NA COREIA DO SUL O IMPACTO DA POLÍTICA DE UNIFICAÇÃO DE MOON JAE IN E OS JOGOS OLÍMPICOS DE PYEONGCHANG (2017 – 2018) Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Católica Portuguesa para obtenção do grau de mestre em Estudos Asiáticos Por Bárbara Margarida Antunes Marques Faculdade de Ciências Humanas Novembro, 2020 A SUNSHINE POLICY NA COREIA DO SUL O IMPACTO DA POLÍTICA DE UNIFICAÇÃO DE MOON JAE IN E OS JOGOS OLÍMPICOS DE PYEONGCHANG (2017 – 2018) Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Católica Portuguesa para obtenção do grau de mestre em Estudos Asiáticos Por Bárbara Margarida Antunes Marques Faculdade de Ciências Humanas Sob orientação de Prof. Doutor Jorge Santos Alves Co-orientado por Prof. Doutor Luís Mah Novembro, 2020 2 Resumo A Sunshine Policy é uma das políticas de unificação sul-coreanas que desde há 22 anos, com o apoio dos instrumentos de soft power no desporto, tenta promover o desejo de unificação nacional com base na identidade étnica da lenda Hongik Ingan. Nesta dissertação analisamos, a partir da presidência de Moon Jae In (2017 – presente), como é que foi expressa a sua política de unificação nacional, ao recorrer à construção de possibilidades de unificação em dois momentos dos Jogos Olímpicos de PyeongChang: 1) a cerimónia de inauguração dos Jogos; 2) a equipa feminina de hóquei no gelo constituída por atletas da Coreia do Norte e da Coreia do Sul. Na Coreia do Sul, a vontade de unificar a Península Coreana tem vindo a alterar-se nos últimos 10 anos, principalmente nas gerações mais jovens. De acordo com os dados quantificados pelo Korea Institute for National Unification em 2017, 57.8% dos inquiridos responderam que apoiava a unificação da Península Coreana (Lee, 2019c).
    [Show full text]
  • A PARTNER for CHANGE the Asia Foundation in Korea 1954-2017 a PARTNER Characterizing 60 Years of Continuous Operations of Any Organization Is an Ambitious Task
    SIX DECADES OF THE ASIA FOUNDATION IN KOREA SIX DECADES OF THE ASIA FOUNDATION A PARTNER FOR CHANGE A PARTNER The AsiA Foundation in Korea 1954-2017 A PARTNER Characterizing 60 years of continuous operations of any organization is an ambitious task. Attempting to do so in a nation that has witnessed fundamental and dynamic change is even more challenging. The Asia Foundation is unique among FOR foreign private organizations in Korea in that it has maintained a presence here for more than 60 years, and, throughout, has responded to the tumultuous and vibrant times by adapting to Korea’s own transformation. The achievement of this balance, CHANGE adapting to changing needs and assisting in the preservation of Korean identity while simultaneously responding to regional and global trends, has made The Asia Foundation’s work in SIX DECADES of Korea singular. The AsiA Foundation David Steinberg, Korea Representative 1963-68, 1994-98 in Korea www.asiafoundation.org 서적-표지.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:42 서적152X225-2.indd 4 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 2 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 A PARTNER FOR CHANGE Six Decades of The Asia Foundation in Korea 1954–2017 Written by Cho Tong-jae Park Tae-jin Edward Reed Edited by Meredith Sumpter John Rieger © 2017 by The Asia Foundation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission by The Asia Foundation. 서적152X225-2.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 2 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei
    2017 3rd International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-444-8 Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei-Wei LI College of International Exchange, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China [email protected] Keywords: Beijing Mandarin Area, Early History, Ethnic Fusion, Language Contact. Abstract. Beijing Mandarin is more than a thousand year ago Yan Yan dialect, based on the integration of the Central Plains Han and northern ethnic minority language components gradually formed. Beijing Mandarin before the formal formation of a long period of gestation, revealing the Sui and Tang dynasties before the formation of the Beijing Mandarin area early human history, for the understanding of Beijing Mandarin language situation is very important. Introduction In this article, "Beijing Mandarin area" means including Beijing urban and suburban county, Hebei Chengde area, much of the northeast in addition to Liaodong peninsula, and parts of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, the general area (Lin Tao, 1987; Zhang Shifang, 2010). "From the northeast to Beijing, in history, there are two common characteristics: one is the ethnic group for a long time, and second, the population flow, this kind of situation lasted nearly one thousand years, the development of northeast dialect and Beijing dialect is extremely far-reaching influence."[1] Beijing dialect and northeast dialect in one thousand to influence each other, eventually forming a Beijing mandarin, including large areas of the northeast and Beijing area. The formation of Beijing mandarin has experienced a long historical process, is more than one thousand years ago YouYan dialect, on the basis of constantly fusion of han nationality and composition of gradually formed in the northern minority languages.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy
