ISSUE 136
JUNE 2010 Freedom of Speech & the Naval Review A Follow-Up on Nuclear Powered Submarines Chief of Army’s Address To Seapower 2010 Conference Marine ‘refugia’ in the Keppel region of the Great Barrier Reef Bligh after the Bounty Fairey Firefly VX381 Obituary: Commodore Allen Nelson Dollard Lessons in Maritime Counter-Insurgency RAN Communications - Into The Future Royal Navy Response to Somali Pirate Attacks Journal of the How to best spend the Christmas stand down period
Issue 136 3
Able Seaman Boatswain’s Mate Darren Young from Contents HMAS Anzac climbs down HMAS Sirius’s climbing ladder following a boarding Freedom of Speech & the exercise during the Fleet Naval Review 4 Concentration Period A Follow-Up on Nuclear Powered Submarines 9
Chief of Army’s Address To Seapower 2010 Conference 15
Marine ‘refugia’ in the Keppel region of the Great Barrier Reef 19
Is there a Better Alternative to the Current Rank Structure used by Navies? 28
Bligh after the Bounty: Flexible & Personable Leadership Qualities in Tandem with Naval Officers’ Professional Competencies 36
Fairey Firefly VX381 39
Obituary: Commodore Allen Nelson Dollard 41
Lessons in Maritime Counter-Insurgency 43
RAN Communications - Into The Future 46
New Royal Malaysian Navy 52
Royal Navy Response to Somali Pirate Attacks 54
How to best spend the Christmas stand down period: Commodore Harry Adams essay prize 59
Book Reviews 63
Visions from the Vault 67 Issue Number 136 Front page: HMAS Sirius takes station in turbulent seas, as HMAS Anzac prepares to conduct a Replenishment ANI On-line Guide 68 Printed by Everbest at Sea during the Fleet Concentration Period. Printing Company Thinking of Making a Contribution? 69 ISSN 1833-6531 - RAYTHEON AUSTRALIA - BOOZ & company - AUSTAL Style Notes for Headmark 69 - Thales naval GROUP - Defence Maritime Services - QINETIQ Design & DTP: ANI Membership Application Form 70 Diane Bricknell - AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE CREDIT UNION - ATI - LOPAC - SAAB [email protected] Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 4 Freedom of Speech & the Naval Review VADMrJ Si eREMY Blackham, RN
Transcript of the speech presented by Vice-Admiral Jeremy Blackham RN to an ANI audience on 1 February 2010
want to talk about some of the issues surrounding the publication Iof an independent naval professional journal and examine the freedoms which it should or should not enjoy in engaging in professional debate on matters of policy; a debate on a matter which is most definitely a matter of public interest. I plan to talk for about 25 minutes and my aim is to stimulate an interesting and useful discussion with you; for this reason I shall strictly followed the official line. I obscenity, sedition, libel or any other Freedom of the stick to a few simple, perhaps over was on holiday in France at the time legislation to the Editor. Since the press to report was a major factor in the simple, themes. I shall look at two and immediately worried that The copyright of all articles published in Faulklands War. aspects of the question – the official Naval Review’s established privilege of The Naval Reviewremains with the Media often or legal framework and the internal publishing articles by serving officers author, the Journal really has the status reported damage naval pressures. I am assuming a without their having to seek official of a correspondence society – but it to ships - here HMS reasonably broad knowledge of what clearance was under threat. I was is not unconditional. The condition, Glamorgan was hit by a land-based The Naval Review is, and what it therefore anxious to get in touch as and it is a very important condition, Exocet. (Tom does, so if I am wrong in that you quickly as possible with MoD and was that the circulation of the Journal Lewis Collection) had better tell me know! I confess spent time urgently seeking an internet should be confined to a carefully to speaking with some trepidation café. controlled set of members consisting in front of James Goldrick – a very Why did I think this mattered so of a group eligible by virtue of being substantial naval historian and in much? Well, since its establishment officers of the Royal or Commonwealth particular a historian of The Naval as an independent educational charity Navies and those of proven interest in Review too but I comfort myself in 1928, with the important attendant naval and maritime affairs individually that I am talking more about lasting tax benefits and the requirement for approved by the Editor. The eligible principles than history. political independence that charitable categories have subsequently In August 2007, following the status confers, The Naval Reviewhas been somewhat expanded but the shocking HMS Cornwall incident and been granted what is today called fundamental conditions still apply. All the subsequent even greater shambles “exempt status”, a privilege denied to members would undertake that no over whether or not the captured any other service publication in the UK. non-member would see their copies sailors should be allowed to sell their You should note that this status really – an important but, as we shall see, an stories to the Press, the MoD, under precludes the acceptance of money apparently unenforceable rule. This great political pressure amounting from the MoD. However it allows freedom of debate which allows the almost to panic, reviewed its media serving officers who are members to development of professional knowledge policy. As part of this review, it issued submit articles directly to the Editor, and understanding is, as I hope to instructions which appeared to make under the protection of a pseudonym persuade you, fundamental to the role it impossible for any serviceman to should they so wish, without obtaining of The Naval Review. utter any statement at all without prior official approval, leaving the Now let me divert for a moment formal official approval; which was responsibility of deciding whether or to the words of Lord Haldane which only likely to be forthcoming if it not the article contravened security, informed our founders and which Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 5
