- -- If m'dt: l (3) (air~u~rn~m ucam) 0 Cagtr or otrttrrmr raom PI0 - 1 fu der.1op rbe caprciclea of &. Atrbubu District Council md it supporting 7 ~y8craat local, ra#ional and national institutions to sffactively invulva the blrcrice'r populrciun In thm planning, mlugaaent, Fmplrmntation md rvrlust!un ot m Lntrgrrcrd rural drvrlopnt program diractrd towards rehlrvlag the diatri ct'r grovth, amployat md rquitq objrctlvrr. I, 1

-- w rtr lab - 4u.1 at P um (~TAVV/~J~1 Dirxrict Planing and Rural Davalopment Projact Project 6414073

PRO Tabla of Contantr

1. Priority and Relevanca 1

- Problems of Bringing Davalopmmtal changa to Rural Charm 4. - Tha New Local Covemaant Set-up 6 - Initial Steps Towards Project Davalopmtat 9 2. Project' Description 13 - Davelopiag a Planning Capacity 16 - Increasing Agriculturrl Production 21 - Introducing Alternative Income-Canerating hctivitias - .Economic and Social Infra6tructure Davalopmmt 27 - lon-Formal Education and Local Orgmizatioml Development 30 - Infornution System Developamnt 32

- DIPEtXJD and the Rural Devalopmont R~IOUIC~Support System 37

3. AID and Other R.lavant Experience 38 - Procars Approach to Project Davalo~aat 38 - Dweloping tha Plmnfng, fPlplsmmttatfon and Evaluation Capacity of Local Inrtitutions 40 7. PLarnci.1 Plan - Dumicct Devalopment and Exparhentation Pund 8- anpzamlultation PS 9. .Rojact Davalopmmat Schedule

Attachment Orm: Rrliminarg Logical Frzmrvork Atcachmnt Two: Rojact Natworking

Attachmnt Three: Rofile of Atebubu District

Attachment Four: Rsliminarg Ecoaomic Analysis

Attachment Five: Apptovad PID

Atta- Six: COG Contribution to Phase I Diatrict Pl~aningad Rut.1 Ihveloputt Project

PEP for Project dt641-11-190-0073

1. Rriotitp and Relavanca OP.IP! ew

The purpose of this project is to dmlop the capacities of the Atebubu District Council and its supporting system of local, regional and rational institutions to effectivaly involve tha district's population in the planning, mmogemarrt, implaneatation and evalwtion of an integrated nual davelopmurt program diractad toward; achieving the district's growth, employment md equity objactives, This will be accomplishad through a process of project design and implementation which builds upon tha &sting produp tion and social systems within the district, Based on tha trPowledga gained from an ongoing dialogue with tha local population, the projact will identify, develop and teat the effectivenesr of idua which will help improve tha social and economic well-being of people living in Atabubu District, and which may ba repliable in other parts of rural Cham. Bg imlving tha district's population in 'the planning md implementation procasrer, the project seska to bring about tht babvioral changes and resource comPitwnts required to muimiza benefits md to make the davelopmrot effort self-~ustaining,

The project supp~rtsthrecent -- changes in the Cove-t of

Ghana's (COG) rural develo~mentstrategy and the inrtitutio~l arrqemntr In support of tht stratrgy. The guidelines to the new uatiorul devalopment plan (1975-79) highlights the wed for promo, that raise the rtandard of li- of the rural poor. The rural poor are generally defined ar mall fanuerr.cultivating on 10 acres or lerr, and the aon-farm poor of Prhich a large herare der and unemplyed middle rchool lunrs. It is argued in the new dmlopmurt plan that a strategy of raising employment opportunities,

real per capita incomes and the quality of life in nu61 area8 will reduce 'the drift of ths rural populatiou to urban centers and will strengthen the interlinkages between the rural aad urban sectors,

These processes are now recognized as important preconditions for the attainment of national developmrnt objectives. Tc implement this strategy, the GOG has recently made change8 in its local govement system. Because of dissatisfaction with

past gwerxmat performance (national and local) in the rural area8 combined with the recognition of the need to bring devalopmgat decisionmaking closer to the local population, the gwemnt hru adopted a program to decentralize and streamline its administrative machine-7. The prima- innovation in the new local govermmnt

system has been the creation of district- councils. Supported by a system of local couucils and dwelopmurt cosritteer and by finan-

cial and technical support from regional .ad national yencier, the dirtrict councfls have the rerpoasibility for pl- and Implementing a comprehensive dmlopmnt pmgro~that brinlr the rural population into the growth process. By gradually devolving ptmr .ad rasourcas (i.e. initially sola rating authority in the district d latrr control war central govanmat funding) to diatrict councils, it is anticipatad that: they will davelop tha capacity to initiata davalopmant activitias tailored to the specific naeds and potantlala of axeas within &air districts. Tha current rural davalopnun!: strategy of tha COG is cmistent with the naeds identified in USAID's Ghana ~uricul&ral Sector Assessment and with AID'S broad policy objactives. Indaad USAID has systematically designed a series of intar-related projects (e.g. in agriculture, health and family plahniug, management training, non-formal education and intermediate technoiogy) to support the COCts desira to help the rural poor. Morewer, + will be seec below in the Project Description, the GOG's mova towards decentralization- (in particular, investing resporrsibilify in the Disnict Councils for cwpraheruive development plaaning.md impla- mantation) provides a uniqua opportunity for USAID to asrist COG to intagrate the inputs AU~knowledge gainad from thrra projacts with Gharulau resources and haow how h support of tha dmlopmant of a specific geographic area--the Atebubu Dirtrict. Tha lasronr from this experimental project will halp USAID .od thr COG to determine the development approach, tha tppas (and dhatiopr) of activities AU~level of rarources requirrd to bring drvalo-t.1 change to rsal Ghana. Problem of Brinniau Drvelomentrl Channr to Rural Ghana Theta are savrral intrr-relatrd probla~ufactng the auccrrrful implamentatioa of tha COG'S now rural davrlopment rtratrgy for which this projrct dl1 rrrk aolutiona, First, part gave-t offortr have coacrntrated on the provision of aocial amnitlea and on the initla#.oer of hraPily-subridizrd, capital intenaivo rchenus to Lmprow aggregate agticultural production (rag. state farm, block fama, farm settlements) that have benefited and imlved only a

mull portion of thr farm population. These prograrnr have created high upectatiom among the rural population about *&at the govern- ment should do for than. With this new strategy, the government wish.; to break this growing dependrncy relatiunship and to drvelop

thr capabilities of local people to solve their om problems, Loal and ~trtionalofficials recogniza that the strzting point is to find ways to raise the incomes and production of large nders of rural Fnhabitants, Howwar, thara is little experiancr on the

mathods for accomplishing this.

The procers for increasing agricultural production is espr- cially complicated bacaurr farming systaua, rven within a distzict, vary conaiderablp, FaTming ayst- differ not only bocatue of 'the

natural and phyaical erroirolrmant but also brcaurr at traditions and customs that rrgulate the uae, distribution and conrrroation

of agricultural resources. Very littlr is known in Ghana about mull farm ay?tans--thr rrasoar for axistin# practfcer, mll funrr parcaptions of the risk of adopting new practices and tha precwdi- tiom, necasaary fir encouraging farmrrs to nuke tha b~hroloral changes' oicassuy to imprwa tbair production and incanas. Th. activitier (and aequanca of activities) for encouraging thaaa chmgu mrrt be tailored to the rpacific neada, conrtr.inta and potentials of local araar--idantifiad ia large patt through conti- nual commmication with mall farplars in aach area. From this dialoyi, the cmapoucnt parts of au integrated system for iacrusiq production can ba identified; this tppe of planning and the impla- mentation of the system can 0017 be dona on a decautralited basis within a specific geographic area.

...&.other problem is to develop local self-help capabilitirs in support of the dsvalopmaut of economic and social infrastnrctura as well as for carrplng out income-generating activities. There is a . . strong history of self-help endeavors in many parts of rural Ghana, but there haa been little success ia davaloplng viable local organi-

zations which have the financial and technical capabilities to

contribdte to davelopmant. Tharr is a naad to exparbent with new approrches to local orgaaimatioual development, particularly in those areas where there are high disparities in land holdings and

income, A major purpose of this project is to creata a gruup action capabilitp so as to reduce those dirparitier. The flow of labor from the rural uur to urborr cautars is a

major problem area. M.uay young Ghanaians, aduc8t.d in the nu81 ueo,

have expectatio~of urban Job#, ralariaa and lifa-awl-. Thq migrate to urban centers and -st a conaiderablr 1-h af tima in unampl~mtto tranrlatr thaas axpactations into reali.fp.

Opporhlnitirr for mral employmrrrt are limited dur to thr mull nmb& ?f [email protected] firma, tha lack of activity and arrrrLcrr Lo markat towns, and the -11 number of agricultural prop- arrvbg the fum codty. In addition to creating rural smploy- nrrnt opportunities, thrra is a nred to dirrctly link training prlogr.sa for rural youth vFth thesr opportunitira--a linluga uhich ha8 bean quite waak in past Ghanaim ma1 educational programs.

lhy of the obstacles to increasing production and inco~uare beyond the capabilities of local coomunities to overcome. Whilr a primary gwentment objective is to build self-reliance in rural

Ghao., there ara crltical constraints to,developmmt that raquiro major inputs of reaources. The problem becomes our of that mix, sequence and level of gwaramnt activitias (e,g. iafrmtructura development, social service provision, support to incum geamra- ting activities) uec~ssaryto speed tha development of an arra and encourage thr rural population to invest its resourcra in develcpmental change. Solving this problem requrea a strong cap&- city for planning, axpe~tationrad rvaluation--the.d.alomt of this capacity is also a purpose of this project. The New Local Cmammrnt Set-Up

To implement its rural drvelopmut atratrgy, the COG Faitiatrd a process of local gwernmrnt rrform in 1974. Thr avin chuactrrir- tics of the new syatam ara the decmttalization of functiow of linr ministries to the regional iad district lmlr, tho dmlutioo of broadrr authoritirs to thr ragiotul and district lrttrls, aad thr creation of viablr, intagratad units of local gwrrmmt ad addair-

*8ti0n at the district lrvml. Undrr tho nw qstom, thr Mrmct

Counc&lr havr thr raspoaribility for the plwdng, -1-tation md evalrutioa of aa intagratad devrlo-t program to ~01~8problm such u thorr drscribrd abwr. Brimfly, thr major cooporrrnta of thr 1 uo .S f01l-i

Ragiuual Councils (to br formd in 1977) will consist of rrprrsartativrs of thr Mrtrict Councilr and hglorul bdr of tha liar mlnistrirr; It will br chalrd by thr Ragiml Conadrmioarr. Thr Council will br rrspooriblr for dm- lopant plurniag and progrlmePiug in racb ngloa, including thr suprrrrisiora and coordiwtion of the uork of thr District Guncils and thr division of rrsourcrr among dirtricts.

District Councils will br mrdr up of govrmt appointram frum thr local arra (ta-thirds) ad traditiocul rrprrsrn- trtivas (our-third); it is chaired by the District Chirf Exrcutiva vho ir amnod by the Hinirtry of Local Con-t. bad. of linr ministrirr rt thr dirtrict levrl form thr Mstrict Planniug Mttrr and arr u-officio drrrof thr Couacil. Ihr Councilr arr basic units of administra- tioa at the local lmrl, and arr ehr solr tuiq ruthori- tier brlov thr mtiorul levrl. Thr Mstrict Councils hwr pmqrrsponsibility for thr drvrloparrat of thrir rrur and will mutually control -st crntrrl gwrrnwut prrsonnrl .ad rrsourcrr channrlrd into chair rrru.

Arm, Wcipal, Urban and Local Councils wlll cmsirt of rrprasmtativrs of local leva1 dmlopout corittrrs. Xu a drparturr from past prrcticrr, thv wlll mot hm rstiw pmrs aud vill br primarily connrltatiw group* to thr District Couacils. Thr Local Councils (which srmr thm mral arras) will ba rrsponsiblr for lrrgrr projrcts rrhich srmr a ndrr of vfllagrs (i.8. rrrponriblr in trrr of -coordination md mobilizint comwmo 1 labor). Thr official COG drrcriptioa of thr nrw ryrtr is mtitlod "thr ICIv Local Covrmnt Sat-Up" updatrd ln Jaw- 1971. lor furthrr drtails rod analysis of thr m systr, sea t& 8oaL.1 rd Trchnical Axulyars of Economic d Rural Iknl-t ku8amnt Projrct Paprr, April 1976.

5 the coat affectiveness of project activities givaa the nrpporting seiPices/~yrtamarequired to euable project berufita to ba sustained wcr thm. Dircuaaiona -re also held vith the Mstrict Chief Executive Officer ao the proposed process of project design and implrmurtation, including the specific activities that might be carriad our during the year' prior to the tom1 initiation' of the project if fuudlng is approved by AID/Uaahingtoa. Of special concern to the Mstrict Chief Execytive Officer was the assignment of a Development Pladng

Advisor to the District. to iksist in the preparation of the first district plau and an integrated district budget for Chamion fiscal year 1977-78 beginning in July 1977, A descriptiw of Atobubu

District may be found in Attachment Threa, 2. Pro tact Descriotion:

Tha goal of this project is to improve tha acondc ad social well-baing of rural ChOO.iaaa in a way that becomas ;elf-sustafnirrg.

Achieving this 80.1 raquirar an atpading investment in devalopmurt by tha nrral.population that will only ba forthcoming if they are

involved ia devalopmnt dacision-making and if they see tangible

evidence of banafits from their involvement. This project will seek ways to encourage this involveamat and resource commitment through

experimentation in Atebubu District. Further theeproject will seek ,

to determine what approach, saquence and combination of activftias

and resources are necessary to overcome the obstacles to increased

growth, employment and equitp within the District.

The starting point for the design of this project is a candid

re~ognition'b~GOG offfcials and USAID that solutions to the

problems of bringing about developmental change in rural Ghana ue

not at all clear. Such a recognition argurs for a more flexible

approach to project development than is usually carried out by

development agencies. Therefore, the project will initiota a

process of design and implementation which bagins by gaining m

understanding of the production and social systems in different

parts of Atebubu District. With an understding of tha nada,

potentials ond constraints in varfous localitiaa, it will ba

possiblo, in cooperation with the local population, to plm rad

implement a davelopment effort which gmaratas .n ongoing local

resourca cemmitmmt. By implementing the process through the District Council and its supporting institutions, tha project will develop the capacities of there institutions to affrctively involve the district's. populatfan

'- tion of development activities. mere are three main unk-a which will affect the succrsa of this project, two of which ralate to the Uk's wveannt towards decentralization (described below):

L. whether the District Council and its system of Village Development Comaittees represent and can

mobilizr the local population, especially skce

Plcmberships are appointed;

2.. whather the District Council will actually have

the power to tap and control resources from the

regional and national levels in support of its

development effort.

The third 'buknoun'' is whether USAm can provide the flexibility

and the upfront project development funds to support an evolving,

experimental program which encomparqes a philosophy of "learn by

doing". The project will be tasting uhethar theae conditions for

success can be mat, and if not, will reek alternative approaches. -- Using this experimental procaas, the project will identify,

develop ad test the effectiveness and replicabilitp of:

1. amthods for identifying the potential8 for and the critical obstacles to district developmmtal

change ; 2. mrfhods for improving the planning'and managemant

capabilities of District Council and its supporting

institutions;

3. aa integrated system for increasing the production uul incows of small faramrs within the district;

4. alterrutf ve . income-gmeratiug activities that

increase nrral employment opportunities;

5. methods for creating local salf-help capabilities

in the devalopmmt of economic and eventual social

6. approaches to non-formal education and local orgnnizational development uhich will support

agricultural production and alternative income

generating activities as wall as infrastructure

development; and

7. a low-cost easily managed information systam that allows a District Council and other decision-amkers

to monitor, avolute and correct the individual .ad

combined effects of the various rural development

activities.

Uhile the ppecific project results will varg with coaditionr in different localities, the broad intent of this project ir to develop mathods and activities which can be undertaken by

Ghanaian staff when USAID resources ara withdrawn to forter maitnun replication throughout Atebubu District .nd ia other Districts. This experimentation will provide a strong foundation on which to provide future rural sactor assistm.=c.

As was described above, the process of project devalopwnt has bean sat in nutian, with considarablr interaction omong Ghanaian

district, regional and national officials, academic und USAID staff

to develop the philosophy and approach of this project. In the

following sections, the various components in support of this

procasswill be described. J Activities and inputs are discussed

in terms of the pro-implementation (first year) and implementation

(three year life of the project) stages. The timing and phasing.of

these inputs may be found in the Implementation Plan Section of this

PRP.

develop in^ a Planning Capacity

The main aim of this project is to develop the planning

capacities of institutions within the decentralized local government

'system. Currently, in Atebubu District, this capacity is in its

embryonic stages. The District Council has direct contr.01 over a

budget of about $300,000 which it allocates for differant

administrative and development activities. Undar tha new system,

the council will have responsibility for planning and usa of the

resources from line ministries. ,Howaver, the lave1 of there

rasources ia not known and cannot ba projectad bacaure ertimates

of past resource comitments are not availablr. Thara ir

coordination among variour district agencies, but,progrma at tha district level auinly reflect created decisions and as yet no attempt has bean made to define development goals and to bagin the process of identifying and integrating activities that will contribute to the successful realization of these goals.

The District Chief Executive Officer reco8nizes t\e need for assistance and has requested (and made administrative arrangements for) a Development Planning Advisor. The assignment of such an advisor will be the first step in the pre-implemeritation phase of this project. The initial work of the Development planning Advisor and the District Council will concentrate on the corpmunication of the project's objectives to all levels of the District and at the same time, on the collection and analysis of the data needed for planniw development activities tailored to local needs. Using a stratified sample of villages (based on economic production potential and access to growth centers), district officials and the

Development Advisor will conduct a preliminary investigation of the various production and social systems within the District.