    North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy Larry A. Niksch Specialist in Asian Affairs January 5, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33590 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy Summary Since August 2003, negotiations over North Korea’s nuclear weapons programs have involved six governments: the United States, North Korea, China, South Korea, Japan, and Russia. Since the talks began, North Korea has operated nuclear facilities at Yongbyon and apparently has produced weapons-grade plutonium estimated as sufficient for five to eight atomic weapons. North Korea tested a plutonium nuclear device in October 2006 and apparently a second device in May 2009. North Korea admitted in June 2009 that it has a program to enrich uranium; the United States had cited evidence of such a program since 2002. There also is substantial information that North Korea has engaged in collaborative programs with Iran and Syria aimed at producing nuclear weapons. On May 25, 2009, North Korea announced that it had conducted a second nuclear test. On April 14, 2009, North Korea terminated its participation in six party talks and said it would not be bound by agreements between it and the Bush Administration, ratified by the six parties, which would have disabled the Yongbyon facilities. North Korea also announced that it would reverse the ongoing disablement process under these agreements and restart the Yongbyon nuclear facilities. Three developments
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism and Ethnic Identity in the Sino-Korean Border Region of Yanbian, 1945–1950
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by White Rose Research Online promoting access to White Rose research papers Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76459/ Paper: Cathcart, AJ (2010) Nationalism and Ethnic Identity in the Sino-Korean Border Region of Yanbian, 1945–1950. Korean Studies, 34. 25 - 53 (28). White Rose Research Online [email protected] Nationalism and Ethnic Identity in the Sino-Korean Border Region of Yanbian, 1945–1950 Adam Cathcart This article chronicles the evolution of ethnic politics in the Yanbian region, focus- ing on the Chinese Korean communist leader Chu To˘k-hae during the Chinese civil war and the early Korean War. Chu’s advocacy of Chinese nationality for ethnic Koreans is juxtaposed with his cooperation with North Korea, conflict over North Korean refugees, and examinations of the Yanbian region’s role between the People’s Republic of China and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The ‘‘Resist America and Aid Korea’’ movement provides the most dramatic example of how Chu and ethnic Koreans in Yanbian expressed a uniquely tinged Chinese nationalism while continuing to lend support to North Korea. The article thereby aims to contribute to the regional history of Northeast Asia, add texture to debates on Chinese and Korean nationalism in that region, and reveal new aspects of Chinese Korean agency in the earliest years of Chinese Communist Party control. In the immense outpouring of scholarship that examines the Korean experience from 1945 to 1950, the role of Chinese Koreans, or Choso˘njok, in Yanbian during those years has received relatively little attention.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is Northeast China Report Categories: Market Development Reports Approved By: Roseanne Freese Prepared By: Roseanne Freese
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary - Public Date: 12/30/2016 GAIN Report Number: SH0002 China - Peoples Republic of Post: Shenyang This is Northeast China Report Categories: Market Development Reports Approved By: Roseanne Freese Prepared By: Roseanne Freese Report Highlights: Home to winter sports, ski resorts, and ancient Manchurian towns, Dongbei or Northeastern China is home to 110 million people. With a down-home friendliness resonant of the U.S. Midwest, Dongbei’s denizens are the largest buyer of U.S. soybeans and are China’s largest consumers of beef and lamb. Dongbei companies, processors and distributors are looking for U.S. products. Dongbei importers are seeking consumer-ready products such as red wine, sports beverages, and chocolate. Processors and distributors are looking for U.S. hardwoods, potato starch, and aquatic products. Liaoning Province is also set to open China’s seventh free trade zone in 2018. If selling to Dongbei interests you, read on! General Information: This report provides trends, statistics, and recommendations for selling to Northeast China, a market of 110 million people. 1 This is Northeast China: Come See and Come Sell! Home to winter sports, ski resorts, and ancient Manchurian towns, Dongbei or Northeastern China is home to 110 million people. With a down-home friendliness resonant of the U.S. Midwest, Dongbei’s denizens are the largest buyer of U.S. soybeans and are China’s largest consumers of beef and lamb. Dongbei companies, processors and distributors are looking for U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Manchu Grammar (Gorelova).Pdf
    HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 1 MANCHU GRAMMAR HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 2 HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK SECTION EIGHT CENTRAL ASIA edited by LILIYA M. GORELOVA VOLUME SEVEN MANCHU GRAMMAR HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 3 MANCHU GRAMMAR EDITED BY LILIYA M. GORELOVA BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KÖLN 2002 HdO.Gorelova.7.vw.L 25-04-2002 15:50 Pagina 4 This book is printed on acid-free paper Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Gorelova, Liliya M.: Manchu Grammar / ed. by Liliya M. Gorelova. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2002 (Handbook of oriental studies : Sect.. 8, Central Asia ; 7) ISBN 90–04–12307–5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gorelova, Liliya M. Manchu grammar / Liliya M. Gorelova p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section eight. Central Asia ; vol.7) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004123075 (alk. paper) 1. Manchu language—Grammar. I. Gorelova, Liliya M. II. Handbuch der Orientalis tik. Achte Abteilung, Handbook of Uralic studies ; vol.7 PL473 .M36 2002 494’.1—dc21 2001022205 ISSN 0169-8524 ISBN 90 04 12307 5 © Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by E.J. Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]