appear in the front of every edition of new rules being introduced for public politically independent, and which the journal. statements by serving officers. To makes it difficult, if not impossible, “It is only by the possession of a his credit, at my request he agreed to close it down without serious, trained and developed mind that to review it, found a civil servant of expensive and public legal action and the fullest capacity can, as a rule, substantial integrity and courage who with no guarantee of success, although be obtained. There are, of course, was revising the relevant section of the rights of serving officers in respect exceptional individuals with rare QRRN and The Naval Review’s exempt of the Journal could obviously be natural gifts which make up for status was preserved. But it was a very changed, more or less at whim, by deficiencies. But such gifts are indeed close shave. Following that there was the Navy Board or the MoD. Perhaps rare. We are coming more and more to a fair amount of debate in the Journal even it is not too fanciful to imagine, recognise that the best specialist can be about the incident itself and about the and I shall return to this, that in a produced only after a long training in way in which the RN should train and war against a totalitarian state such general learning. The grasp of principle prepare for such tasks – a vindication, I as Nazi Germany, it seemed right not which makes detail easy can only come suggest of the final outcome. excessively and unnecessarily to limit when innate capacity has been evoked Of course this is not the first time our own liberties. One can at least and moulded by high training.” that the status, or even the existence of hope that this might have been a factor. The Naval Review has been threatened. Of course another possibility is that And before I move on let me also Indeed the first occasion was very the Admiralty Board did not take The note that in modern times Geoffrey shortly after the foundation of the Naval Review seriously enough to think Till, in his second edition of Seapower Journal on the outbreak of the First that it mattered! last year, has remarked on “the World War, when the Admiralty Board One of the most serious more disinclination of naval commanders (which had already gone through some recent threats occurred soon after to reflect on the science of their trade, traumatic publishing by unlike military officers, but rather to senior admirals) tried to deal in a free-ranging way with both close it down; at the time strategic and combat circumstances as it was not protected by its they arise.” I read these two quotations independent charitable as a plea, indeed as a demand, for status. It was indeed unfettered, informed, professional suppressed for the duration debate and education, and for the of the war, although encouragement of officers to join the thankfully the then-editor, Journal and develop their analytical Admiral Henderson, skills, professional thinking and power collected all the submitted of expression. With that firmly in material, and published the mind, let me return to the summer of full run of wartime issues 2007. I immediately got in touch with after the war was over. a senior Navy Board member who was Interestingly the same also a long time Naval Review member. line was not taken during Interestingly he had apparently been the Second World War unaware of the particular conditions when publication continued surrounding the Journal’s status, throughout the war, and was under the impression that supplemented by a daily authors were already clearing articles War Diary which is now a with their command chain………..and valuable part of the Naval indeed, some (but a small number) of Review archive. Perhaps our authors voluntarily, and for their this was in part because own reasons, do so. He had therefore of the charitable status by received advice from his legal advisor then enjoyed by The Naval that The Naval Review should be Review which requires the subject to the somewhat draconian charity to be demonstrably Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 6 Freedom of Speech & the Naval Review the 1982 Falklands War when an article by the Captain of one of the ships which was sunk was published, and this incident is particularly instructive. This article had a number of contentious and critical and – I would contend – valuable things to say; but they were undeniably critical of government, and of the MoD and naval authorities, and arguably were on the edge of infringing security. It is, in my view, a general principle of life that, for most holders of senior office and especially of government members who may be admitted context, I am specifically exempting office, the things that they most need by the Editor. Although members from this freedom anything which to hear are the things that they least are reminded on joining, and from contravenes national security, the law wish to hear, and consequently rarely time to time in the Journal itself, of relating to sedition, libel or indecency hear – this is very much a feature of their obligations in this regard, I am and, for the most part although not contemporary British politics. In this confident that there are fairly frequent quite entirely, anything which offends case great umbrage was taken, not breaches of this rule; moreover there normal good taste. Please note that only by the MoD, but also by Members are a number of institutional members this latter is not necessarily the same of Parliament, mainly on the then where