The investigation will begin with discussions involving key local authorities and members of Local Councils and Village

Development Conmittees about the project's objectives and the criteria for project support of local activities. This initial interaction will be a delicate undertaking due to tha high expectations of rural people about government assistance; thara will be a need to adjust these expactation8 in lina with ways in which people are milling to help themselves. Yith the asaistancq of a Ghanaian renearch organization, more detailed (though rapidly prepared) .profilea will be developed of:

1.. the local production systems, to determine current

production environrmnt and practices and the ayjor

opportunities for' and obstacles to improved

production such as the state of applied research,

the adequacy of extension asnistance, the adequacy

of the systems for delivering agricultural supplies,

credit and marketing assistance, and access to water

'and roads. Special attention will be directed

towards identifying those marginal improvements that

are imaediately within the capabilities of small

farmers and those constraints that require major

external support to oit ercome ;

2. The local social system, to determine the moat

effective methods of intervention so that the

benefits of the development activities reach tha

majority of farmers. This part of the inveatiga-

tim will focus on decision-ding pattaran to 6..

how new ideas should be introduced, diffurion

patterns of local cooperation/organiz.tfon to

identify ways in which self-help crpabi1iti.r cm

be upanded, and on the rocio-cultural buriarr to

8-11 farmars receiving the benefits to idontie th8

need for special aarrures to inrura thia occurs. _These _ _ __ ttto or three-- wnth investigations will-indicate-@-at special studies should be ca-rried o-~t-~Preliminary visits to the

District have already identif !ad two 8f8feas-for-detailed _ -____ stud_^^- at@---

actiop--feeder.. . road improvement and the develo~pment. - of low-cost

improved water system. The rpecial studies and data from the ------. --- -- preliminary village data collection effort will provide tha basis

for-- plening (including the preparation of the PP) . Another initial step will be for the District Council ad

Development Planning Advisor to assam the financial and persorinal

resources of the district, including 'those which are available

from the regional and national levels. This will allow an identifica-

tion of what external resources are absolutely essential to ovetcme

the major constraints to development. It will also create the

information needed for establishing a monitoring systam to track

inputs from various agencies (including USAID) in support of the

developnent effort.

Prior to the formal initiation of the project, the Development

Planning Advisor will help the District and local councils and

committees initiate and structure activitias (identified in the

preliminary investigation) that can be carried out with local

resources. Before the infusion of external resources,

experimentation will taka place, primarily with activitias to

increase production or overcome key constraints (e.g., farm-to-

market road improvemnt) that are within tho cutrant capabilitiar

of local people and district govemmmt. Through thara activitiaa, 20 pthods will ba developed for af fectively involving the paopla in ka~lanni nglimple-tation procesd Alao, they will help

establish the philosophy and approach of the project and produca

the initial tangible results that are necessary for continued local

aupport of future undertakings.

Overall, the Developmant Planning Advisor will help the

District Council and government agencies to develop a five year

developmmt plan, improve their plauning methods, develop procedures

for sound financial msnagement, design experimental activities and

procedures for replicating those that are most.successfu1, and

create an information system which is within the capacity of the

district governmant for monitoring and evaluating the developmaat

effort (see discussion of information system below). A primary focus in these efforts will be the creation of methods and

mechanisms for increasing local participation so that davelopmant

activities are planned, implemented and modified in a way that

expands the resource comdtment of the rural population,

The work of the Development Planning Advisor will be

reinforced by the training provided to the District Council by

the Economic and Rural Development Manageamnt Project currently

awaiting ~ID/Uashington'sapproval of the PP. In turn, tha

methods and knowledge developed by this project from fiald

experimentation will be fed into the training courrar for othar

districts, Assistance in the davalopmrnt of tha ovarall plan for

the district will coma from a Ghanaian institution, probably the Dapartmtnt of Regional Planning at the University of Science md

Technology, Kumasi, as has bern suggrrted by a Brow-Ahafo rrgional

official. Provirion has also bern audr to send dirtrict rad

prfiaps rrgional officials to third countrias to rtuhy rural

drvrlopment efforts similar to this projrct.

Inctrasinn Aaricultural Production

Agricultural devrlopment offers thr greatrat potential in

Atebubu District for improving thr incoaws and wall-bring of itr

rural poor. Consequently, agricultural improvement will be thr

leading edge of this project. As his bmen enpharizad praviourly

and is illustratd in the description of Atebubu District

(Attachment 3), very little is known about small farm system thrrr. i The initial village investigation will identify thr major

'characteristics of the variow production systems in thm district

and the obstacles to improved production within each geographic

area. More broadly, visits to the dirtrict alrrdy indicatr a ret

of inter-related problems plaguing small farmars: . prrsistence of traditional production practicrr, rrrulting in low outputr and incomrr; . lack of knwldga of, accrsr to or ability to pq for agricultural inputs which could laad to

incrrurd yieldr rad incoam;

drnwlop altaruativr incoma-genarating activitier. The Tachnology Conmu: tancy Crntrr; University of Scirnce and fechnolow, ~umari bar bran davr loping tachnologies for small enterprises ; other agrncirr In Ghana and other countries have also been experimenting with am11 rntrrpriar development. Ging- a combination of -- .. - - trchnical support from Ghanaian institutions, private voluntary agancias and short-term consultants, this project will seek to identify and develop, in collaboration with local councils aad comaitteas, different income-producing activities. Special attention w ill ba dlrrcted tovards finding time saving/income-generating activities for uomen.

A8 vith a11 activities under this project, the first step will br to discuss various possibilities with the Village Development ------.___--- Coamittees and Local Councils. Experience in rural Ghana shows that villrge Broups and individual entrepreneurs within the villages have drfinlte ideas about potential activities. Possibilities range= primary agricultural processing enterprises (e.g. peanut shellers, - -- --A aillr) to artisan operations (e.8. plow ding and repair, masonry, carpentry). Also in the Volta Region for axample, conswwr oarociatiens and small village stores that provi.de basic neceasitier hove not only proven profitable but also have developd the filuncial barr tor initiating other incoma-generating activitias ruch aa hog mdpoultry raising ventures. In Atebubu District, thera is the nard to modrmita tha fiahing industry on Lake Volta. Technical, econanic and social soundness assessments of the

Options suggasted by the Lecal Councils and Village Develepent Corn- attees will be done by the district government, supported by USAID technical advisors and Ghanaian institutions such as the Technology

Conrultancy Center. The District authorities will assist 6nd encourage entrepreneurs to make contact with public and private agencies to obtain needed technical and managerial assistance as well as financial support fran loan funds provided under this project. These efforts will be supplemented by resources fran other USAID projects. A primary sburce of support will be the Farmer Association and Agri- business Developent Project (FAAD) which is designed to assist . - nctivi-ties (e.g ., enterprise and farmer group developnent) carried out by U.S. and Ghanaian private voluntary agencies. Technoserve has indicated its interest in extending its activities to Atebubu.

USAID'S Women in Ghanaian Development Project will identify basic needs; the findings fran this work can be applied 'in Atebubu District.

USXD is also developing an Intermediate Technology Project to test and develop technologies appropriate for local enterprises. Economic and Social Infrastructure Development

Atebubu District was chosen in part because the development of . . its economic and social infrastructure has lagged behind other part8 of Brang-Ahafo Region and rural Ghana. Discussions with district officials, local traditional authorities and fanners indicate that . . the poor state of the road network and the lack of potable water represent severe constraints to improved production. (See Descrip- tion of Atebubu District, Infrastructure and Services Section.)

~urtherinvestigation and discussions with local councils and comnittees may uncoykr other major constraints.

The overall strategy of this project is^ to place priority on increasing production and incomes, in anticipation that the local population will reinvest its resources in the creation of the needed social and economic infrastructure. While this would be the ideal situation, there are immediate needs that are boyond the capabilities of the local population to support and which require certain modifications in this strategy.

During the prs-implemsntation phase, the project will provide short-term consultant assistance to work with district, regional and national officials in developing optionsifor meting critical infrastructure requirements--those which pose bottlmecks to improved production. Certain requirements cut be mat by low-cost improvements,. caqried out by self-help efforts with a lainiara of project and district funds. As local compsunitios idmtify specific needs, they will be encouraged to orgmizo rolf-holp offortr supported during the pre-impleulentation phase by Dfistrict Punds md later by project funds. Initial activities may focus on feeder road

improvement and introduci,ng cisterna for storing rain water (or other elow-cost sanitary &ans for securing water from surface or groundwater sources).

Other infrastructure requirements will be beyond the capabilities of the village though potentially within the capacity of district public works agencies. To develop this capacity, the proje& will provide technical assistance and loan funds for the purchase of equipent and for helping to finance the foreign exchange

Costs of small public works and cdtydevelopment projects. At the advisor will be assigned to the district under this project to . . . . assist district departments and to strengthen their linkages with regional and national agencies. For example, the Ghana Highway

Au&orlty, assisted-by IBRD'and CIDA, has devel-dped hain-&g prP5grams for fi@EZ3riif-f@ehirroad maintenance capabilities of districts. rt wxrr

select three districts in which to test whether this capability can be developed, and Atebubu District is planned to be one of the

test-sites.. The Highway Authority has requested that a trainer/

advisor be placed in the district. In addition to as'sistiq the

Highway Authority, the advisor will provide "hands on" 4 management training to other district public workr agencies ruch

as the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation. A USAID health survq of. the district indicated that the potable water problem could be eased if ranitation officers were trained to fix the axirtiag -8;

also, it suggerts that there mrp be low-coat interim solutionr to 29 the water supply problem which are within the district's capability to implement. To aasiat the district specifically an the critical water aupply problem, the project will also provide support to two

Paace Corps volunteers uho will concentrate on the development and

implementation of low-cost village supply systems. (The Peace Corpa

.has developed expertise in this area through its work in Sahel countries.)

Immediate infrastructure improvements will be financed under the

loan canponent of this project (see below) During the pre-implementa-

tion phase of this project, planning will begin to meet major infra-

structure needs of Atebubu District and other districts within the

ragion. The planning and implementation of loan funded activities

will be phased so as to canplement and not overwhelm the activities

under this project. One concern of this project will be to determine

the most efficacious ways forinvolving local people in the developaent

and financing of infrastructure improvement efforts.

as local f inancial and organizational capabilities improve, it

is anticipated that the rural population will contribute to the development of social services and infrastructura. The project will focus only on those needa which affect productivity.or problcmr

which, if reaolved, will increase the willingaeas of the population

to make 1 commitment to economic devalopmrnt activities. Ona possible area of aaaistance is Fmproved haalth car., and for thir, the project will draw from the lessons and resources of USAID's

Donfa. Rural Health and Family Planning and the ~anagemohtand Delivery of Rural Health Services Projects.

Non-Formal Education and Local Ornanizational Develo~ment

Requirements for assistance in these areas will become clearer as the. project evolves.~ First, as regards to non-formal education, training requirements willbe directly related-.t-ojhhtypes of agricultural production, alternative income-generating and infrastruc- ture development activities initiated by the project. As has been mentioned previously, the current Ghanaian non-formal education programs are rarely linked to employment opportunities in the rural areas. Therefore, the approach of this project will be to concurrently generate employment opportunities and develop relevant training programs. At this time it is only possible to indicate the broad areas of training assistance (in addition to that for the district officials)--the training of para-professional agricultural extension workers; technical training for those to be emloyed by

local enterprises (probably with a concentratipn on developing artisan skills such as blacksmith) ; technical training for thosa eaployed in the infrastructure improvement activities: -and planning and organizational training for the members of the Local Councils and Village Devalopment Codttees. Identifying traIn.nerd_p and developing appropriate programs will be a responsibility of all+ea technicians provided by the project (Developmcut Planning Adviror, tha Production Agronomist, and the- Public Works/Training Advisor). Funds for local training have been provided undar tha project.

Second, as regards local organizational development, this will

be a.main.thrust of the project. Initial concentration will be on

developing capacities of local institutions under the new govammrnt

system to help plan, aunage,!finance, implement and evaluate 'development'

activitiei. If these councils and cornittees cannot affectively

mobilize local resources or do not allow the benefits of the

development effort to reach the poorer elements of a village, then

there will be a need to experiment with alternative local orgaaiza-

I tional arrangements. In addition, there will be organizational

requircments directly related to the agricultural production and

income-generating activities developed in the Distri~t. The

government has experimented with cooperatives and crop associations

with varying degrees of success. Most of the government-promoted

organizations appear to be dominated by large farmers scattered

over a wide geographic area. Because of the disparities in land

holding; and income in Atebubu as well as the strength of the

traditional authority structure, considerable experimentatron may be

qequired to develop effective organizational vehiclas, Gubdi3 this ------___ _ _*- -- mperimentation will be the responsibility of the Davalopnt

PmAdvisor. There may also be poesibilitier for private

voluntary agencies to assist under the FMD Project. Information Svstem Development

The project will create a low-cost, .easily managed information - tr,J,~t5 vse\,l ,do\.- J,~A-,~~I@..,.'3 systa which will halp ~istrictcouncil to pfan and evp.eluate its development effort. Supported by short-term information system experts: and by a Ghanaian research firm, the Development 'planning

Advisor will work with the District Council to establish a system which performs three main functions:

1. monitorins or tracking the inputs (financial,

equipment, supplies) into the District and the

first stage outputs from assistance in agriculture,

local enterprise development, economic and social

infrastructure development, and non-formal education

and local organizational developmant;

2. evaluathq the effects of individual activities and

the combination of activities on rural families and

on overall disttict development; and

3. diaunosing why various activities (or codinations) are successful in different parts of the District.

The project will develop both formal and inforaul data collection ad analysis methods to carry out the above functions.

There are two informal methods that will br employed. First, thrrr will be a regular series of meetings betwrrn District Council ambers

and the villages being assinted. This two-way coclpmunication nyrtm provides an inexpensive and uncomplicatd avenue for inrtant 33 monitoring and evaluation. Second, the District Council will need a troubleshooting capability to look for solutions to current or anticipated problems. Ideally, one or two members of the District

Council staff will be asoigned to conduct special studies of ongoing activities and problem areas. The approach will be to gather information through interviews with local leaders or knowledgeable idformante and to feed this information back to the District Council rapidly so that modifications can be made.

T!IS development of the formal system will be far more complicated and will require considerable experimentation before it functions smoothly. The first step will be to develop the . monitoring component so that the District Chief Executive and the

Council will know what resources are available to the District and how they are being used. Developing this component will require assessmants of the District's accounting system and the reporting systems of the various District agencies, With this analysis, it will be possible to design siaple form and procedures for carzying out the monitoring function.

The data collection requirements for effective evaluation are far more dunanding. Because of the experimental nature of thir project- there will need to be good data on the effect8 of the project on the economic and social well-being of rural farallies and on the overall development of the district, TWO inter-rolatd strategies will be employed, First, in 'collaboration with tho 34

District Council, district development indicators will be identified,

to include area economic indicators (e.g. increares in aggregata

production, sale of farm investmnt items, etc.) and non-incoma

indicators of development (e.g. increase in cooperative undertakings,

increase'in the ability of the rural population to pay for nacearary

local services). During the pre-implementation stage, a baseline

survey will be undertaken and will be pariodically updated to

mearure developmental changes that have occurred in the District.

The second strategy will involve intensive collection (perhaps

through the use of simple farm budgets and journals) on a small,

stratified sample of rural families in the district during the life

of the project. This will provide the "hard" data on projact

results--yields, labor utilization (male ad female), credit

constraints, net income, etc. To capture the extent as well as

the magnitude of the spread effect, easily observable behavior

change indicators will be developed and the necessaxy data collected.

The design of this effort will occur during the pre-implementation

stage and the intensive data collection effort will commence prior

to project initiation.

Analysis of the data collected by both the form81 md informal

methods will allow quantitative and qualitative judgarnts on why

different approaches and activities are working (or are not working)

in various parts of the District. It will ba important that thr data

and anaiysis done by the District Council ba prarentd (in simplified

forms) to the Local Councils and Village Davelopmmt Cdttaaa to help them improvr thair dedsion-ding capacitiaa. Loan Ptmded Activities

This project recognizes several important off-fann constraints

to increases in agricultural production and rural incomes in the short- =, Thesa constraints are lack of investments in:

1. socio-econcrmic 'iafrastntcture such as f eedas roads,

transport, health and potable water supplies;

2. incane-generating activities which support agricultura

in the district, Uples are agricultural processing

and manufactus of inputs and supplies at the intennedlate

technology level such as hand pumps, simple processing

@pent, agricultural tools and implements.

A major problem in overccming these constraints is lack of foreign exchange to procue requisite equipment, materials, supplies and spares.

Therefore, loan funds will be provided under this project to finance foreign exchange required by:

1. small-scale manufacturers, processors and contractors in

tha Atabubu District;

2. pblic institutions representad in the district such as

the Ghana Highway Authority (GELA) and tha Ghana Watu

and Sewerage (GWSC) which, respectively, plan to implanant

feeder road improvement and naral water aupply programs

in the district;

3. village associations, local developmant httaaa and

cooperatives for small public work. and mtydavalop-

nunt projacts (e.g., BMll bridgas, cOllPrmnity storaa,

craft cantars, workshops, etc;). -1 auruircturerr mb fuwr uroctntlor\r wl4 Iuvl

to locrl curtmcy crdltrr In tba tkrr lnruncr trar tit# Wrrmitwrl

Plvelopant Bank Fn At.butnr, tho grwp lusbitq crpabrlrty ot' bhllca

Wld bo strangthmd thmuqh WAS1 and, ln tk* .ocd Irirtutce tram

the District Davaloprant uad hp.rlP.nt&cian FJnJ (re* ikretlodr f,

"Financial Plur " ) .

The Atdubu District Council vlll br rrapr~lb!a tdr t3a i~?~rt~

of loan funded commoditirs. Th. loan vill b. bpla@sntal r#JI ? Lnac)

aimilu to a program lour. Appllcrtiona vlll tw oulmitr&l .la the

District Council whare they vill be r~vfsvdand acremod tor thrtx

consistancy with diatrict plans uad proqrm~s. Approved ~~p~Lcrtt~o

will be foruarded to the Hinirtry of Lconaolc Plutrtlm~m4i USAm tila: further procesning .

Matarialo and equipment aliglble for hrndhq Lncldo plpar, g4iyt~, bitumen and cemant, anvils, forge., punch.. urd v.hlclorr llqht procrarl-

and fann equipment auch u ahallars, thrarhrrr .nd docortleatorar hrrq

equipnent such as gradarr, tractor., Zront and lodrrr, rod mLlara, etc.

Local currency ganarationa rorulthg froa the rala of uterlrl;~ and equipment to local manufactarars, contractor8 and farm &saociatlmr will be allocated to the Atdubu Dirtrict Council. tha gonorrtionr will help fhaw : the District Devalopnant and Eupmrknutlon FUNI proposed under t.b'.s projact (ram Section 7 blow). ha tachnlcal aaristmcs (e.g., non-fornu1 aducation md tra- In prblla mrkr) prwidad undar thir projact to affectivmly mobilize loan fwd4

drvrlopmrnt planning and implamentation in several countriea

(..I. Italy, Thailand, and Nigeria). Its highly suceearful Ubom

Rural Deva lopmant Pro) ect in Nigeria ~r&d-bygabing aZunder- ataudhg of local production and social systems. With thi8 knowledge and the creation of wchanisw to involve the area's population

(40,000 people), the project concantrated on raiaing production .nd incomes which eventually led to village investments in other econodc activities (primarily agro-businesses) and social infrastructure. Another example is the FAO-sponsored Leribe Pilot

Agricultural Developwnt Sche~in Lesotho; the preliminary design of the activities to be carried out in the pre-implementation phase of this project draws upon the excellent work of the FA0 sociologist.