access is fairly open – staff as offending individual sensitivities or government side, who of course under college libraries are a good example of amour proper. the rules of the NR should not have this, although this seems a reasonable That out of the way, let us consider seen the offending article at all, but enough place to put the journal if it to what extent The Naval Review who had done so. Summarising, there is to meet its charitable educational represents a freedom of speech issue. were some demands in Parliament that purposes and indeed to recruit new Frankly, on the face of it, it doesn’t The Naval Review should be closed members. Staff Colleges would seem really and it has survived thus far down, and a substantial furore, from to be privileged places. It is something the attempts to, as it were, reel it in, which The Naval Review was probably that keeps me awake occasionally but although I should record that some lucky to emerge unscathed, thanks to it is not of course the main issue which notable senior officers of recent years some commonsense at high levels in I have been using these examples to (and probably of all years – Admiral the Navy, some brave and high quality illustrate and for the rest of my remarks Cunningham was one such) have work by my predecessor (then right at I want to turn to that. expressed some dismay, or even the start of his distinguished period of The major issue is, of course, the downright disapproval, that such office), and perhaps a realisation from place and value of open freedom of a publication should exist, on the officials that attempting to closeThe speech and debate by professionals grounds that any overt criticism of, Naval Review or markedly to change its in the conduct of official government disagreement with, or debate about status might cause more damage than business such as defence policy, and the the official views of the Navy Board, is anything the article could have done, role of The Naval Review in this matter. ipso facto, a breach of discipline. Is this and anyway might well not have been Put another way, it is a question of so? I wonder. I have always been of the possible. striking a proper balance between view that any debate on public policy is There are some interesting having an informed public and internal better informed if it is joined by those conclusions to be drawn from this debate, and preserving the disciplinary with direct knowledge and experience, incident. The first, which is a constant code on which military activity and defence is almost unique in that headache for the Editor of the Naval necessarily rests. Of course freedom professionals are limited in what they Review, is the sheer difficulty of of speech is not, and cannot ever be, may say publicly, something not true restricting access to the Journal solely limitless. Let me briefly mention some of other employees of the state like, to the entitled members and indeed of the more obvious limits. Whenever for instance, doctors or teachers. And of vetting fully those non-entitled I say freedom of speech in the present it is the case in today’s smaller navy Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 7
that almost all operational activity is they are actually doing operationally at which any hearts and minds campaign carried out by the more junior section the moment, and are not always fully in Iraq or Afghanistan should be of officers, and that there has been aware of the variety of political or even conducted and what that means for a resultant shift in the weight and strategic considerations which infect the skills and kit we need. What location of operational knowledge and (and I mean infect!) the thoughts and is critically important about these experience. This is exacerbated by the words of those serving in the MoD. debates is that the views expressed in speed of technological advance and the But this may not be a bad thing; I fear The Naval Review are frequently at vastly greater IT understanding and that the creeping politicisation of odds with apparent official policy, but facility that younger people tend to professional advice is one of the most are also frequently authoritative, well have. I would therefore argue that the deleterious and pernicious features argued and evidence based. Moreover, debate needs to be informed by these of the modern world, and one of the if the journal did not exist, it is quite officers and that they therefore need most dangerous for the public services. likely that they would never be openly to be encouraged to develop analytic For what it is worth I am now rather expressed, and so never form part of writing and debating skills. But they ashamed of some of the things in the debate, uncomfortable though their need to feel that their careers are not which I acquiesced because they were contribution may sometimes be. threatened by writing in The Naval standard MoD practice, when I was last Naturally both as Editor of the Review, and my impression is that by serving. But if it is the case that these Journal and as a serious student of and large they do feel that; one piece almost internal naval conversations naval strategy and policy, I think this of evidence is the significant decline in cannot readily be had within the MoD, is “a good thing”, perhaps even a vitally recent years of the use of pseudonyms. where are the “inconvenient” debates necessary one. But I would have to But it needs only one or two less to be thrashed out? And how are they admit that the direct contribution of flexible senior officers to change this. to be conducted safely, as it were, and The Naval Review to policy formation Of course the legal restriction on out of the public gaze at least until is not clear – indeed research by public debate was not always so – at they have been fully argued within the Westminster University into this