In Ghana, there are agencies which employ the proceaa approach to project development, though without the rigorous experimentation

(proposed in this project) necessary to make future policy and programing decisions. The Gemdevelopment agencies have' incorporated a flexible, "learn by doing"' approach in the Fmplu~enta- tion of their projects; however, their heavy infuaion of resources raises questions as to whether the benefits of thebe development. efforts will become self-sustaining.. On a smaller scale, private voluntary agencies, mainly the Christian Service Committee md the

Ghanaian Rural Reconsttuction Movement, use many of the concepts built into this project in their development work. Davelo~intXthe Planning. Imulementation and Evaluation Cl~acit~of Local Institutions

~evelo~ingthe planning, iupleaantat ion and evaluation capacity , , of local institutions is also an area where USAID and the SUG have had limited experience. Aware of the pitfalls and strengths of decentralization in other countries such as Kenya and Tanzania, the project will test whether this capacity can be developed within the

Ghanaian context. The only comparable AID effort (of which the Hission is knowledgeable) is USAID/KenyaVs assistance to the Ministry of

Finance and Planning in support of its district planning effort. The experience there has provided ideas on what is required to create a low-cost information system which produces useful information for district planning.

4. Beneficiaries

~h=project will benefit all the people of Atebubu.District, though a special attempt will be made to insure that the -poor6= elements of the population receive the major share of&dienefits.

In the long term, moreover, the replication of the project's process approach and of its specific activities will result in a spread of the benefits of the project to &her districts.

Within the overall population of Atebubu District, several specific groups of project beneficiaries can be identified. During the pre-implementation phase and throughout the life of the project, district officials will benefit from the practical experience -.--.-- L. .--- obtained in planning, managing, implem4nting and evaluating an integrated district development program. Aa different- - -- activitias are conceived and organized, local leaders- (members of Local Councils

--and Village - -- Development-.------Cour&tte.-as) will gain similar practical axparience especially-- - - in pl-~_in~...~---i-qle~ntingself-halp --,- . - --._ ._ activities. Since moat of the profst activities will be-- directed at incaasing small farm output and income, direct income benefits

will accrue to small men and women farmers. Qther- beneficiariea~~uill-...... - .- - ...... include school leavers and other non-farm members of the Nral poor --.. .. . - .. . . . __._ ____ . . -.-- - -. - . who will benefit either from non-formal education or rural enterprise development.activities.. -.- .. - .- .- - - - . Getting the benefits of development to these target groups will not be easy. Resistance may be expected from the direct beneficiaries themselves because they will have to make major behavioral changes-- district officials adopting the new planning and management approach, local leaders changing their expectations of what government can do and what they must do for themselves, and small farmers adopting, and making resource commitments to, improved production practices.

Resistance may also come from groups within the district who m~y either perceive the project as inimical to their interests or may attempt to redirect project activities to their own benefit. For example, large and influential farmers who have up to now received the lion's share of benefits from agricultural projects, may atteqt to redirect the project activities toward themselver. Private traders may be expected to oppose the creation of new rources and market opportunities for small farmers since the trader8 have had a

virtual monopoly on both of these activitier. These broad problems are further complicated by the existence I of differing social systems at the local level. Very little is known about these systems and how to interact with them. This is me main reason for the survey work in the pre-implementation phase of this project. Further the project has made several critical assumptions which will be monitored clc~selyduring its implementation: 1. The district's population (particul~tlyvillage comrmnities) will recognize the possibility of improving their standard of living, and will, as a result of their participation in decision-making, cornnit resources in self-help activities to achieve their expectations.

2. The Atebubu Council and its supporting institutions will develop adequate knowledge and relationships with the local people and their'traditional leaders, and will be responsive to involving them in planning

decisions and the implementation of development

activities for the area.

3. The traditional authority structure will not prevent local participation in, and the institutional implementation of, district development activities. 4. The traditional authority structure (and their husbands) will not prevent women from becoming involved in the decision-amking process and in tW saving or incoma-generating activities which will

improve family production, income and nutrition. 5. The traditional (couraunal) land tenure system will not prevent the expansion of land under cultivation nor inveetmtnts in land improvement. In addition to the pre-implementation research and experimentation, the project will mointain an ongoing dialogue with the local population to uncover key social/cultural obstacles to developmental change and to the benefits reaching the majority of the rural population. Specific attention will be focused not only on activities which will involve women in economic production but alao on ways to expand their participation in comrmnity decision-amking.

5. Feasibility Issues In addition to the social feasibility issues outlined above, there are four main issues which may affect the successful implementation of this project.

1. The first issue involves the GOG pricing policy which has been examined in detail both in the Agricultural Sector Assessment and the MIDAS

Project Paper. The specific concerns of this project are twofold: first, whether factor-product prices will provide adequate incentives to primary producers to increase their production; and second,

whether the government will provide sufficient

i~ceutivesfor encouraging private enterprise

involvement in the development of the rural rector.

The of pricing is beyond the capability of

this project to influence but will be an important

external factor to consider in the project's

development.

2. As has been previously emphasized, the process of

decentralizrCion is evolving. It is still unclear

to whether the District Council will have sufficient

power and authority to tap regional and national

govement resources in accordance with the plans

it develops. Of particular concern is whether the

national line ministries will relinquish their

control over funds and personnel. The problem is

compounded because there is no senior ministry or

.off ice with the effective power to insure line

ministry cooperation. The strategy of the project

will be to reinforce linkages between the District

Council and regional and national agencies, though

this issue must be solved if the new governmental

system is to work. 3. Dirkctly-related to the above issue is the question

.of whether the District Council will have the capacity

to become a viable, integrated development planning

ad implementation agency. A major purpose of this

project is to test whether this' capacity can be

developed. At the outset, it appears that a diatrict

has the potential to be economically viable but tha

constraint will be developing the capabilities of

District Council members (and other government

,officials assigned to the district) and legitimizing

the new system in the eyes of the rural population

through their involvement.

4- The fourth issue is whether the proposed project is

economically feasible. To make an initial projec-

tion, the PRP team has done a preliminary benefit/

coat analysis as a guide for additional data needs.

The pro foma analysis is found in Attachmant four.

Operating under certain assumptions (detailed in the

Attachment), the analysis shows that a benefit/coat

ratio of 2.5 and an internal economic rate of raturn

.of 28 percent may be attained over a twenty year

projection period. 6. Other Donor Coordination

During the course of the preparation of the PID and PRP for thia project, several discussions have been held with other donor agencies to tap their expertise in the design of agricultural/rural development projects. Further, the USAID Mission ham sponrored a study of all agricultural/rural development research that has been conducted, or is ongoing, in Ghana so research findings can be applied in this and other projects. Even though this will not be a multi-lateral project, thera are opportunities for cooperation. As was mentioned in the Project Description, the Canadian International

Development Agency' (CIDA) is developing programs to increase the capability of districts to maintain feeder roads; initial discussions with CIDA reprssentatives at the Ghana Eighuay Authority indicate the potential for collaboration in Atebubu District. Also, the IBB) will finance a major highway maintenance program which will be coordinated with the infrastructure development work under this project and the Rural Resources Loan1Gra.t Program in particular.

As regards the U.R. assistance mentioned $n the PID approval message, coordination will be primarily needed on the Rural Resources

LoanIGrant Program. The Mission is also following the mral developwnt/health assistance of WO to two other districts in

Brong-Ahafo Region to determine whather its experimentation will produce information or ideas applicable to Atebubu District. 7. Fina..tcial Plan

Total project costs have bean estimated at about $9.45 million.

Thi. total krcluder funding for the Pre-Implementation Phase of the

Project and the three-year life of the project. AID kssistance will conaist of $450,000 for project development or the pre-implementation phase. Grant funds totaling $2.2 million and loan funds totaling

$5.0 million will be disbursed during the three-year implementation period beginning in FY 1978. This document seeks approval of $450,000 to finance the project development and pre-implementation phase.

The value of GOG contributions is estimated to be about $1.8 million during the implementation period.

District Development and Experimentation Fund

A special development fund will be established during the imple- meritation phase of this project. It will be funded frau the local currency generations resulting from the sale of loan funded comodities.

The purpose of the fund is to partially finance the local cost components of small camrmnity or village works projects; these may include con- qtruction of stores, amuaunity centers, craft centers, or &P public works (e.g., wells, bridges, etc.). The foreign exchange costs of these activities will be funded under the loan.

The development fund will be administerad jointly by USAID and the District Council until the Council gains experience in aaminirtering the fund. This will involve assessing the need, feasibility ud impact of the proposed facility and the willingners/ability of the ccrmPmrnity to make a major contribution to the project kr cuh, in kind or with contributed labor, It will also involve assessment of the connmuritiea8 potmatidl for constructing the facility and/or operating the function.

Initial support serrticer required to help the connnunity develop the

required competence will be mobilized under the project with US

andlor local resources primrily from local institutions.

Another reason for joint administration initially is that

tha District Administration may be almost overwhalmed with tha

total requirements of the new responsibilities with which it is

charged. Joint administrationlimplemcntation of the development

fund will alleviate some of the load on tha District Administra-

tion until it gains the experience and competence to cope with its

new role.

The funds will be utilized on a matching basis. The

comunities unilaterally or with assistance will identify priority

activities in line with the purpose of the fund. Assessment will

then be made jointly with the community to determine the activity's

feasibility, potential impact and total funding requirements. If

the activity meets the criteria the co~ity'sshare of the cost

will be determined. When the cormunity has raised the agreed

upon matchi& fund local contribution, money will be released from

the development fund to implement the activity.

In addition to the davelopmental qpin-off for the

comnities and the district, it is antiaipated that participation

in and subsequent total management of this fund will provide

experience and develop the District Mministration'r cqetrnce in the organization, managsment, administration and financing of local self-holp activities.

The following tables illustrate disbursements of USAID grant

Sun& over the pro-implemontation period and loan and grant funds over the implementation period.

Table I: USAm Pro-Implementation Budget (FY 1977)

Table 11: USAID Implementation Budget (FY 1978-80)

Table I1 has been presented to indicate rough orders of magnitude.

It is anticipated that cost categories aud costs are likely to be changed during the pre-implementation period. IUUSmTIVE PHE-IMPLEMEN1IBTION BUDGET (FY 77) (in $000) CBNICAL SERVICES 1. Dwrhpm~~tPlaarra Advtaor (12 person-nths) 8ol/ 2. Short-trnn consultants: to include rix perronlmonthr for 112 production agronomis t and eight person-nths of technical expert8 Fn hydrology engineering, civil engineering training, and public health enginerring ($8,000 per person-nth).

3. PP preparation (Rural Development Specialist ~ndProduction Agronomist for a total of three person-months). 25

CaMWDDITIES & VEHICLES

Two pick-up trucka for use by district officials, local research personnel, and short-term consultants 25 omCOSTS

1. Research support from Ghanaian institutions for special studies (s.g., health), conducting preliminary strveys, and beginning intensive data collection on farm faxilies Ldholdings. 35 2. Fund to provide housing, furnishings, and appliances (including generator) for Planning Advisor; in-country travel; ad other administrative support. 63

EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT DESIGN ACTIVITIES --.- --.- .- ,-.------. - Funds under this categoy wil3 be,.reseryed in M 77 .for-the. .. uzpoee of carrying out experimental project activities. These ctivities will test commmity involvement and participation as well as alternatives for project design and appropriate intermediate technologies.

Total Pre-implemantation Budget

Includes vehicle costs. Table 11: USAID rhmlemantrtion Budget ($0OO4r) USAID Gnnt md Loan Contributions afe~or~ PY 1978 FY 1979 F'Y 19%Q Tdal I. arant ELL -666. o 791.0 2,180.0 A. Personnel 390.0 350.0 s%? l.ogO.0 1. melopnent Pllulning Ad- visor 90.0 9.0 go. o

3. Public works/ , miner 90.0 4. Short-term Con- sultants 120.0 . .------', B. Participants(Third -try) ---

1. Vehicle8 60.0 2. Motor bikes 15.0 3. Sunrey & field equipment 25.0 Vcher Costs 180. 0 ..--- --_ 1. fn-countw--~-.- .\training , 10.0 2. Research support from ~anaian institutions 40.0 3. Technical sqport from Ghan+an institutions 30.0 4. Adminietrative costs : (hausehold hrr- aishings, in- co~~trytravei 50.0

8. Implemrntation Plan

The Project Agreement wLll be negotiated with, and aignad by, the HZnistry of Economic Planning. .The implementing agency for the project wfll be the Atebubu District- Council, assisted by the Brow- '

Ahafo regional government. Prelimfnary visits to Atebubu District have found that the District Chief Executive is highly motivated aad agrees with the philosophy and approach of the project. MSAID has also found the Brong-Ahafo Regional Cornnisaioner, Planning Officer and staff wflling and able to fully participate in this collabora- tive effort. Overall, there appears to be an ideal enviroament for project'initfation and implementation.

USID aesires to move rapihy into the further development of this project, With the approval of funds which this PRP seeks, the Hisaion will be able to recruit the Mstrict PJa~ingAdviaor so that he will be av~ilableon or about January 15, 1977. He or she should have the following qualifications:

Ph.D. in social sciences or economics;

three or four years field experience in rural development work, preferably in West Africa; . a background in information systems for planning ad evaluation purposes; and . an ability to learn local languages rapidly. USAID recornends that this advisor be provided under contract, and is preparing the PIO/T, This advisor wLll become the tern lrador wLth the inputs for the pre-implementation phasr (funda, ahort-term conrulturtr) being provided through the USAID bission. To backstop and monitor this project, USAID has deeignated the Hission's Agricultural Economist as the responsible officer and other Hission officars will be involved in this function on a coordinated basis as appropriatf:. The long-term arrangcnents in support of this project wLll.ba determined during the PP preparation stage. At this time, the Mission envisions an institutional contract to cover both the long- term and short-term technical assistance. The provision of ccnnmdi- ties and equipmnt, administrative support, and third country training arrangements will be the responsibilities of USAID. The

District Development/Experimentation Fund will be provided in tranches to the District Council but will require the team leader's approval on a project-by-project basis.

9. Project Bevelopent Schedule

This section will describe the sequence of events during the process of project development for DIPRUD. The detailed budget for I the pre-implementation stage may be found in the Firuncial Plan far this Project. Date Event

October 15, 1976 DIPHJD PRP approved

Nmamber 15, 1976 Contract Arrangement Complated for Placement of Development Planning Advisor

January 15, 1977 Assignment of District Planning Advisor to Atebubu District

January 15, 1977 Planning Assistance to District Councfl Initiated

Febnrary 1, 1977 Creation of District Information System begun

June 15, 1977 Preliminary Field Investigationj assessment of resources available to District Council; and special studies completed on District Infra- structure.

June 15, 1977 Preparation of the DIPRUDPP begun.

August 15, 1977 Submission of DIPRUD PP. 3 September 15, 1977 Creation of District Information System completed; experimentation in ktebubu District begun.

October 15, 1977 DIPRUD PP approved and project authorized.

January 15, 1978 DIPRUD Project Agreement Signed; fonnal imple- mentation of DIPRUb begins. Project Design Sumary (use AID Format) Logical hamewoi-k Attachment One Means of Narrative Sv (~bjectivelyVerifiable Indicators ] Verification

Program or Sector Goal: Illustrative Indicators: Higher Coals:

Improve.? the economic 1. Total value of agricultural pro- Iistrict information 1. Replication of pro- and social well-being of ~istrictin- iystem, in particular ject process and rural Ghanaians in a w~y Lata collected for activities to other that becomes self-sustain- ?valuation purposes: districts with same ing. 2. Net value of Ayicultural pro- effects. duction per fanner participating 1. area development at the outset of the project indicators ; . increased at a compounded annual ,. intensive collec- rate of 145. tion on strati- 3. 7& of existing holdinga brought fied sample of der improved practices in rural families; Yyears . 4. Increase in per capita income :. extensive collec- for 5 of the District's tion on obser- smal I#anners from estimated vable behavior $380.00 before project to changes. $638.00 within 6 years. 5. On-fanu labou re uirement in- creased by 213 uieh project. 6. increase in the sales of agricultural supplies in the District by year 8. 7. 5 reduction in ~mdernutri- -tian or malnutrition per yenr. 8. Reducea infant mortality rate by 25% in years. 9, Incidence of water-borne disea- se reduced by 5 in W over . level in 1976. Project Purpose: d of R ect Siftug: pnlustra?#ve in ca ors Purpose to Goal Asemptione. . : Develop the capacities 1. A five-year development 1. Existence of plan and 1. The District Council hll of the Atebubu District plan which lovetails with field evalur..tion using data have the power to tap re~ional Council and its support- the regional and national from information system. and national resources to ing system.of loca1,re- development plans, developed meet its developaent re- gional and national ir.- and being implemented. 2. Field evaluation. quirements. etitutions to effec- 2. Increased autonomy for the 3. Field evaluation. 2. National ~overnmentpo- tively involve the District Council in decision- district's population making and the execution of 4. Field inspection of licies will provide incen- in the planning, manege- the District Development Plan f inancial records. tivee for private institu- ment, implementation an( 5. Field evaluation to de- tional involvement in the evaluation 3. Increased competence of termine use of analysis frm developnent of the rural sec- of an integrated rural the district 'a development tor. development program stdY in managing and monitor infonuation system. directed towards ing ongoing projects. 6. Data from information 3. mere will be sufficient achieving the district' t 4. Improved accountin8 and system. demnda for absorbing the grovth, employment and financial control of the 7. Data from infonnetion increases in agricultural equity objectives. operations of the District system. product ion. council. 4. Factor-product prices and 5. Accumulated infonnetion marketing arrangements vill on the lmplementetion 1,nss~~~ provide adequate incentives being used for in-course cor- to primary producers to in- rection of projects. crease their production. 6. 759 of ~ocalcouncils and 5. Rural residents will use VUl-a Development committee the increases in their pro- ng out self-hel ac- duction, income ard knowledpe €men within distrPft3de- or skills to improve their velopment plan. femlly's quality of life. in locfl resgurce kbfi%T?or deve open activities. Project Outwta I

1. IbLbod. for idantif'ylng the pota 1. Critical obataclea to the dir- 1. a. data fra infomation ayata; tiala for ud the critical obabclea trict'a dcrelaplent ue identified to diatrict develaplcnt -=- md mctivitiea uaplwed to tnke b. flcld evaluation. tbe poraibility of Iq!~rorin# Cbsir Vd. account of and overcan there ob- rkndud of livw, d will, u a re- 2. Wctbod for Improrlng the ~lann~atmbler. Hethoda being replicnted ault of their puticiprtioa in duirioa- capabilitiaa of m District Council in onging district plannine. ding, dtrcswrca in .elf-help -4rting irutitutiau divitier to .chieve tbeir e~ctmtiau. idartifled. 3. mtboda tor creating local self- 2. Local organiratioaa fomed to 2. % A~~WU ud it. 0-r~ balp mpmbllitfaa in the derelapvnt aupport incme-generating activltle c. record8 of local orgmizationr. in( inatitutiona will develop deqrutm Lawleae and sclatlmrhipa ulth the iwrctionlng. local people and tbcir trsditiaml 3. a. Moxntion aysta; ledan, .od rill be reaponmire t4 in- &iommtlon syakr ttmt allow8 mlv- tha in pluurlna decimiau and mrtrict ~ancilma othar decirion- 3. Technologiem .ab interoentlona b. project rntudi-l the irplacatation or dnelwnt me- -era b lonitor, errluata .nd for incnuing agricultural pmdua- tititiem for the area. correct tbc individual ud cmbined tion d Incaea developed. c. field enlu.MM. effect. of W -1-3 dsrclo~nt rrctivitier eakbllahcd. 3. '2110 trdit%mal authority structure will mt prevent local prrticlpetim 5. h inkgmted myaten .pp& 4. a. Iniorrtim ayata) in, an& ttb inmtitutiaul 4lercnt.tl011 tor min(rthe pmductim nnd incam of dlfurera &in the of diatrict dewlopent mctivitiem. diatrict weed wt. b. field errluatioa. 4. lrne traditional authority atructpre (ud their huaburdr) rill not prevent vaea fra becaing involved ia tbc dccicirion-ding procear end in tir/ maw or in--generating activitica eich will -rove r~ily reduction, lacma and nutrition. PRoJECT OUTPUTS ( ~ontd.)

B. lMPLEMENTATION PHASE

1. ~p~roaches/measuresfor de- 1. District and regional AID and Project re- 5. Ihe traditional (coa- veloping a planning capacity officials trained in third cords. munal) land tenure instituted. countries in rural develop- ment planning and evaluation system will not pre- 2. Managed Information System vent the expansion of operational . 2. Information system being Field evaluation. land under cultivation used for monitoring, eva- nor investments in 3. Agricultural production in- luating and diagonising land Improvement. creasing techniques/inputs Districts activities. Enterprise records introduced. 3. Increased utilization of 4. Appropriate income-generat hi agricultural inputs and ~nfo.mationsystem. activity introduced. techniques. A functioning integrated support ~ystem 5. Economic and social infrastm developed. Project studies. ture development. 4. Alternative off-farm in- 6. on-fod education and cane generating enterprises lcrcsl organizatioi~rrldevelaLmcn. developed. 5. Local population calving out self-help activities to maintain and develop in- frastructure.

6. District-level, non-fonna education programs linked to employment opportunities. PROJECT mHJTS * 1. USAID Contribution (in $0008) For magnitude of these In- 1. AID accounting records 1. The projected- re- puts, see Financial Table and accountin& record6 of source estimates and a. Technical Assistance I1 and Estimates of MIDAS District for special pro- technical assistance b. Commodities cost to be used by project ject flmd. are adequate and csa c. Tminiu& (~conomicAnalysis Section be flexibly provided d Local Costs of Project) Table ~4.1 2. District accounting to generate the system. specified outputs. * Includes funding for both pre-implementation h- 2. Local resources plementation phases. (labour and cash) ++ can be mobilized 2. COG Contribution in almple comtruc- tion and maintenance a. Local Resources of infrastructure b. GOG Budget and in support of various income- ++ Does not include indirzct generating activities. contribution of GOG contribu- tion such as salaries of district 3. A well dr' of:- lcials working on project . system of pub-. and private sector 3. MIMS inputs (seeds, credit, institution (includ- fertilizer extension, researcb ing WOs) will pro- marketing). vide needed services to the district. 4. Implementation agencies ' inputs will be provided on a timely coordinated basis.

5. Ongoing USAID projects and re- GIONAL SERVICES will be mobilized to 6up- port activities in the districts. OI 0 1 Countryz Project No: Project Title: Dater /X/ origindl Approved: - GRANA 641-0073 District Planning and ma1 Developnent 6/76 / / revision # - r - Country: Project No : Project Titlet Date: /X/ original Approved : GtUNA 641-0073 District Planning and Rural Developtent 6/76 / / revimion 4-

CPI NARRATIVE ACTION AGENT CPI NARRATIVE ACl'fW MENT 1. DIPWD PRP approved (Oct. 1976) AID/W 12. DIPWD Project Agreement signed; for- USAID and ma1 implementation of DIPROD begin8 ND/W 2. Contract arrangement completed for AID/W and (Jan, 1978) placement of Development Planning contractor Advisor (Nov. 1976) 13, Three advisors in place in Atebubu Contractor District (Feb, 1978) 3. Assignment of District Planning Advisor AID/W and 14. Information System functioning (Har. Contractor to Atebubu District (Jan. 1977) contractor 1978)

4. Planning assistance to District Council USAID and 15. PP amendmentsuhitted (nay19781 USAID initiated (Jan. 1977) contractor 16. PP amendment approved in AID/Yt second AID/W 5. Creation of District Infonnation Syetem Contractor loan authorized (Oct. 1978) begun (Feb. 1977) 17. First DIPRUD evaluation (Nov. 1978) USAID and 6. Preliminary Field Investigation1 asses* Contractor contractor rent of resources available to District Council; and special studies completed . 18. PP amendment suhitted (May 1979) USAID on District Infrastructure (June 1977) 19. PP amendment approved in AID/W; third AID/Y 7. Preparation of the DIPI(UD PP begun USAID and loan authorized (Oct. 1979) (June 1977) contractor 20, Second DIPRUD evaluation (Nov. 1979) Contractor B. Suhrieaion of DIPRUD PP (Aug. 1977) USAID 21. End of project (Dec. 1980) 9. Creation of Dimtrict Information System Contractor oorpleted~ experimentation in Atebubu Dimtrict begun (Sep. 1977)

LO. DIPA1lD PP approved/project and project AID/W loan authorized (Oct. 1977)

11. Procurerent of coPllodities and equip- USAID rant carsncem (Nov. 1977) m )3 PROFILE OF ATEBUBU DISTRICll

I. ImRoDUcrION

The purpose of this anax is to present an overall description of Atebubu District. Special attention will be paid to points bearing directly on potentials and constraints for developmeut.

The annex conmences with an overview of the district high- lighti~gits physical and demographic characteristics, its economic

activities and its ethnic groups. The next section covers

agricultural production and marketing. There follows a section on

the district's infrastructive and services. The final section describes government and administration in the district.

11. gVERVIEW OF THE DISTRICT

Physical Characteristics

Atebubu District occupies a transitional vegetation zone in

the eastern port ion of ~hana's Brong-Ahafo Region. Stubby forest

in the south rapidly gives way to guinea savannah throughout the

greater part of the district. The district is generally flat,

rarely rising more than 300 feet above aea level. Ita 5,200 square miles make it the largest of the seven districts in Brong-Ahafo

Region. ~tebubuis blessed with an abuaance of natural, but largely untapped, water resources. Lake Volta defines most of the district's eastern border and aevaral rivers, including, the Sani and the Pra, traverse the district before emptying into the lake. Annual rainfall over the paat six years ha8 ranged from lows of 41 inchea, in 1970 1/ and 1974, to highs of 54 inches in 1971 and 53 inches in 1975.'

Haaviast.rainfalls usually occur in the months of May, September and'october (averaging close to eight inches in each month), but this pattern can be quite irregular.

The 'most prevalent soil type in the southern half of the district is the savannah ochrosol. This soil is well drained, friable and porous but generally lacking in nutrients, notably phosphorous and nitrogen. Applications of organic matter or fertilizer, coupled with the use of anti-erosion devices, should greatly improve soil fertility in the area. In the northern half of the district lateritic soils are more common whereas in the more poorly drained areas rice cultivation has considerable potential,

~emo~raphicCharacteristics

According to official census figures, the population of

Atebubu District increased from 65,580 in 1960 to 90,200 in 1970 with an annual growth rate of 3.2 percent. If this growth rate haa remained the. same. in recent years, the district's population -1/ Rainfall figures recorded by the Atebubu State Farms Corporation. in 1976 would ba about 106,000. An might be ucpacted, tha population ia quite young: 53 percent aged 19 or younger. Males outnumber feauler in avery age group except infants (aged zero to four) and young adults (aged 20 to 34). Because of the out-migration of young mm from the district in recent years, the age group 20 - 24 is w only 11 44 percent male.' This out-migration has been more than counter- balanced, however, by an increase in the rate of immigration into

Atebubu by farmers from the North.

One reason that Northern farmers are resettling in Atabubu is that the population density of the district, despite the high population growth rate, is still relatively low: loss than 18 persons per square mile. Of 682 locallties only nine, according to

the 1970 census, had populations of more than 1,000, the largest being the district capital, Atebubu, with a population of 6630.

The localities tend, however, to straddle major roads along which

population densities range from SO to 80 persons per square mile.

Economic Activities About 80 percent of the active population (aged 15 - 64) of the district are employed in primary production (agriculture,

forestry and fishing). Fishing is an important source of incoan

for peo2les living near Lake lolta,' but in the rase of the -1/ Reported in Andrew Anderson Arthur, "A Program for Agricultural Development in the Atebubu Region of Brong-hhafo Region, ~han~,"Settlement Study Center, Rrhovot, Xrraal 1974, pg. 21. -2/ Lake fishing is so inefficient, however, that wrt of thr fish in the area coma from the ocean. tarritoq, thr principal ecaw4c scglvlty is rfrirsl mfrll,

45 workarr are omploymi tn tbr Atrbubu proudrwr ot\ rtll 4 $0 others In two rlca millr Aich, rc lrrc report, war* rtrhrr suot runnins or runaln~at lw crpaclcy. All othor sn2uaa~IB raa dirtrict ir of thr hrnjlcrafc variety rd tr mariy afid*d.sS IB part-th. Othrr economlc act lv?~tea inc !~ri-SC I, tranrporc and trdlng rnb cone ~onatruccl~nilf ysllti r*r%a, ir4J many of these, aspeclrlly crdlng awl cratrrysrr, ore !t&d directly co agrlculcural projuetton.

~accmadata for tha dlrtrtct'o ecofioasc &er~~ttre~*r* virtually non-existent. Iiouarrr, Atcbutu'a gar rrptto tai- to thought to ba lou ralrctva to reg10n.l aliy? ~rattr~aa!rvs~,~eo lur to ita poor phyrlcal lnfrarcturture haas rto4 t!:u darr~?la$ bar farm emplopant in the prlvata arctor. Oar anoiyac baa satsartw4 that a farm hounrhold wlrh revon persuns cultSurr:~.d twu cr~gaw nina acres uould have a net inculo of CbAU (atrrut t"2: f~f?krt I / year from crop aa1os.- It should be potnlcl$ swt, hurcrrr, tkrt nine acrco 13 probably AC ledat culcm re cut!$ Isvd re tb. typt~a!

Atsbubu fanocr would culciv6ta In on. year. Ar vrlf b. Jlrsurr*Q in lorthcom11:g page@, there la P~QOquit. llb#ty tc) br <~t\r$drrbble rksvnaaa in lncomo diotrlbucloti in rho Jlecrlet alnca l ¶rfro portion of tho land la culrlvrcrd by r lw lrrp trrorrc,

I/ Arthur, .38 I The People

The people of Atebubu District and, most importantly, their patterns of organization, authority, cooperation and decision- making have remained largely unstudied. Broadly speaking, the district's six principal tribal groups - Brong, Wiasee, Dwans, Bassas, Nkoads, and Twimulus - have traditions and socio-political structures characteristic of all the Akan areas of Ghana: authority vested in the "stool", paramount chiefs and sub-chief s, rights to land based on clan or lineage affiliation.

Organizational and behavioral variations among these tribes, on the other hand, are largely unknown and must be considered a major information gap which will need to be filled in order to promote effective local participation and cooperation in development activities.

111. AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM

It is necessary to state from the outset that verg little is' known about the farming systems particular to Atebubu District.

Included in the notion of farming systems is not just factor mixes and production practices but a whole set of variables which influence fanner decision-making. Such variables include ecological factors (rainfall, soils, etc.) , social factors (values and beliefs, participation rules of family members, the rules and authority of traditiollal leaders, atc.), technological factors (knowledge of, access to and experience with varihs technologies), and economic factors (input costs, output prices, marketing errangemants, credit, etc.). It is the combination of these factors which influence the farmars' utility and production functions, risk perceptions, decision-making and behavior. To put together a project package abed at influencing the behavior of the largest number of farmers in Atebubu district it will be necessary to learn a great deal more about the different farmtng systems in the district and how they vary across ecological zones and tribal groups.

What follous then cannot be taken as an analysis of Atebubu fanning systems but rather an inventory of the qurrent knowledge base concerning the overall agricultural system in Atebubu district.

Production

In terms of the number of fanners cultivating the crop, the most important crop in Atebubu district is yams. Yams are closely followed, in order of importance, by maize, rice, cassava, aud groundnuts (the latter cultivated mainly by uomen). Also cultivated, but of relatively minor importance, are melon and seed crops (Nkrawie and Akatoa), guinea corn, pepper, tobacco, plantain, millet, cocoyam, beans, tomatoes and other garden vegetables and fruits.- 1/ -11 Th e bulk of the information in this section is from V. K. Nyanteng and G. J. Van Apeldoorn, The Farmer and the Marketinn of Foodstuffs, Institute of Btatistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Lagon, 1971. Most Atebubu farmers concentrate thetr production oa just one crop but set aside some acreage, nevertheless, for second, third, and fourth crops. The choice of crops and cmp mix is based on some combinatioa of consumption tastes, tradition, agronomy, available resources and market incentives. Although the farmer is naturally concerned about feeding his family, crop prices and marketing arrangements have an even stronger influence on cropping patterna.L/ Very feu Atebubu farmers in this regard, can accurately be called subsistence farmers; most not only produce a surplus of foodcrops but do so deliberately with an eye on the market.

Recent data on farm sizes do not 'exist. According to

Minis try of Agriculture 'data from 1968, farm sizes under individual crops in Atebubu ranged from one acre to 100 acres with the mean size around six acres. The typical farm size in Atebubu, however, is undoubtedly mch stnaller. In the first place, the 1968 data covered only 3,289 "registered" fartaers who, by virtue of the fact that they had registered, were likely to be larger farmers.- 2/ Secondly, even among this probably biased sample, more than two- thirds of the farmers reported cultivating fewer than six acres, signifying also that there are a handful of very large farmers -1/ Ibid., pg. 17. -2/ Regional officials estimate that there are nw about 19,000 farm holdings in Atebubu district. (cultivating up to 100 acres) in the areaI1 It is also reported that 16 to 20 percent of the fanners in Atebubu produce more than half of th'e total farm output in the district." lncoa diatribu- tions aad.sFze of holdings must be carefully considered in the design of farm improvement packages because past ucperience has '

shown that unless a project is designed specifically for small

farmers, most project benefits will go to large fanners.

It is estimated that more than 90 percent of the farmers in

Atebubu district pursue the traditional land rotation system of

non-permanent crop farming. Under this system a plot of land is

farmed (usually intercropped) until yields decline to an

unsatisfactory level due to exhaustion of natural aoil nutrients.

A "new" field is then obtained and cleared. Almost always yams

are the first crop planted in the new field although in many cases

the yams are interplanted with major season maize. This is

followed typically with the planting of minor season maize

sometimee interplanted with cassava, which would stay on the field

for about two years, or alternatively, the minor season maize is

planted alone and followed up by rice. A smaller number'ot

farmers grow tobacco on newly cleared land followed by graundnuts

and maize. The period from clearing to abandoning a field run8

from two to six cropping seasons and tha fallow pariad from on. to -11 Nyanteng and Van Apaldocm, pg. 23. -2/ lbid,, pg. 139. three y,ears. Thia system of extensive land rotation is still feasible in Atebubu since it is estimated that less than me-sixth of the district's land area is now under cultivation.. One undesirable result of this system, however, is that the district's farms are scattered over an increasingly wide area, frequently 1/ at considerable distances from villages and marketing centers.'

Modern methods of cultivation are largely unknown or ignored. Fields are rarely plowed accept by the few fanners who can afford and make use of government or private tractor service.

Planting is not done in rows and fertilizer is either unavailable or unused The most co- farm implements are the axe, the cutlass and the hoe. Animal traction is only partially used by migrant farmers from the North.

Since land is readily available and since capital inputs are either not. used (plows, fettilizer, etc.) , or very low-cost (hoea, cutlasses) it follows that the most important (valuable) factor of production for small farmers in Atebubu district is labor.

The MIDAS project paper estimates that traditional yam production, from clearing to harvesting requires 65 - 70 man-days per acre in southern Ghana and 55 - 60 man-days per acre in northern ~hana.~'Total man-days per acre (including storing, marketing etc.) expanded on traditional yam cultivation are astimatad at 102 -1/ E.,pg. 19. -2/ Ghana hnrgad Inputs and Delivary of Agricultural Senricer Program for Saul1 Farrmr Davalopwnt (HIDM), Projact Paper, Anna C, Tsbler 3 md 4, page8 8 and 9. in souther. Ghma and 78.5 in northern ~hana.~This makes yam fadng the most labor inteasilre of all traditional Ghanaian crop farming. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about labor inputs In agric~lturalproduction in the transitional zones of

Ghana where Atebubu district is located. Arthur estimates that traditional yam production (from clearing to harvesting) utilizes only 41 man-days per acre His data however, are based on Ministry of Agriculture figures for 1962.- 2/ Even less is knoun about the types of labor - family or hired, male or female, etc. - used in Atebubu crop production, about labor utilization - clearing, weeding, harvesting, etc.,-.by labor types and about labor costs - direct wages, compensation in kind, foregone opportunities, etc. It may be inferred, on the other hand, that hired labor is an important part of overall labor inputs in Atebubu and also that labor costs may be increasing since many of the district ' s farmers have apparently been complain&ng about 3 / both labor scarcity and cost.-

Marketing

Markets are held about once a week in each of the six major toms in Atebubu district.i1 As places where fa-rs sill 'thair produce, however, the market towns assum only minor importance.

Most crops are sold either directly from the fialdr (yams) and the -1/ Ibid., Table 7a, pg. 12 -2/ Arthur, pg. 36-37 -31 Nyrnteng and Van Apaldootn, pg. 26 farmers house (maire).l/ The major reason for this is that fanmrs lack the means (money, vehicles, good feeder roads) to transport their goods to the market.

Host of the farmers' produce in Atebubu district irr sold to private traders, the majority of whom appear to be women and/or farmrs in their own r1ght.y Many farmers deal almo-t ~slusively with one trader with whom they have developed a workins or pervonal relationship.

An important component of the relationship between fanners and traders is credit. Traders will often pay for part or even all of the'farmers expected output in advance, i.e., at the beginning of the crop cycle. If the crop fails, the trader my permit the debt to be carried over to the next growing season.

Conversely,' the farmer may wt insist on full'payment for his sale. to the trader uutil after the trader has been able to resell the produce in the markets.

Xt is generally believed that existing circurnstances.iu

Atebubu district greatly favor the trader in his relationship kith

the fanner. One reason io that most fanners are forced to sell on

the farm and thus cannot take advantage of the higher price8 thoir produce would fetch in the markets. Another reason is that farmrra generally'lack the means to store their crops and so are forced to -11 Npanteng and Van Apaldoorn, pg. 139 -2/ Ibid., gg. 39 and 43. sell just after harvest when prices are at their lowest. Even farmers who hove storage means are under pressure to sell imediat after harvest either to pay off their laborers or to repay loans to the traders. Finally, mony farmers have had the experience of seeing part of their produce rot before finding a market for it.

This acts as a disincentive to incease production aad also nukes the farmer eager to sell to the first trader on the scene. Farm crop prices vary a great deal over time. In 1969 - 70, the farm price of a medium size mound of yams just after harvest was between El0 and gl5. Three or four months later, the price had risen to betwe "25 and $35. In the same year, the lowest price recorded for a 220 pound bag of maize wa6 $4 and the highest was g24. The price of a bag of unshalled groundnuts ranged from a low of E3 to a high of g9. The same bag of shilled groundnuts sold for a low of C9 and a high of ~26.L~The example of the differeuea betwaen the prices of unshelled and shelled groundnuts also illustrates another reason why moat farmers must accept low prices for their produce: lack of access to agriculture processiw

facilities.

-11 Ibid., p8. 87 SUMMARt OF PROBLm AND APPROACHES TO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

The foregoing inventory of current knowladge about tha agricultural system of Atebubu district illustrates that anroll farmers in Atebubu suffer from a series of interrelated problems that are not dissimilar to the problem of sail faxmers in many parts of the world. Thesa problems can be sunnarrized as:

1. persistence of traditional production practices resulting in low output and low incoae;

2. lack of knowledge of, access to or ability to pay for agricultural inputs which coxld lead to increased

yields and income;

3. .strong dependency ft~~.~uu0u przuaGe craaars nuae

possible by lack of access to alternative credit

sources (if credit is needed) and alternative markats;

4. lack of flexibility in marketing practices resulting

from storage problems, lack of processing tachnology

and poor transportation facilities; 5. lack of alternative income - generating activitira. This list of problems indicatzes, in turn, the need for a

comprahensive approach to amall fanner davalopmant. At prrarnt,

there is little exparience with such approachem in Ghana. Mort of

the country's exparience has been with rmchanizad large-rcrlr

farming aimed rt incrrasiag rggragats output. Ia thia rrlrrd,

Atrbubu district hua 50 tractors which havr barn uard rlmrC

uclurively on rtate farms and bloc fama but which hrrr brra of little use to the districts majority of mall fanners. The district's 21 rxtenrion wrkers hava also been imbued with the agsregata output strategy and have, as a result, wurkad auinly, from their offices in the larger towns, vlth large, progreasLvr fanners, The failure of the aggregate output approach can be seen not just by the relatively small number of farmers it has reached, 1 but by the fact that,.in many cases, no real growth has occurred.

Officials at all levels of govemmant in Ghana hava recently begb to think anew about approaches to rural development. They have begun to see the need for an integrated approach which would cdine intensified efforts in extension, comrmnication and action research with improved marketing senrices and infrastructura (feeder roads), &re reliable and accessible input distribution adcredit facilities and the development of service centers aad agri-business in rural market towns. It is also acknowledged that such an approach cannot be coordinated at national levels 1ut must be tailored to the specific needs, potentials and constraints orC smallrr geographical units. With these considerationsin mind and recognizing the lack of knowledge about saall fanner aysterw in Atebubu, regional and district officials have helped to work out the approach describrd in this PRP which involves experimentation in the first stages of the project and wSich anphrsizes the naed for local involvmmrnt in the initiation and implementation of projrct activltiss.

1. Sar Fred Everett Winch 111, "Cortr and R.tuma of rltrrnativa Ricr Production Syrtrnr in Northrrn Ghana: Implicrtionr for Output, 5ploymrn~rd Incmr ~irtribution,"Ph.D dlsrrrtrtion, Daprrtmrnt, of Agricul- tural Econmlca, Hichigan 3trtr Univrraity, 1976. IV. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

In tern of the quality and quantity of axfating iafrartructure facilities and services, Atebubu district ganera1ly lags behind moat arear of Ghana. In aome caaes, the poor facilitiea in tha district constitute serious constraints to devalopment. -Water kspite the abundance of natural water sollrces in Atebubu

(see overview section), potable water supply remains a savare probla

in the district. In his welcoming address to the USAID mlsaion on

March 9, 1976, the Bassahene of Kwame Danso identified water, which was "always in acute shortage for a greater part of the yaar," as the

area's major obstacle to progress. A USAID sanitary survey concluded

that inadequate potable water supply was the principal health problem

of the district. Wmen in the district have been observed waiting

hours for a spring to fill up in order to supply their water neqda.

Farmers in Atebubu say that they cannot attract laborers to work in 1 their fields for lack of drinking water.

Water supply is the responsibility of the Cham Water and

Sewerage Corporation (CWSC); but CWSC will usually not involve itrelf

with supplying water to c~itiesof leas than 2,000, which manr

that its servlcas wanld only reach about 25 parcent of the Atebubu

populatioa. Exiating facilitiea of GUSC in Atebubu, moreover, are apparently in dirreprir. In the town of ~r-g (population 4,500. ) ,

liyanteng and van Apeldom, p. 26. PdSC has installed a system by which water was pumped from a river to r treatment plant and then to several stand pipes, but neither the pumping facility not the treatment system is working at the present tima, The USAID public health survey of four major tow in tha.district reported, infact, that of the Atebubu GUSC inatallad water supply systems is functioning adequately.

In April, 1976, REDSO/WA invastigated the feasibility of three sources of water supply for the district: 1) surface water impound- ment in reservoirs, 2) ground water and 3) Lake Volta. The report

found that surface water impoundment was unfeasible, mainly for

topographic reasons (Atebubu terrain is too flat); that there were

no "indications" of extensive ground water supply in the area; and

that, therefore, the most reasonable source of water supply for . . Atebubu district was Lake Volta. The report, then goes orr. to

propose six water supply systems.serving six large comuities only

two to four of which, however, would use Lake Volta as the source of

water

The proposed scheme would appear to haw at least three 1 drawbacks. First, its cost: US $4,376,000. Second, it would

serve only 44 percent of the district's population (and a much

smaller percentage of small fanners.) Third, given the prarent condition of existing water supply systems, there wuld appear to ba

soaa doubt about the ability of CWSC to maintain lrrgar and more rophisticrted systems.-- (1) Evrnthough it could br regardad by WtY) standrrdr rr a 1-coat -tar ayetcm with 8 devalopmont cost of US $100 per benaficirry, It wuld sars that a better approach would be to re-investigate the possibility of tapping gromd water aourcao, of using ciotarru for storing rain water, and fnstalling simple hand pumps such a8 the one daveloped by the htelle Institute in Columbus, 0hio.l It 8ppa.r~ that the capacity exists in Ghana to produce this pltlnp and a large supply of spare parts thus minimizing the need to import materials.

Peace Corps Volunteers could also be recruited to help inatruct villagers in wcll digging and pump mintenance, Howaver, all this should be preceded by a thorough sanitary survey of the District conducted by a public health engineer.

1 See Intarim Report on Davrlopment of a Hand Oorratad Water Yump for Drvelooin~Countries, offica of Herb th, TAB, AID/W. -Roada There are 73 milea of trunk roadrr, 106 milra of aeconduy roada and 24 miles of feeder roads in Atebubu district. The only all-wutbar road tnong these is the mala trunk road running north and routh fool

Yeji to Amrntin. The major lateral road runs from Lake Volta wart through Atebubu and continud on to thr Brong-Ahafo regional capital at Sunyani. Within Atebubu district, this road is mmrtimer Fmparrablr east of Kwame Danso and in tha far vestern parts of the district. To get frm Atebubu to Sunyani, therefore, it is sozuetirnas nacerrary to detour thro-~ghAahanti region. The feeder road netmrk in thr district is only partially complete and-in naad of umintenanca. The Ghana Hlghway Authority has received a Canadian loan of

$US 5 million and an IBRD loan of $US 8.5 mill103 part of which will be used to establish road maintenance centors at the diatrlct level.

Three such centers are now baing constructed au trial centers and one of them is in Atebubu. One potential problem vith this schamr, however, is that tha districts my not have cnotrgh roails to jurtify locating expensivs road building equipwnt at the district lavrl.

It may prove more efficient to coordinate road building and malate- nance and training activities at the regional level.

REDSO/WA feels that the major hdiate need in Atrbubu dirtrict is for a training officer to plan for regional or dirtrlct parroanol needs and than to train thr perronnrl. Another Llnardiatr nrod identifird fa to upsradr the major rrcondarl road, orprclrlly that

-risrr -8 3L pwmt aC Chr o~k301/=wapeplath (ya 3-U), WIth tho exception of the terchar training colletp La Atrbubu, there rra no toma1 education facilitiar (secondary schoolr,,

Cechntcrl rchools, etc.) beyond the middle scboal level. Thrre are rlao RO e~r1cultur~lscho~la or fan fa~titutes. Thare are, hovavrr,

I2 continuation rchool progrms hich introduce middle school leavrrs to such tradaa or tailoring, carpentry, kante waaving, shor-making rod drsr~~ktng,The contiuuotion schools have 81~0begun urperi- meriting vlth an agricultural curriculua.

Atebubu Training College prepares teachers for primary and middle schools. It takas Ln about 70 st~rdentsper year only about

CLve of which, howver, ara frm Atabubu dfstrlct. Tha curriculum is amrtly rcadanlc, but includes some theoretical and practical training

in crop production.

It seen3 clear that the educational facilities in the district are 5aavfly vdightad towards formal academic schooling with little attention paid to the training and manpower needs of the district par se. Given the largo gap between theStypc of schooling offered in

Atabubu and tha district's qpplayment opportunities, it is mt surprising that large nunbers of young people continue to leave the area. In order to stua this tide of out-migration and Ln order to nuke the best use of currently idle ampower, new programs in mn-

formal rural education w~ldseem Ludicatad, V . GOVEEUWNT AND ADXINISTRATION

The new local government in Atebubu district was established in response to the central government's policy of decentralization first articulated in tha Local Administration Act of 1971, Tha key concepts in the policy are decentralization of central ministrias to the regional and district levels,'devolution of broader authorities to local governments; consolidation of addnistrative functions and development frtl~ctionsin a single government unit; and az increase in local citizens' participation in developent efforts. The effect of the nev policy will be to remove responsibility for decision making on matters of local significance fro3 the central goverament and place it in the hands of the District Co*mcils.

District Council

The Atebubu District Council was establiahed in June, 1974.'

It consists of 18 dersof &om two-thirds are appointed by the

National Redeinption Council and one-third are chosen by the

Traditional Authorities in the district, The government appointaes are selected to represent the 12 district wards vfrila the six locally selected Cwsacil members represent the seven Traditional

Areas of the district. Representation froa the Traditional areas is as follows: Atebubu Traditional area 2 members

Abeasa Traditional area 2 darr Yaji Traditional area -1 -1 member Prang Traditional area Wiasa Traditional area - Dwan Traditional area

Volta River Federation Traditional Council /

The unequal repraeentation of the Traditional areas is due partly to population distribution but also in large part to the fact that A.tebubu and Abease Traditional areas are headed by paramount chiefs. Wiase also has L para;nouat chief but all the other Traditional

Areas are headed by divisional chiefs dio are independent of the paramount chiefs but whose status is not precisely kaowa.

The District Council meets formally every three months. It has principal responsibility for all the functions of government in the district. The local Government Instrument of 1974 which established

Atebubu District Council sets forth 105 specific responsibilities af the Council. These include assuring public health, providing public warks housing, running the education system, improving agriculture, keeping public records, regulating transport and colrmunications, controlling fires, even proaoting tourism - in short, virtually a11 the responsibilities normally assumed by governments. To raise revenues for the exercise of its r8rponsibilitias, tha

District Council has been accorded exclusive rating authority for the area. About half of its'locrl revenue cmes from a head tax. Othar sources of revenue include .sorket fees, bicycle taxes, licearer, rents and r variety of rates and fees fron oariour co~~arcial enterprises. ' In addition, the district receives a grant-in-aid frm the central government which surpasses the total of its local revenues. The district also is imp,owered to establish and operate rural and small-scale industries and farms on a commercial basis.

Administration of the district is the responsibility of the

District Chief Executive Officer (DCEO). The DCEO is appointed by the National Redenption Council for a period of five years and is responsible to the Regional Administration and to the District

Council. Elis professional staff of six includes two executive officers, two accomtints, a local government inspector and a treasurer. It is planned that the DCEO will also gradually assme authority over and integrate into his administration the local

reprasentatives of the central government mini'striss.

Local Councils

At present, there are no local councils in Atebubu district,

but plaus have been laid to establish sight Local Council areas

which will be geographically contiguous with the wards. The Local

Councils will be Atebubu Local Council, cmprising wards one, tsu

and three; Uiase Local Council, ward four; Ysji Local Council,

ward five; Prang Local Council, ward six; Abease Local Council;

ward seven; Kwame Dando Local Co%ncil, wards eight, nine and tan;

Basss/Nkomi Local Council, ward eleven; an4 Ntoaboar Local Council;

ward twelve. Local Council members will be representatives of the various

Tom and Village Development Comnittees in their area. ' The Local Councils vill hnva no power of their awn but will derive their

authority frm the bistrict Council and will perform such functions as are delegated to than. The role of the Local Coucils could nevertheless, be crucial to the success of rural development

activities. Their functions coald include identifying projects, ensuring a two-way collmunication flow between the District Council and the Town and Village Development Comnittees, eilcouraging local psrticipation in and resotrrce cornnitments to project activities, and organizing and coordinating activities in support of the District Council's program. TOM and Village Develornent Committees- Local Councils will be supported at the grass roots level by

1 Town and Village Developent Camnittees. These CmmLttees will be

made up of locally selected persons who have demonstrated aa interest in the developsent and progress of their areas. Village Development Camitteas, j.t is foreseen, uill serve as the hubs of local development activities. In sopa cases they may sene as catalytic or co3tdinating units for developscnt projects,

In other cases, they may serve directly as project implanenting

agencies. In everjr case, they will serve 88 the principal mice

of their ccmmunities in the articulation of community needs uui desires. They will also serve as the djor vehicles of tha dirtrictlr efforts to proaote oelf-help. - The way in which these councils and colnmittees will work

together to proaote development is not kaown. The _enfirm dacen? wzation-strategy of the central government ia new and untested.

Alao little is known about the traditional authority and participa-

tion patterns of the people in Atebubu. Iw_f~rthis reason that

th~project_callsfor a-.period.of prc-implementation research and

c,xperimemf?nfdt,t9n.During this period it will be necessary to

.-.experiment . not only with specific project activities but. also to identify the best methods of securing the cooperation and partici-

pation of the people of Atebubu. Attachment Four

Preliainary Economic Analysis

The purpose of this aectior is to explain, in very general terms, soae of the conditions an6 events that are likely to generate a net benefit stream from increased crag production which would cover total project; costs and an ac- cwtable rate of return to the project over a 20-year pro- jection period. It is bgossible to perform a clean coat- benefit analysis of this project since there are signi3cant benefits which are non-quantifiable. F2r example, the develop ment of a better planning capacity in the Atebubu District will not only increase crop production, but should also generally iqrove all local government serPices. Other real outputs of the project which are not counted as kenefits in the analysis are the ~troductionof alternative income-generating activities to incresse rural emplaynrent, economic and social Infrastructure de- velopment, and an knprovement in income distribution. The benefits of non-formal education should also flow into actprities other than crop production. Although the above benefits cannot be quantified at least at this stage of the project, a standaxd cost-benefit analysis

;dll be performed with only increased crop production counted as be- nefits in order to deterrmine whether an acceptable rate of return can be generated with only these direct cash benefits. The primary orcjzct baiefits are Increases In the net value of agricultural production meaaured at constant 1975 farm gste prices, on smll holdings participating in the project. 21re analysis borrow8 heaw from the economic projectiims contained in the MIDAS Project Paper. Particularly, it irr wsumed that the d typical small hol- in the project area will lesrn to

increase its net value of agricultural production by about

- w3.00 over a six-year period; the value of agricultural

production for the typical small holding in the base geriod

is eathated to be $380.00, assuming all inputs are valued at 1975 market prices. This imples that the net value of

production of the typical holding participating in the pro- ject wlll increase at a compounded annual rate of about 14%.

This could be achieved by a9plying imgroved practices

and technologies on existing acreages cultivated by the *ical

holding and by expanding the acreage cultivated by about 255 over a four-year period. Exaqles of imprwed practices are:

1. impmved land preparation and tillage

2. improved soil managenat and water retention tech- niques ;

For a detailed description of the characteristics of the typical holding, (gee the MIDAS PP.] 3. additional weeding and weed control; 4. protection against crop diseases and gests; 5. improved on-fmu storage and bagging to reduce wastes and losses;

6. use of @roved seed varieties and fertilizer (to reduce length of fallow as well as increase crop yIel9 7. improved inter-cropping and crop rotation patterns. FhUy, on the benefit site, it is assumed thzt the project -W

reach/i~vc)lveabout 14,000 small holdings, or 7O$ of the total holdings

in the Atebu5u District, by the eighth yeax of operations. !Ms im-

plies that the total value of agricultural production in the district

should increase by about 5$/year. ' The rate of build-up of fanners

reached is 1,000 farners in year one, 2,500 famers in each of years

two and three; 2,000 fanners in yeax four and constant Increment of

1,500 in the remaining four years. The relatively modest projection of fanners reached In the first yeax is in line with the werimentation process envisioned for the pre-in@ementation phase of the program scheduled for FY 77. It is assumed that during the implementation phase ~8-80and .beyond, the glanning and hgjlementation capacitits of the District Council and its supporting Institutions would have im- proved to caxrj the additional fanners.

The project costs have been given in Section 7 above. Here it is assumed that annual recurrent costs (GOG contributions) will be about $700,000 after the four-year development phase. Additionslly, 80$ of the costs of the marketing and research corqonents of the MIDAS pro- ject heve been charged against the benefit atream of this project. ms was done because these caqonents will be carried out in the Atebubu District. Finally, on the cost side, an additional 10$ of total MmAS costs (net of the research marketing and em- luation camponents) have also been chug& against this project since same of the r- MIDAB activities will also be im- plemented in Atebubu ( i. e. credit, extension, fertilizer, chemical end seed dfstribution). Charging sane of the MIDAS costs against

DIPRUD *licitly assums that DIPRUD benefits may not 3e fully reelised without MIDAS. Conversely, it also assum?s that MDAS benefits may not be fully realised without many DTPmTD's in other districts throughout Ghana. These considerations underlie the rationale of the Mission's agricultural grograms, the inter-relation and inter-dqendence of respective projects; they also underlie the importance of rqlicating DIPRUD once a modaliOf has been tested and verified in Atebubu. Table A4.1 illustrates project costs and benefits and shows that an IRR of 17.35 can be realised to proposed MIDAS and DIPRVI) activities in the Atebubu District. The above exercise haa been primarily undertaken to guids,re- searchers on the PP design team to pinpoint sdditiondl data need8 from field mmeys and infonnatt~nsystem so that the .nrlyria can be refincd and reworked during project implementation, evrlu- tion and modification. Table ~4.1- Swnary Project Costs and Benefits ($?!000s)

Total Incremental Year Rods Cost Benefits Net Bzneiits W" c?:J G(A+B) (D) E = (D - C) 1 1998.82 517 50 2516.32 73 -88 (2442.44) 2 1391 63 3195 85 4587.48 332-46 (4255.02) 3 . 2065.73 3~4.20 5179 93 775 74 (4404.19) 4 2083.14 4012. 35 6095 49 1366.78 (4728.n) 5 805.00 805.oa 2068.64 1263.64 e 6 t 2231.33 1476 33 I 7 I 3730 -98 2929 98 1 . 8 1 4506.75 3701 75 I e 9 I 5W 81 4292.81 I 10 t I 5541.IJ. 4736.11 I u 1 5873 59 5~6859 1 12 1 6095.25 5290 25 I I 13 1 6206.09 5401.09 I I 1 t I I 1 1 I I I I I 1 I 1 f ? I I I I I I 20 1 a I I

Tot a1 I 7,533.3>'1 2;3-7l.9.90 I 31.253.22 at 15%= 1636.54 &at 26- (1941.72) hbernal rate of return = 17.3% Derived from MIDAS Sunnnazy Statement as 80& of the total annual cost of the marketing and research components (to be sited Fa the Atebubu ~istrict)plus 10$ of the total annual cost of mAS excluding the marketing, re- search and evaluation components.

Derived iron Financial Table 11 in Section 7. The can- stant amount of #805,000 for years 5 through 20 represent estimated recurrent cost (equivalent to estimated GOS con- tribution in Year 3).

Derived from Annex C Table 17 02 IDAS AS FP and fram pro- jection of fanners to be reached by the project (1.e. 14,000 of an estimated 20,000 fanners in the District iii 8 years as follo~is: 1,000 in Year one, 2,500 in each of Years 2 and 3, 2,000 in Year 4 and constant incremeat of 1,500 fanners in the 'rensaining 4 years)

Estimated over a 20-years (1.e. fmners gazticigatk;g Fa the project remain in the project over a 20-year geriod). Represents 15%of total mAS cost (GOG an& Am).

Department of State WGWA

COMTAINLO IN VOLUME Iv OF OAP WhICH OUTLINED OPTIONS FOR U. S. bS3ISTAYCL Tb GYA%lIAN AGRlCULTllRAL DEVELOPMEN?, 8UG- CESTCO LIhKACF, OF COKPAEHtNSIVE AGRICULTURAL OEVELOPHCNT on0Garw TO GO5 ~DhIhISTRAfIVEOECENTRALIZATION QBJECTIVES rsq suwmr OF LOCALPLANNINC/I~PLEHENTATION EFFORTS RE- GAROED AS rEAJI9L€/CESIitABLE APFROACH CNABLE OISTHrCt CUUNCILd TO AVOID OIfFICULTIES LXPERIENCEO ELSEkHERE IN nt316~bMD CXEtUfIOh AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPHEhT PROGRAM A? thIS LEVEL. ECPg RkCOGhIZES THIS APPROACH RILL BE hIGHLV PEPEuOChY Ch OEvELJPYENT Or AOEQUbTE PLbNNIhG CAPACITY AT LOCAL LEVEL 1h SEVER4L DIFFERENT AREAS AND kXLL REO~IIRE IN- TENSIVE CUORDINITION CFFOHT ay USAIDIGOG AS WELL AS 3~8- SfANfIAL XVvtsTnEkT OF PERSONNEL/FINCIAL RESOURCES BUT

ALJO B€CIEb€S ThEQE IS HEASONARLE PROSPECT THAT CGHPREHEN- ~IVEAPPQOACV GUTLINED IN PXD CWLO WAVE LONG-TER~ InPAct Oh SMALL nOLOER ZNCCXE, LJCAL PLANNING AND RURAL IPFRAm 37RUC'U4E OfVELUPflEhT IN GHANA,

2. dhILE IT I3 nECtGKlZfD THAT PROPOSAL IN EARLY STAGE OF ;'tV~.COPnEh7 WITW LJ31tEF DETAILS AVAILA~LEON REflUIAEHENTS 'OQ SPECIFIC SUYICTIV:TlE3 LT ThXS JUhCTURE, ECPR CON3IO~ PaS QEFIYf*€HT OF ANALYSIS CO~TA~NEDIN PI0 AND 40EQUATE Tw~T~FOd:OF FOLLUZIk*G ISSUES :id PRP AS IRPORTAhT PRE- oi3U131'53 TO O!iP A?PdOv:L AZil AUTHORIZATIOn TO PROCEED mllr FlldThES GE3:GN:

A. CCPR NOTE3 POLiCV L~NSIOERA~IONSAND SPECIAL FACTORS I ~V~LVE~1v rtEr.SIcS SECFhT 3hIFT OF EMPHASJS FNOk LARGE- Kc&:€ C rPItAL CO?'STkLJCTIQ?~PRbJtC13 AND PROGRAM LOAN3 70 SJ~PQQTFOR RIJ~ALAN5 ~~AcLFARMER uEVELOPMENTI EXPANOEO abQA\. ht~:Th SEwVICESI ETC,, bUILIN€D PAGES 1-3, HES (R1. PAGVAltlp4G VIE& HERE IS TwAt 4PPROVAL OF A PROGHAR CON- $I¶?IMG FhTIRELT JR PARTIbLLY OF CEkERAL RESOURCE IMPUTS FU9 RIJRAL OEVELCtPREhT SEC10R CGBTJN~;CNT UPON AflkOUbTE AAALYSIS OF SECTOR OEVELOPHENT uBJECTIVE3 bV b3AIO, GOG, r~ OTMR Cnr(PETtiOJT SOURLE AYE SPECIFIC DELIWEATION OF . St!C?GH nESnURCE REOUI~EHEt~tS. IF A3SESSYENT OF REOIJIIQE- *tN?S nCVELOPMENT OF RUHAL SECTOP EXISTS, IT COULD, :, ACCFV~ARCETO AID/m, BE BASIS FOR LOAN FOR GENCRIL Qt!SOOPCt TkrNSFtRS FOn THIS SECTOR PROVIOEO SIGhIFICAhT Department of State

- . . UNCLASSIFIEO

PlGk U3 STATE 234US8

IxvrtT OF INPUTS 9% TARGET GR311P CAN BE OEHONStRATCD, H@+?;.EAIC/W l?EZuFrJTPES GRAVlTt OF COG BALANCE Of PAYHENT3/ F:~kklGhFxc~A~ZE SI:~AT:ON, UNTIL SPECIFICS OF PROPOSE0 fit S.]~l:iC.t INPUTS '5''5R-f NED+ IT I3 OIFFICULT TO AS3L3S .M:QI? 5 i.(c PRO!;RA?. .Y eg?itb~~2a HILLION IN QUOTE EQUZPHENT A*-;> ka!f R 1 ALS ~J+,L'Q..:-E , $13HEF cnl PAWL 3# SHORTAGE OF Fg?EIGN EXChA3Gt/aAbLnCk OF PAYflENTS CONSIDEHAtlOk$ NOT ~:tFflCTktiTJlJST!f!GZT13d FQW GEhERbL RESOURCE TRANSFERS 7:. 'iI1"~ OEVELC~FC'~: SECTOR SIYCE OBJECTIVE OF ASSISTANCE. \.I..;- . E $tlPPfl2T I:? ~ili'JIf1ESiihICw RESULT IN SIGNIFICANT :*r- ~a37:~GRENeFt7S ?OR THE PRiNARY TARGET GkOUP--WALL pz!.l)E+S ANn KQGdFAan gu91i POOR,

9,- .. A;Q/W #OdL3 APPi?c?XATE 9EINC ADVISED AS TO STATU3 OF ?.,I- - PLO?,'~YING FOE ~URALCEJELOPVEHT. AIO/W PREPARED T 0 aS.$iS: h73SICh I!J2tYELUPfiEYI OF REQUIRED ANALYSIS OF a,,.:: n: nEva~O?i.iEkTStCrCR IF SllCn '4NALY313 NOT PLANNED ..>ba , i.,t>~ 32 qTriE2 3.jU$tS= iB NEAR +UTUHE.

r AL'S=NCL: IjF ;:<5!1:JGH P~ALtbI3NOTE0 ABOVk, PAP SHOULD .. .. E!,:. ..,,!:Pibt5ATiZfi "l PnASEO PROJECT OR NARROWER PROGRIN

2.:; !:..I:!..: GG:!iT :bS:.=-A~tt FOR r'LANNIYG ACTIVltIES FEWHAPS 7. 7 7 irg ()?ST?ICi:? x !q&E THAN t4aGk-SCALE GRANt/L8AN Con- b .:,;--..O:\c iIt;g!t:5 - mc- i4If IAL 3TA!sF., ACTIVITlES PROPOSE0 :.. .+ll?.!ftT PIC COclt? VE GESIGYEO &LONG THESE LINES, SOME r.k L.. T F:Wi)FC CAP T'r JI. ASSISTANCE FOR INITIAL SHALL PIJBLIC dd;+S rcrIitlTiZS CZiJLd BE INCLVDED. IMPLEllkNT4TION OF 5i"Zi. >I!BS?A?~TIAt C7yL!~NITY LIEVELOPMEKT PROGRlHS WOULD 8L PtI. L ~k.5Pe'Jf!lRS t*~l.$c!.ICAt IUN OF ON-GOING RkORGANf ZATION Cr ,-$ZAL G~VE~VB<*~~ACSTRUCTUFE AN0 COMPLETlOh OF OISTRICT !!?Li;JP?IEhT PLAhS Uh8t€R PLAMYING ACTIVITIES OF THIS PROJECT APPiiG4Ce i0~LbSOT ONLY PROVIDE SUF~ILIENT'LLAO- 713: rOrr ~lslALb3IZ 3F tQUIPfltNT ANL, UThER CAPTlAL RESOURCE Z~C~Iw~fi'hTS.SuT 6iJUi.O bLSU PERHIT REVIEW OF LOCAL PLAN- litl..S iFFllRtS ChPPiiIfIliE.5. A CRUCZAL CLEHEhT Ih SUCH A Pqnl:nsH WOL'LO %: tCliLY IOE~JTIFICATIUNOF SECTOR. OBJECT- I1!ES I?iia ~NALYSIS!Y= 4ESOuRtE INPUT3 HEEDED FOR EACh GLO- cibPi-.[C ARE&. 41;1,'n CULLI APYSkC1ATES F4CT ARTICUL4TLD 'JY c.r:'4S-CAFtSC;i I?!rC 4AO ECP* 2EVXEWS THAT IT I$ 4LREAQY Q.,FZyei% T3 f?=N'icV 33.1E WESSIWG OISTRICT NEEDS POI) LOCAL ." ,&S''V$3 .a' !*,. .4p . . , ._.-. ' ,:.jg : Department of state %. "?;ygr6-#s,. .* f '. ' &.a' ,a '>lpm .,*

[I~FU~$THIJCTUQEDCJELCpYtNT. THtRE I3 CONCERN, HONEVER, YI+LT a PQIORT fUC%Tl!'fC4TION OF SOHE REQUIREMENTS WIiL RE- 3~z-111. PPCEpPT;!'G AKACvSLS AND PHOJECP PLANNING ROLE Of -* D.131- altt C~UKC!LS OIHINISh CAPbBILXtY Ah0 IhCENTIVc !I- :-Its€ g@tb%lib'fl~FsfO !4AKt THEIR OYN ANALYSIS OF PRS- 2w:TY ?JEEC'S Lhn ~LLCCATERESOURCE8 FOR LOCAL PROGRAhS,

i:997 PnASE dF P?L.!kCt AfGHTCOkSrS? OF FOLLOWJNG ~L~HEN~~s ;': SqAHI ASSZSTLPJC~FOR IliTEGRPTED AGRZCULTURAL OEVELOP- : ;.* - p3POSasrS~:;: ;L 4NkIhG SuPPORTl AN0 (31 DEVELOPMENT Fr :c-r Al 9EVFLGP:tC?*" COhSULfAhCY CEvTER, LIMITED GRANT r!l:*!r*.G FOR S~ALLW:TAL/PU~LIC WRKS ACTIVITIEJ YOULO h! :XCLUCE~ Xh 13'€5747EO AGRlCUKTURAL OEVELOPMENT COnPQ- .?' -. .'*!Jg:%S SF,tlJ'*'.i LaS5, THlS COC!FIECTxON PRP SHGllLO Rt- :!3, ~~ATG:OF uf3E;-.')CiSS PI;A:I+ST LOIN 017 ANi) FEASIBILITY/ .:t;::lo&RIL!TY kSO!;t5? I*5 656 TO PROGRAM 30HE OF ?HE LOCAL T,~~FIVCYGEHW~~PI: I~:QZE~ LOAN 017 FGR INITIAL PnASES rWIs ?..C,j+.ct, Pal' S@!!LLL rLSC EXipIhE fE4SXBILITY/DESIRABILITY ; :-G'*bZNI%$ FINb?!CiF;b PCR ~G~ICIM~tlThEEOE0 FkOh Re- ..\:J'TE.S -. nq JfhEH UCdlakS, E,li,, RECENT LOIN FROM U,K,

... L"ii Sr(r;lLD EXFf.h!'< BASZ5 FUR 5SSTRICT3 SkLECfEUr LOCAW ';.;pi zN~~!~HP€R AS #ELL A§ EKPLINATlOh FOR OECPSION TO 4 ;z< LT 3ISfRiCt wA!qtq ThAN HEGIONAL LkVtL, SINCE PI0 010

..: : ::.CLUOF b:d? i +luEi.~CfOF LA%€ DISPARITIES IN INCOhEf ~:~L'.:,FLE~O~PG~TL'!::TIES PNG AVATLABIL~TY OF SOCIAL 8EQ- 2fCtS RcTdEEs PRfPSSEd OISTRXCTS Ah0 OTHER OISTRICTS, tsS;:Y= 4cISSICN AGARt bF POSSIBLE HIOENIhC OF OISPARXTfES SJYCE SMAt,-SCALE FaRdENS Ah0 ~L!NmFARR RUfiAL POOP Xk :$5.7SYE5 dXblflCt ;:ALL dE RECIPIENTS 4N0 BENEFICXARIES OF i,?;T$ 430 PQ5GiiAE5 VHICH NLLL hOT trE AVAILCELL Ih 8ARE MASSIT~~ETO 5Ikf~kRGROUP It4 NfIGktlOHING DISTRICTS. . . Department of State

@AM 85 STATE 230858

CXPENOITURES, PRP SHOULD INDICATE WHICH GOVERNHEkT BUOY &ILL LIETERMINE MHICH PROJESTS ARE ACTUALLY FUNOED, IF FI%AL nETERMIhATI0N IS HAOE BY CENTHAL GOVERNHENT, PRP WOULD OEStR10E CRITERIA BY WICW DISTRICT PLANS RILL BE 4PP30VED AND FUhDE17. THIS SBC~IONOF PRP SHOULD AL80 0E- SCRIOE PIOM ON*GOINC DISTRICT OEVELFPMENT PROGRAHS XMPLE- NENtEO BY VARIOUS HJFiISTRIES k?LL BE COOROIhATEO w1TH in0:jE FROP03ED FQR 1~HPLEMENTATIONRY OISTRICT COURCILS.

Fa FaRP SH3ULO OESCil113E RELATICINSHIP OF THIS PROJECT TO FbAi.) PROJECT 072 Ah0 MIDAS PROJECT 067 AND EXPLAIN ti011 THFSE.'~CTXVITIES MILL COMPLE2ENT DECthTR4LIZEO PLANNING Ar*n- P.UOVIDE IfdPUTS AND SERVICES TO TARGET GROUP* c,. NOTE THAT PIU CALL?; FOR GRANT FUNDING OF HOUSIhG FOR COU~JTQY TEC9%ICIANS. PRF SHOULr) JUSTIFY U.S,.SUPPORT .?t THIS COST, t4URHALLY BORNt, dY GOG,

: BQP SgOULb XNtLUUE 414 ASSESSMENT OF LABOR AVA1Ll4BILITY T~CLUVING ITS SEASGhoLZTY Ah0 EXPLAIN THE REASONS FOR THE PAQTICULAR nrr s~ LASOI?ICAPITAL PLANNE~UNDER T~EPROJECT,

i. C3XTERIA 4 TMROUGH C LISTED ON PAGE 6 OF THE PI0 ARE ZG33 EXAMPLE OF ThE TYPk OF CHITERII HEFFRREO TO IN PARA 4 PEF (0)) AND APPEAR ESPECIALLY APPROPRIATE TO ACHIEVE- x:N? PSOJECt OaJECTlVES,

3- AIQ/*8Ay !JOT BE ~ILLI~GTG Gn FORHARD JITH CONGWESSIOh- 3~ hOTICtCATIOK FOR STAHT-UP bF ThfS PROJECT IN INTERIM ;LA~TES, IN AOOITIOh, PREPARATION AND APPROVAL Of PRP 7~;jsSIP~ILAR PRUCiSS FOR PP EXPtCTEb TO INVOLVE CUNSIO- Fq6aLE iIfiE AND EFFORT WITH RESULT TH4T PR0JEC.T FuNo1~c 1. ~PRLY1977, LF?Eh INCLUSION IN FY 1977 CP MILL CR00A8~y '*;IT I)ELAY PRGJECT SUBSTAKTTALLY* PROJECT IPtCLUOEO I)c -- q.jafAtJ dUDdET S~anIS310hFOR LIhITEU CUNOING IN IkTEPIW i:uARTER,, MORE SGBSTAh7IAL FU:IDIhG Ih FY 1977, 6UDGET i;r,rrrLf THANsNITTCD SEPARATELlr INCLUSX3h IN PI 77 CP OE- ::r;c?~df ON SEtEIPT AGEQUITE PWP RV hOVEN8ER 19 (Th13 kILL ~~saAPPLY TO ANY PRGJECTS nHICn RAY BE INCLUDED AS OUOT~ Department of State

c, +dREE POSIf:k4s :Tho ARC4 UEVELOPMCNT ADVISOR3 AN0 963JECt MANAGLR] SEJGS~TEOIN >REqDEO MOB INCLUDE0 IN bt,4PfSSJON TO RR;hl: FOR APPROVAL, THESE POSITIOk3 MILL 5k iNiLu0ED UtvGkG RG8 UhTIL PP APPROVED. AT THAT TfHE THC rf9-PlCT bb'+'sCdS CYYNEEI Ah0 ACCRA-BASED PROJECT MiNASc4 !dbbLf! 6E CFAqGED AGAIhST PROJECT 073 AS OUTLINED Cu?;Slrih2T LE?T%R. AIOtW COKCERNkb ABOUT COf4RIT~ENt IN- fh ASSIGSM"u! Cf AREA OEvELOPtltNT. ADVISORS TO DIS- TqlGTS PAZOH TG Suf*SSS13N AKD APPROVAL OF PRP/PP. StCi.:NttF THFbE ~ECHY:CI~~SWEEDED FOR QUALITY PROJECT nt.cIezc Abb ISVOL'.E:'t';? PROJECT ~ENEPICIARIES1N.OESIGY ?fi~YC~S$,diJf APF74sS fSSChtIAL TO HAKE CLEAR TO NATIONAL A:*C, UAQ?rtIJLPRL!', LSLAL dFF1CIAI.S ?HAT NO COHHSTRLhT FCS.9."?4' ,L t UNttL f.62 P"PROVE0 Bt AID, IN THIS CONNEE~IONI \IS!,; '.;oCC4A :+AY .'ISn YO CCNSIUEW SCALED-OOdh PROGRAll (PER Pnzt 3 9 43VE; PNE.'?q L1Pf1flfZIN6 T3E USE dF AREA DEVELOP rqS-':r t.~!r~a~istr li:'i-~t SAC): A~VISOH COVER nonE THA~ONE "*- -cl=. . *c-: PROJECT ICZNTIFICHTION DOCUbENT

DISTRICT PhMJIl#G AND RML DEVELOPbIENT 'PRCICIRiCM

StMMARY OF THE PHOBU AND PROPOSa USAID RESPONSE

Stmumry of the Problem

In several docwnmtsl/ the Covemaen$ of Ghana (MO)and USAID have pointed to the need for program v:hich raise the stanfard of' living of the rural poor. Tho rural poor are generally definsd as small farnors cultivating on 10 acres or less, ad the non-farm rural poor of which a large number are dorard unenployed middle school lavers. It is ar~uedthat a strategy of raising mpioynent oppcrtunitios, real per capita incomes, and waart: in the rural areas would reduce the drift of the population to urban centers and would strenehen the interlhkages between the maland urban sectors. Thosa processas arz now recoenizsd a3 important preconditions for the attairrmznt of national dcvelopnent objoctivas, Hcnjevsr, -there are aaverzl genzrzl ptcS1--, or== which militate against brinping larger nmbers of the rural paor into the growth procoss. These, too, have been well documented but ma? be briefly swa~izzdhere ss follows:

Ffrst, very little is known about small farn systems in Ghana nor about the preconditions which would encowape small fanners to more readily adopt nsw technologies and -roved prac- ticcs. SLqci. the smU fdnnzr andeavors to ninimice risks inheront in farming in the hdd tropics, many obscrvcrs have argued for a camprehensive approach, intagrating a raqe of actitities to effectively reach large numbers of srmll farmers. Such a canprehensivz apuroach would canbine intensified efforts In extension, codc3tion and actior research with impvcd marketing services and infrastructure (fetder roads); more reliable axxi acczaviblc input distribution and credit facilttiss, and tho dhelopnant of s3rvic3 cdntcrs ad z~ri-buslnsssin rural markat towns. These mcrkot tam are now acknowlcdpcd to bo the major Unk betwl*en faners izd farm su~plisro,proc.-.seors and consumers, and thcrofore their dcv~lopncntis critic~.lto rurzl mowth. It I8 2190 recopnized that a CCUF.F~O~C'~IS~V.=aClproirch cannot be undcrbkcn and ~OordiniItdat notional 1::vcl~. Ckn' has sevcral ccoloplc.~lzone3; fatming systems, cultivation PF~C~~CJ~and croppinr pzttcrna vary consId~.rablyand nru detcnnind not only by the physical zrd naturnl character.istie f,S the ecolom, but also Q thc trzditions ?.mi customs that regubta che use, distribution .and conservation of aflicultur=l resources. Con~cqu~urtlythu componants .! nd .saqucnce of activitias of a c~lprchonsiveapdcultur~l.dsvslopn~t program nust lx tailored to the spocific needs, constr~dnts3nd potzntials of the ~eographical area in auestion. This can only be achievd if proprvns nrz phnn~d, executed and coordinated at local, dec$ntrslized levels. ' This leads into the second problem which is the limited experience in carrying through intensive and effective coordinsted agricultural d;velofment projects st decantr;llic& lavsls. In the absence of local goverrxent machinery and autonomy, the planning coordination and sx.?cution of developent efforts have been tho responsibility of ~ovarmentagencies hzadqurtered in Accra and represented at. local. levals by special project authorities. Dua to Utcd local partlciption in pmject design and exccution, many of these efforts have failed. Other efforts t!staro t enninated prmturdy as spccizl projact a~thoritieswere phnscd out before local institu- tiow hxl developed capabilities to continue these functions. Furthcr although there is considerable meriencc in the desim and cxccution of cmodity-oriented pro jStcts raising sgricultural production, there is less ~criencein the design and oxecution of projects that will hpct on the incames and welfare of the largo nuibsr of fanners which are expect4 to generate agricultural ~r~ductionincreases. The thid problan area has to do with lack of capital and equipnent in the rural areas and the considcrabla flow of labor resources from the rural areas to urbzn centers. ktv kune Ghanaians educated in rural areas have expectations of urbn jobs, salaries and life styles. Thcy .lrigrzte to urhn arcas and will invest a co:.siderable length of time in uncmployrndnt to trzhslate these expectations into reality. Very few of th~seschoo& lavers dqsiro to work on their father's fzrm. When thlp consider ~gricultureas on employment altarmtive, they do sc as owners/operators of large- scslc, mzchanizl-d holdings. Opportunities for off-fann cmploymcnt in rural areas are United due to the lsck of capital 3rd technology, the small nuzbdr cf apricultural pmgrms t~rvinp.tho fan comunity, thc om11 number of al:ri-busi~lcss firms, and thz lack of activity and services in runlrmrkct towns. It has also bccn obszrvcd tht thas.! thrcc yrohlcna Z~C~S3r0 inter-robtbd. . Th.2ir c~~usdsblsicsl&v stan frm tha lack of qerience in thm3 cxscution of cm-rt:b.:nsive propr~mat local 16v;b which incr9:ose rnplo-ment in thc rur2l crcas .md ~an~ratezpriculturzl surpluses fram larg~.nmb.:r af holdinr*~on a sustain& basis by iapacting on thd multiplicity of nxds that affect inccmss and nolfara of the rwil pcoul~tion. WID Ros~nseto thc Problm The solutions to thdse nroblun areas'is not found in any one project but in AD1s overrll'assistcrncc proFam to Ghana1 s efforts in implementing a rural devolopent strategy. In this repard, the Msaion has desirned and subnittd two program presently dnr AIDh considaration. Both pmpms racognizc the inmediate nocd fnr mobilizinu rescurcJs in support of agricultural dI:v~lo~ent.The weed Input Dellvery and Apricultural Servicos Program (bIIDA3) deavors to improve tho cop3biUty of public institutions, at national lovf~ls, to ssrve the privata sector in its role of producing aFd distributing farm inputs 2nd in its rolo of mrketing agricultural outptt . The Fancr Association and Agro-buoinzss Dcvdopncnt Proprx. (FM1, working throuph privat o voluntary organizations, cndccvers t:, support, the privzta 3..ztzr dirdetly in t.hose rnlr?,~, Both IsUDhS snd FIW) are dcsipned to assure the availability IJ~sppmprinte hm inputs and services on a ragular basis .I& to assura a smocth flow of fam production tr mrksts 3rd cansumers. However, they .arc nat dasigncd to sssura that the 3vailability of these inputs and senricas are coordinated in thc contat ~f a conprzh:?nsive pr0pr.m planned cd ex.?cutcd at deczntralizrtd levels ad czmbined with requisite mall public works prajacts. It is in th2 accunplishm~nt of these objectives that the Esssion s~eksto 393ist efforts in repionsl/district planning and rurzl dev~lopmmt. Such assistlnce is also expected t.cr strengt.h~nthe cap3bilitics of local Ghanaian institutions to dcsi~n,ox=cut c and rnabiUzo resources (anuowdr and capital) for 3 wide rmEe of dhv.?lcpnent pra jects which af fcct rural per capita incomcs, sdploynl:nt and wzlfare. In regmi to this latter purpose and having repard to the politic31 f ~asibilityof .2dministerir.g 'doc intr:~liztd, comprchcnaivc: planning od dcvzlcpnent prcr?rm, the !.iisoion mtes and camnerds the cfforts of thc.Goverrm2nt of Gknz to dccsntral'ize and stream- line its administrative nuchincry thmuch tho est::bUshmmt of District Councils. Thcsi. councils, hadcd by District Chief Ex2cuti.v~ Offic:rs, ccmbi: c local govcrrncnt authcrities (whose staff hav~bccn mainly politic31 3ppcdrltcr:s) with govermc!ntnl apcncios at district lcvcla (whose staff arc ci\%l s.?rv:.~~ts).Thcsv councils nrt: ~hnrr~dt: t?,* erL~blishtdin s~v;r:l districts bor-innin! in 1Q7b. Ulhl,:r th~:n~w loccl fl~vcrmonts t.ruc tun, the District Cot~ncilwi 11 cnns titut. tht: basic unit for ~averrmt?ntkrrd abinistrctii)n at thc IUCZ~l~v.:l. ,is such, %heywill h: UIG solu ratink. authorities. This means that thc District Councils will becm~the: min budlrctary units of the refionel orginizztions and net th~d.zprtn.:nts of c~ntrclpovl:rnm:nt sgkies. It is ~nticipltcd.thit by rcnsan of thzir local pr-st;nct and of their dccisian-.mkine powars, that I1The nu\$ District Ccuncils will be ablo to idmtify' thz problms af th3 araz more r~sdily,s.,;lk solutions to thm, and insure c5+xliti:>us 'okucution of thc pri~jccts and services rquircd to bring rsllef to the rituati~n.~~yAll

district expanlituros, wheth=r racurrant fcr salaries l;r wspes, maintznance of equiment szrviccs, atc. or for district crlpitx-1

projscts- - funded either & the cmtral govzrrnsnt or fFcrn district revonuos, will bz coardikt'ed by and channelled through the District Chief Exscutivu who reports to the Repionol tldministrotivz Officer and the Rc?icnal Ccmissionzr. In this task, the Chijf Zx~cutivawill b~ advis:d and p~idid by the Executivt! nrd Phnnirq Cdttces of tha District Council. Tho District Pla~inuConnnittsc, chnirtzz by the Chicf EXclcutiv~and made up of ths hads of district dcparh~eilts~f *;zrfz*= cmtr=l govement ~gdncies(i.?. , !linistrics of Hcalth, Apricultllre, Education, Depzrtntnts of Social Kclfare and Camunity Dcvclqment, Town and Country Plz;~ning, Public Works, heand Wildlife, Sports, Accountant Gener~l,and tho Fire service) will be rospcluibli? for dr~wingup devclonont plar,s fcr th~district and designing and monitoring the i:x.*cution ~?frequisite dcvslop~ntpropuns. In the context cf a four-tier structure of th~prcpcszd local ~cv~rnm~nt set-up, the District Council will bo canpcszd of th~district hrads of the czntral g3vcrml;nt tcancies as wcll as rcprcssntativcs of urbzn, municipl and loc2l councils which in turn will. bc ci.,zu~scd of reprzscntatives of Town and Villrrge Dcv2lopncnt Conmittces. Rcprssantativcs of District Ccuncils will, togot.hcr with resicrxA deprtnontal head3 of centrsl povcrmcnt 3pcncie2, cmprisd thtr Regiornl Council which, thrnugh the chimanship of thc Rcjricn-r Comissionzr, will bc responsible t? thi: Head of SUte and tho National Rdcmption Council. The &ginrial Council, thr Urban and Local Cowlcils, as WJUa3 the Town and Village Dcvelomi?nt Conrmitteus, will n3t havs qytudng or rcvdnuc colluctim p?w;.rs: this responsibility is vdstcd solely with thc District Councils.

"The Ncw L~slCcvarm~nt Set-Up;" Unpublished ninco. Covernm2nt cf Ghana. Janwry 1975. I In implmcintinp its rurzl plxnina 2nd dcvslom nt nssistancc atratew, USkID fntunds to work throu~h2nd strc.npthen the planning snd praj-tct exdcutit,n .:nd mnitcring c:.pabili:.ics of s,!loctod .District Couricils. The Irlosi-n intends to work tl;r~uphDistrict Councils in thosl arcas of Ghana hhcro thc recuirmmts for additi.vn1 outside rasourc ?s for rr~riculturaldcv.:lopna~t are gr:.:stost in tt:nr3 of raising living sL??ndards rdlativ.: tc thd fit7re.zd vulop~ddistricts in Gbna. The )?issian tus :~lsoaccordLd priori tv to districts ula:ra thore is cvidcnca of krpc disparities in pcr czpits ir.con.:s #?nd enphymant oopcrrtunities within such districts'. ' f n discussions with roaibml qnd district cf ficials,' thr'?~district8 have b~tmidentified which satisfy ,thes~criteria 3rd which ;?re rcpr?sr?nt.?tivd of the major acohgical zcnss of Ghmn. Thasa districts arz: a) the Tamale District in th~Northern Re.don;::b) ths Wenchi District in the [email protected], raprrsmting the transitionzl zones; and c) the Aowin anfiDistrict in tha Wcstarn Rapion, rzpros.3ntinp ths hiyh rainfall f orcst zonc.

Thc Ifissian ,intends initizlly tc work thr.lugh tha District Councils in L~IJ~Jtlrrea districts .:nd to &n cxperi~nr..?with 8hhnell$ng resourcds to then in sunpol% of their phnning activities and dev.zlopnent progruns. On thz ksis of ~valuticns,the Misz~ion intends to rcolicate suc3 activities in othsr District Councils in Ghana. Ths evcluaticn will detzminz the extent to which the follm5nE project cutputs will hlva bjen achir;-vd: 1. The succsssful exscutian cf intcnsifiid effcrts in agricul- tural extznsion, c~munic~til\n,trainin~,c'dw.?nstrsticn, inmt distribution, credit and mrk; :inn for th3 b.:n;.fit cf smll farn.-'r~ and mull trlders. The District Council is cx~.!ctedto ccordinatc and mnnitor the inputs of variaus district.-depzrtncnts of ~overrncnt agencies, of privato srgcniw*ions, md t.hrlsr! AID inputs that my bo p~cvid~dto thcs~districts ud~r~.!ICMS and FA;&.

2. A strenrthencd cqxbility of District Councils to conrdht:? various district dzp3rtncnts of ~ovl?rrmcntagcncios :.nd private orpnnizstions in thc phnniny, dcsirn and rlxccution of projects wlrich Impact cn the nt:eds of thz rural pcpuL1tir.n nnd which @molior;rta cpncific dev-l~pm.:nt canetraints. It 13 onticip~ttdthat such prqdcct3 ahbuld inclulc fcco~rrr.?td ct!notruction, bnd clcarin~,c~.nstruct.ian of cornunity storzpc fxiUtics, areating vilhpa wator systmn, cons.rmtion and ,~fforcatati:~n,smll-scalc Irrig3ticn, prcvishn of social am~niticsand SJ~V~CGS,and const ructic~nof cccn~vric 3. Incrorsd anplo~rant %nltrdniny: oi schml irworr aithe~diraetlp ns qly~am,.f the pnsjacts outh~dab.3~~ or + indiruew a8 pm j~tmtieipt~nt a and bvndfieiarf as uf on!p,rm 1- octivitiar that afract aft-f.m apbymrrt ~pmrtunitiabawh or 1 tding, opi-busfnoss 91d qloymtlnt in m1 ma1 indwtrirs, 1 1 r 4. . Tha attUUty, mfflcicnt #a end mintu~nclrfif oauipnent rd~twiah in mu-publlo wqp pmju~tswhich I fncro3su aplrqmnt on s susphod hris. To aqcaaollsh thuas objoctivaa, 21Sii will pmvisa o pxl af mpower, fhmeQ1 ard pant rowmaa bi~ichwill ba c)urmW'? tu the District Ccunefls?P" thr~ugh tha Mnf stry aikenfd.c Phmin~ adthe budmt) when It in dacnatratcd that (a) patantid, praj~ct bsrrefieiaries hvs hsd a m3Ns m1a in prajrlct dasfgn ."Ajtcr wrUin~ to nhorir in dnvolopaant cnsta, (b) the pmjsct b~nrSicLarfuaaeewnt for a sI@ficlant pmporUcn EE tha district' a pb tien )cov- p*r enpie incnmss balm tha diatrfot avarap, and (a'?= thjt tho dirtrlct dwdopnont prn jitets arrr rcanmfcally aabla, &i&#tmtfvcly faniblo od gqnurally consimtnnt with ths objretivsr LopUd wdar 2. through 3. abcvs,

1, erEPbUrh 3rd tws dacnrtntL*n, tnininp ad fbm 8arriea erntom toctlfrcd tn ispla~nt.Intrmtrd sdcub tlrro dw;rlornmt prwrzr# for m.rU hmwr 3nt tlgdm~ ad, pmitkwln~ drd trsnrpert lor thd kIDdLNot hirm ptvrjcet 9rfLe.tn Mm urU, adat thr 3SoCllol in tho durlm, w~utbn9rU ooordkvttlsn at ~yioulkd dwolopnt aotiwltlos ord dtarChs Ilm nr UWD Iwdm f to Dlotriot Cow#llr# 1

b

1

--- -- I' j

1 I

1

U prwido hourinrt, tramcort and effie:a So? Chinn I I wnnwl aaaign~dto ;rch oC tlt~Didtriuta to mar ~t t grrt Pbmiw Cdttuos in rrttwrinp district plans ad an dasfimfnyt an8 rxecutkn~-11 phUc tmrkr ad u-W d8~dbp-mtpjflt81

ill. kamrt of th.'drv*lopant colt8 of -11, publlo I mrks rnl e-wtiq durhprmt acUdUar (lam thur U.S. $UX),QX)) doscribd udar C.2. 4Mvo. WID pnta * , will bir comalmmtd bf contrSbutbm tmm pmjaot knnfloisrj#r (prJmcrl4 labor) ud the Wmt,

thPnco tho fadgn mcabrk af admmt, wtalrtr sd naehw Wwdta un8awh~mU &L;h Iwd t~tky dovdemmc omj -ots On thc~+ethm DSgtActa am rrU pr kr atbar am1 dlmrrloto, m~ wtvlU brl @a rmtkbla 24. prbU krrUtuclmr od ehnm emrrabrr l)ro w mrnCler ua mil prbLle w&a m$wtr i- nrni rwrr, lhF Cbr aC rrrdr +%U bp 1sonltoro6 W thrt HErtliat~~ot l-a PIICL11hp sad Wm ts a~umOMC th mleknk urSU b 11)d br rws;l dm- umt to c8W@IhS &pat -1 b irrrbb1,- tar sr#U m*Llr &$ ml-ulr h thr31 I)## Il#?.rhia ~PPMIB9~:ebme u a-4, *w ma CIBallL sk)Id@ P=Y~ I~P Warn+ol mw~Orr6rhkh ha,# an m&CUoW hr 5Cs rrrnrS dm*- gtrnk&iq* ma R-1 -a w 1;$thaeS*rn, M *mbl wmbtn4 %s Wlr Wd dhtritt Iavpm3rJ #E&YJ~&19 diW##a 4Wtr Dq o in i w nF uc ycaoss or~~~ A.. ORS.-o40I

0~ o9ucUN0frU A EI4 00

~,ftT

b*U.i4.h on .a3Lca"Wf ti ~s p , V406cnutr 00*Ot~b~

41RAtI " D -~s w m'to em . 111cus t of dtdo m*k~ii st urCw Y!+J and F44 +arc inerdnrnt~lta md net mhakOicW% :."-*? GQG Wrlrtt rc.eurcitr rr.mlly 311-cr tcr.1 ta district pwaar,

-mW ol 'h J pnrpooad Jlatrict nlanninr c.nd db*t,;lqb- 4!6@% mv MVZbwt ihcrrtilitd in thrc ctpricultur:rl Sect.-r "nd cr)r~~prto af tho DM, F~qyof th~8ocitlr,pnii;rts sky* MVa UIJU ~untcrpartin the prnp.*abd NIDrJ anC F-ZE pr~yr-rrs-/1' Wth Cgrorlbo, rrn a mtInnqL basis, ~~~tti8it&*ainp~t~rnd sttrviccs in wt9f &art? 3nhmUicrb actien 'pm*rabplmdntrrt at db.ccntr?Es.;: ZaP*tr* a ~~ ~JQc~altermtlvor, thcref*ro, 'th, ousatlrn lo not YIC at lel%mttkSvoraLtn of cPrawrwnts (thsae a11 in any case 4- m mrf diatrlct.) but rather 7na ef findinc 3pproprirrto "inaiiw artehrrursar thvwh Wch a dcsirablc d~oroocf 1 wiwdEmrutn zm-n%v.rri.?w public instituti$nr., privat(r arnnizztim ad as~jwtrs%ttielmnto cln bo ?chi.tvod at w~rklng1dv~;lri in wkn;rlnr, IUYruph th? cbJstivee fit 3n int--nslfiac! plannlnp nnrl 4w3&m%clf:rtl In thin ram& tho f3Uowinrz clturnativas ta rtkF Oisetitt Ckwntbb van crnstdard:

Fbr~t,SIttx mtabUabnt cf a aprlclal arcJzct ~uthority mmmdbk fi*?d stoirrrin~:rrJ ~x~cutlnr rur:l dsvalcpnont progrm. ma altam~t.4~~raro mjsetcd oa It torrlsd ta un'.cminc s sffart,~.rf rpLrq%h~vths:?rul mrkl~thrruvh rxistinp Ghanaian $nrstitutlem, ~dleubrllyat ha1luvdls, Socmd, wcrking thrclufh %kCmr6m,rrt rtT Rural D~~tl~ntof tho llinistry of Labar .mc! @wS%lt:eUnr*. this altrmrtivc ms rnjueta! sinco, althburh tho Ds~lrtrr~rrthas 4 rural rtovrtk~cntmanelstd, it clads ne.t h2vc 3 ra~r#l~tu f%?reer?nzk a? diotrict l+cv,tlnlenning. Thir:', wcrklnr throub-h Uq4wu), QurwiJo, Thlr w.8 roljcctcd Pn thc hzris tkt thay wdre tm fir ma*vd tma ptsntinl b~nct~ic~rlusla thus.) councils hsva 4&r-t Una >Icaenunlc~ticn wlth thc Town amt Village kWb~tC~ittd08~

1/fhukt~wrl-ar kIL.d are ootion ruo~vch,credit to small Ismem end tmit~,~~;riQultura and hma c\cnc:nstrt?tinn, Tha e-mpru.nto cnla:r Fdd rru uatubliahnont QS PVO orunnis~d Qlmnotratbtr famq (rwl tcahnical aasiatsnc~to foimt)rns~r~cia- tion8 awl e~rl-buein~aofinas, For thus2 rS:%snnsDis4 rict Ccuncils arc the most apnropriitte chavulel; thrcueh which to implmsnt 2nd coardirrate intonsifil,d planning and dvv~lopnantafforts ct local lsv.,ls rrvj tPzc;u,~hwhich simi&r proqrams can bd rzolicated an a wider basis in the futur+~. 11. FIN;INCIAL RkQUIi<;Id!TS ;,ND r'L.NS

An illustration of total PkJJC~ cost4 ovsr thc entirc fiva- ycer dlsbursmant pericd is given' on page I1 by camponmts and type of financing.

The major LncuGs co a tgs rons of h rz pective compon.?nts of the proposd district pEm~n~znd wai&vdoynmt promu are anticipttd to he as follows.

A. District Pknninr 2nd Cc.v:alamcnt A~tivltics 1. Intt:or;ltA tt~ricuituralDevl.:lonm.in t Prarrms - Thesa wlll br? imulm~ntidin conjunction vith ~-'IL'IISand F.d in~utsin ach of thr5a districts. NnJor UShIiJ in?uts include 2 direct hire UUU projcct officar sb~tionzdin each distrie: mi remcnsiblc to the District Chief Sxxutivz Offics; prznt funds for the 1cc:l and foreign exchan~ecosts of the ccnstructicn and furnishinp of fam demonstration, tr.. ininc and rural 3 ;.rvic> cznt ers, and staff housing; pat funds fcr the purchsso cf vehicles ad 4uim.t.nt and to finsnc 2 annual op~retingcosts durin~the five-y~ardevalopxnt phnsz . 2. Pb.nnina Suceorf:. - One Ghanaian axpert will bc station

A, District Plannine end Dcvaloment Activities (in' 3 Districts)

2. Plnnninq Support 1.5 1.2 - 43

Be Rursl Devclccrr.znt~ Consult.;nc:r Center k.1 3.7 - .I -

C. Rurzl Resource baa20:O - .20.0 0.9 -

Total 45.0 12.3 2Q.o 5-5 7.2 lJDoes not include the value of HIDAS ard FAAD inputs into these Districts. Estimate of inermental on-fane and off-hrm labor coats. l/ Hueh of the equipncnt arri ktcrials icimrt* for rural dovdlmt?nt activitico under the rural rcsourcc loan vill be usd I'or mall public works pro;j-!cts in thvse thrsc districts. . d Imlldcl weirsuit.tralni for tho -ntirc program. 3. Small Public b!or!cs 2nd Camunity Dc-/.:larnsnt Pro(-rms Grant funds will bt: channelld to tho thri:! District Councils, on a fixcd cost dlsbnrss~intbasis, to finrnc2 part of thr: Jcv~1c~pn:nt costs of fb:lcicr road pro j.*cto, villawe \:at ;r supply systcms, Lnd clwriw, cttc. The funds will b,: ,maitorcd by UStiII] 2nd the Ilinistry of Economic Planning .xnd will t:. rcl,is,d as stria11 public works projects and cum:unity d=v...lcmjdnt proprms are exacut td . B. Rural Devcloment Consultancg Cm.?ntv2r

This Center will ba established in Kw,asi so that p~rsonnol can liaise.closaly with the Univ~rsityof Sciencz and Tcchnolory, tha Crops and Soils Research Institute, the Tscbnology Consult3ncqr Cl3nt.?r, and thc Town and Urban ?l~nninpDcpzrtm~nt, Construction of kildings is not forusaen as rental spcc is zvailsble at thc Univrraity. One EhID dir~cthire urojcct Sficer, assisted hv high-lzvel Ghanaian staff', will devslop a survey/res11~rchprcrF'.E, identify technical sarvicz ne-~dsfrom Ghcnaizn and ovr?rsxs r;scurcas, and drzw up the apprcpr -3te srrr.sm.?nt, contracts 2nd wcrk sch:dulcs. Grant funds dl1 bs providid for suw,?y and laboratcry eauipmdnt, vshiclcs, opr~tinncosts and ccnsultant fses.

C. Rural Rcsourcs Loan

Itzns cliuihlz for fimcinp, to b2 us~dfor small public works pro,lects, arc road rollers, .madcrs, crswlzr tractom; bitman spreaders, pipes, pumps, bitmen, cmznt, ctc. Thc Resources ban is consistent with Stratepy Option 3 ~utlinidin tha DLLFwhich reco@szs tha n..:.d for baknc2 of paym~ntsuoport to small public works pro jdcts and comu'nity c vjlo~snentpmrrzms whiclr bencflt sndl faners 2nd tha ncn-farm rural For. Tho Rural Rdsourc~sLcan will be monitored by tha P'Anistry of Econamic PLnning and UStID and coordimtd -Ath rz1.siss of ,rrcnt funds for proj.?cts in th~thras districts.

DisV~~1::NTbF THE PRCJXT

Apart from field visits nnd discussions vith'rerional 2nd district officials, no studies, surveys 2nd omlyacs hsv~b1:cn undcrtakrn by th~Hission in thd 'thrcc districts. Rsrdiny t.hc Tunalc District, i~ compllnl.~ntcqrphnnin;? assistant;: ~~roposrrl outlincd in this report has rrlrr:-dy b.:t:n rcconundndtd by TA/W nrd su'dttd to nID/\.l for ccnsidcration. It is cnticipstd that dcvslopment rlctiviti~'3idcntf-ied for the I:asi:: iii\r,:r Ijdsin, also in thu Tunsle District, will b\: implmmtsl undar tht: l:..n~:rgl fmwork rscomendcd here. With r~pcirdto tho Wcnchi District, thc Mission expects to rcceivc 3 pmj~ctproposal by 14upust 1, 1975, f'the Hegiorul Fhnninr Offic: of thc Brong-~hzfa Rcpion arri the offic.: of the District Chicf kdcutive of the Wenchi District.

In cr procram of this nature, it is not possible to mka a clear-cut distinction bett.:.:cn its dcsi~nerd hnlm.:ntation phases. . This is b::ciiusa thu pla;:ninf-and proj~ctdisi~n phcec of the pubUc mrks and cmunitv dcvalopnent projzcts is its.:lf nn innortant cmpn.znt in the =xt:cution of this propram. Ths Kission therefore recam.crtls 'the following steps for prom~rndav :lopmmt.

First sssist~nczwill b2 rccuirsd frm 1~IlIfi~to design and prcpare the tochnicsl assist~ncs/~rantportion of the District Phnnin.? and Rural Dov-2lcm!snt Procrua. To accmplish this the Mission rccomsnds that the thrae direct hire projcct officers be stationed to the thrde districts in s short th.2 2.ftcr noproval of the .PID. Thsy would zssist the dr?si~nteam in thr? orspzrrrtion of thc int..:,~.?t.dg npricultursl devi.lom~ntand the district ~Ljnning support pror.rSlns in urch of thc throe districts.' Thd pro joct officars will havs, by th.3 tin2 the d~sinnis fialdsd in, say, Jmusrf 1975, developed c~ntzcts2nd opcncd chanels of comunication with district officials 2nd projcct bzncfici~rics. The thrza projact officers 3hould hxvc backgrounds in' re~ionalphnnine and experience in im~lmentingma1 devzlopmt:nt propams. By the timt: that these project offic~scan b2 assigncd to the districts the Mission will have roccived e spccific rf.cu~stfor sssistanca, 'on tho Un~s pr?s.:ntd here, fron at laclst cntt of t.ht; districts.

The design team should bs compos~dof an agronomist, cthno- scientist, comunication and informal t?ducction spccialist, a rnarksting specialist and an a~riculturnlcconodst . Tllc dcsign tc.m ohould ~rcparr?a PRP by ripril I., 1976. ,\ PP ohould be rpnnvcxI by July 31, 1976, so that furds ckn be oLU~atedby iiuqust 31, 1976.

Second, zssiztanc2 will be rmuircd from HU)~!to prcparc a P? for a &Ira1 Hosourcs Loan. (;\ PRP has dra3d;y bccn submitted to ADDin Janwry 1'775. ) The2 dcsicn tcm should includo a rncchanical cn~incar,an s~riculturalcnpinzs and an nrricultural economist, and acscss Ghana's cquipctznt and n~nterialneds from ovltrscas sourcds to im~lt.r;l.intits ov~r~llrurzl a 2v :lcpmt?nt nrnprm. Thrcrurh the Rural Rt:s-:urcc Lwn, V21i11) c3uL; fini:nc..> 2 sirnificant part cf . Ghana' s incr~rn~sntzlimpsrt rcquirinznts f:*r sn.:cial mrzl ddv...lcp- mcnt prtrj-xts and thur*cfnru hslp to mclit-r?.tc hslinca -f ;Mym!nt prcssurcs. It is zntieipatA Llli~t2 Ti" cnn b-2 prqxtrs! no htr2~ than threa mmtt~sof ter tha publication 9f Gh3ns1s Flvc-Ycar Devl?lopn:nt Pbn which will \>G ?*:nilsbl.,. by Dec.?mbsr 31, 19'75. Funds mirht, therefcra, bu i $liptixi on cr abeut ~wst31, 1976.

~'cpinnimfiscn.1 1978 0 scrics sf PP acdmih~~zrc cxpccti to bc fcrthccnin:? frm aach of 'thrm riist'ricta to fid :md impltmcnt ~ublickerlcs 2nd cornunity Bcv tlspncnt pr::grms. Thzsr, prcyrm will .be rl ?sir-nd .*:mi pr::pcrri;- by th~pl~nninr. c!:mzitt~rts cf the Pistrict Councils wllo will b.3 suuw~rt~dby a) the Chctnnian District Planning ~dvio~r;b) the USAD Liract hire prr:jsct offic~rs;and c) the Ruril Dav;dnp2nt Consultxxy Conttr. Tho PP .mcdm~ntwill be suhnittc;d to ths Ussicn and the Mnistry cf licon;.mic Planning for rcviar. Up:>n apprcvzl, requisite pat fuds will b..? relcas+.c! to rmbilize and use the cqui~sntaral materials mdc zvzibbl'e under thc: Rurol H.dsr?urc~Lcnn for'spccific puklic works and cmunity davi;lapmmt PRYj.scts in thes three districts.

In adr!itir..n to tho issues rnisal in I.D. ahve, cther impcrtant issues thnt &iID/b! shcul:! consid.=.rin rcviming thjs proposal are es :0llm1s :

FFrstj this pr.>Frlm is 3 lorical zn? ncccss3ry companitm to tho prop?s,.d tillL-iS znd Fid prapruns. llcth hiIiJ,tS sm! Fn.9 are critic21 lif-lin.2~an1 supuorti;lr? oyst ma fl:r 1n.y intrtnbifid nrx! co~~rdirnt~x! effnrts st dec 2ntralizd l?v~ls. Hwzver, dthout intensifid effarts ilt I~cil12~21s nlcnr thc lin~spr:lpased herc, mrny of thc incrmzntal bcnrfits expsctcd tc flow frcm and FUD to sncill famors .=mi the non-fm rum1 poor my not bc reallz xl.

Sccorri, ;rlD/tf nust ha sym?-thstic tc the axpsri.mnt31 nature of this prorr,m. f+!Asoisn rn=n.?qtx3nt must be pivon sufficient pmgr:m and fundinr flaxihility in thc dcvalop;lc*nt of 2 s~quenccaf activities which clnnot be spccj.fic?.l&y urnt:rmiCd in .lcive%ncobut will be f,~rthcc.minras District Councils will h3vo strcnrthoncd their ~lanninnmJ projact design ckpbillty. Thid, thir kural Resourc 2 Loan should b~ view-xi, not only as an imprtont canp1m;lnt to th?r cJgantportion of the Distric't Planninp md Rural Dcvalopnunt Proera, but as a v.thicle for rolluving balance of paynant pressures 2nd I'or .upporting public horks prajscts throupfiout Ghana which ars d but hsv: si~nific~ntimpacts on the nods and well boQg of the rirrnl poor, ..Am1OT6 / Depctrtment of State -/

I..r - L l~:;!i?2 5 UNCLASSIFIED 9711

<.;c IN70 CCTmal AF"C6 ISOuaR IGAab2 €9-98 /a39 W !a', s,.f.. --~-1~=------23219@2 u53Au6 /46 P *J R t3',0g;z WAR 77 C/ y,$>iil' , ! ?!f XMEM~ASSYACCHA ..: i !d 7; SECSTATE HaSndc 716s

,,- 9 .' I*;- UNCLAS AC~RA21b4 'I- ,..

.Y'...*iT E,;1; !:552: N/A , BLl3j: DZ'RUO (64!*08731 ""..;;<" . . ...;. b'. . 24T: STATE 059999

A' i1ISTRIZT COUFICIL SUDGET FOR YEAR fi 183,'dflC 3, RESOURCES FROM LINE HIKISTRIES (STAFF VEHICLES, ETC, INVCLVE3 IN PROJECT 88 ONE-THIRD TOTAL BUDGET) 37, am; 'd a SELF-HELP, CASH/It4bKINO/LA80P 45, OfiL 2, L03AL COUhCILS (8) TIME/EXPENSES $l,OBfl/YRm EACH 8,0mrC E; VILLAGE CEVELOPhENT COMMITTEES (121 TIME/EXPENSES S250/YRc - ESTIZATE 12 FIHST YEAR 3 # IdZ!: & TUTAt RIJOGET S33G2aD0a ESTIRATE 1/9 SALARY AND N5bJ*S1LARY 6UOGET ITEBSITIYE SUPPORTING PROJECTa

88 TOTAL @UUGET sl!SraOa, EST!HITk 1/3 SALAHY AND hOhbS.4tARY BUUGET ITkHS/TiPlZ SUPVORTING PROJECT

=, U,S. TECHNICIANS HOUSING/~FFICE/SUPPOHT 25,350 5, VEHICLE SUPPORT 8, .7U8 TUTAL 5224,350

2, GGG CONTRIaUTION TI PORTIOh ITEMS A1O,F AND G AN0 J/2 ITE:IS D Am E TOTALS si73,a3aa GOG CONTRIBUTION EXPERIMENTLL

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED

346E 02 ACCRA 92!64 2312352