the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, professional naval community, which connection, if it exists, is one of our serving officers were actually Members of course includes rather more people Centenary Commemoration projects. of Parliament, although I admit that than simply naval officers, if it is to But of course not all senior officers are this does give me pause! What gives cover all the necessary bases in the members of the journal or read it and me rather less pause is the fact that sort of depth that is necessary? And so we cannot confidently claim a direct over the century since then, there has perhaps, what rules should apply? influence on policy formation. What been an increasing tendency, as part This of course isNaval Review then is the value of these debates? Well of the general trend in UK towards territory; it is absolutely what it is for, I would argue that it is at least twofold: silencing critical voices, to strangle the and indeed what its founders intended Firstly, it allows and encourages public voice of the professional service it to be for. And it is a territory that independent analysis, clarity of thought officer. No-one could envisage, I think, it is still doggedly occupying. If you and debate on important professional anything today like the highly public were to look at editions over, say, the issues, and it exercises and improves and acrimonious debates which were last five years, you would find plenty the ability of its members to develop a feature of naval business in the early of debate over issues of key topical their thinking and express views, clear years of the 20th Century, and in which importance. I could, as instances benefits for those who reach senior serving officers certainly took part, not and inter alia, mention the frequent rank and for the Service itself. If always to the Navy’s credit. discussion of maritime security, the you doubt that, read again Andrew Now it is noticeable that in the last role of the RN within it, its nature and Gordon’s book The Rules of the Game. two or three years there has been a the tools needed to deliver it; the force Secondly, it does inevitably substantial body of opinion expressed structure of the navy where it is clear influence, even if only gradually and in The Naval Reviewamongst the that many officers serving at sea are by osmosis, the thinking of all the more junior, and therefore sea going, puzzled by the direction in which their members, many of whom do in fact officers that the size, shape and training navy appears to be heading; the pros rise to high rank in the fullness of time. of the Navy is not always right for and cons, and the modalities, of the Although it may be hard to quantify the today’s circumstances. Of course these replacement of the Trident generation impact of this, intuition tells me that it officers are very focussed on what of the nuclear deterrent; and the way in will undoubtedly have an effect. I have Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 8 Freedom of Speech & the Naval Review a feeling that James Goldrick may have which many of us have spent our Vice Admiral Sir something to say about this! professional lives defending, but would Jeremy Blackham I want to suggest that, in the also be, I believe, directly contrary to KCB MA CRAeS current climate of the UK government the interests of our society and nation, AFRUSI is the machine, where thinking “on message” and of our navy, in that they would seek Editor of The Naval is so heavily demanded and so habitual, to restrict the informed professional and “off message” thinking is so discussion and development of key Review and Vice punished that many people serving in matters, for which the taxpayer at large President Royal Whitehall genuinely do not recognise is paying – a thoroughly undemocratic United Services the extent to which their thought aim. Institute, United and discussion is being restricted, You will not surprised therefore to Kingdom. In a 41 these two factors are of immense learn that I believe that the Journal, value. Indeed, I suggest further that which I have had the honour to edit for year career Sir it is a sign of something significantly nearly eight years now, is both a vital Jeremy had four sea commands: HM ships Beachampton, wrong in a democratic society if such part of naval professional education Ashanti, Nottingham and Ark Royal (commanding the RN a facility is not widely recognised as and development but that it is also, in TG off Bosnia). Ashore his staff appointments included useful, important and worth defending. its own very small way, a crucial and, in Commandant, RN Staff College; Director Naval Plans, DG A fortiori, this seems to be the case some respects, unique symbol of our when the publication is reasonably adherence to liberal, non totalitarian Personnel Strategy, ACNS, Deputy CINCFleet and DCDS well protected from general public forms of government. It will soon (Capability). On leaving the RN he worked for three years vision as is the case with The Naval have been such a symbol for 100 years for EADS before becoming an independent consultant and Review. I would like to go even further (of which I shall have been a proud lecturer in defence affairs. He has edited the Naval Review than that and say that were attempts member for 50), and I believe that it since 2003. to stop such activity to be made, they is indeed fulfilling the function I have would not only be profoundly illiberal, described. Long may it remain so. and arguably the kind of thing against
Lighters amphibious resupply cargo (LARC)s make their way to the beach with the Multi Role Vessel (MRV) HMNZS Canterbury (L421) in the background at Cowley Beach during Exercise Sea Lion. Landing Craft Heavy (LCH) HMAS Balikpapan (L 126), HMAS Labuan (L128) HMAS Betano (L 133), and HMAS Tarakan (L129) were also involved in the training.
Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 9 A Follow-Up on Nuclear Powered Submarines byG iRGIS
espite determined attempts to attempts to add to the minimise public comment on debate by examining theD decision to acquire 12 new future a number of the more submarines in what will be Australia’s substantial claims largest-ever defence procurement, made against nuclear the debate will not just go away.1 In powered submarines. particular the Government decision Nuclear powered to rule out nuclear propulsion for submarine technology submarines without explanation leaves transfer the future submarine program exposed It has been claimed to party-political attacks and as a result that the United States could lead to the delay or abandonment (US) and the United of the submarine project. Such an Kingdom (UK) will outcome would be a major setback not give Australia for the whole Royal Australian Navy the nuclear power (RAN), not just for the submariners. technology for our The last issue ofHeadmark included submarines.4 This my article ‘Australia’s Need for Nuclear appears to be based Powered Submarines’.2 This article upon some discussions has been criticised for leaning too far held in the early 1980s towards advocacy instead of analysis, in relation to the Collins I have taken this as a compliment for class. To be honest, it that was clearly my intention. Indeed, is not surprising that the public debate on future submarines the US and UK did not has received so little attention there want to give us nuclear is currently no analytical consensus power technology surrounding the decision-making back then, as during processes that led to the Government the early 1980s decision and definitely no analysis of Australia was not the the options. Although very little factual most reliable defence Crew members information has been made available to partner. In addition, But such experience only suggests assigned to the facilitate informed analysis and debate, the Collins procurement strategy we should avoid similar approaches nuclear powered claims continue to be published in what envisaged the submarine being to acquisition in future, it does attack submarine appears to be an effort to convince the developed by integrating a wide range not conclusively demonstrate that USS Dallas make public without burdening them with of combat, propulsion and auxiliary we cannot acquire nuclear power final preparations to the necessary facts.3 This follow up systems supplied by international technology from our allies. get underway for a scheduled deployment. (at times rival) companies. The risks Times have changed and now 1 . Department of Defence, (US Navy photo by Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific of integration failure were already Australia’s defence arrangements with Century: Force 2030, Defence Publishing, Nicole Hawley) Canberra, 2009, pp. 70-71; and Australian high and the danger of technological both the US and the UK have perhaps Labour Party: Future submarine project espionage was always a major concern. never been as strong. When we had study - Media Statement 6 August 2009
or subsidiaries often perform depot Submarine As I have explained previously, level work in-country while depot level infrastructure in my opinion we should procure maintenance of a system may also The Submarine Institute of Australia nuclear powered submarines from involve repair by using a replacement (SIA) claims that ‘Australia does not either the US, UK or France under item obtained from overseas to form yet have the scientific and industrial an arrangement that confirms their a pool of spare items. This is how infrastructure to build and support navy as the parent-navy for the class maintenance has been managed, with nuclear submarines’ and that ‘the and which includes an agreement varying amounts of success, for all cost of establishing a nuclear industry for the parent navy to undertake submarines operated by the RAN over for submarine systems in advance of depot level maintenance of the the last 100 years. its adoption for national energy and nuclear reactor. We do not have the Maintenance of a nuclear powered environmental purposes cannot be requirement or capacity to design submarine would not differ to any justified’.8 Such claims would probably and build an indigenous nuclear great extent. Over 95 per cent of the be true if Australia actually needed to powered submarine in Australia. In maintenance undertaken is standard design and build a nuclear powered future, even if we desired to become to all submarines while less than 5 submarine in isolation of the rest of a global power we would probably per cent is on the nuclear reactor and the world. Unfortunately the public not want to independently develop the related components of the power debate so far has lacked the detailed such submarines, rather we would plant. Yes, there will continue to be a assumptions that underpin such claims, work closely with our allies to develop requirement for a submarine safety and hence it is difficult to understand new weapons systems as part of program, like RAN SUBSAFE, which how the related policy was formulated. a global partnership. Given the includes approved operating and Exactly what nuclear infrastructure support of a parent navy, the level of maintenance procedures, materiel are we talking about and what are the nuclear infrastructure that would be traceability requirements, specialist associated costs? Who has done the required to support a nuclear powered submarine training and submarine study? submarine in Australia would neither certified maintainers and repairers. be too great or costly that it can be out for the purpose. Royal Navy, ‘Future For nuclear powered submarines there Submarines: A Complex Engineering ruled out ipso facto. Challenge’,
reason for this is that the Collins class conventional submarine. In my view, The attack submarine USS Virginia departs Naval Submarine Base New London to was designed as an ‘Australian-only’ the future of the Australian submarine begin her first scheduled full-length compromise solution between a large industry will only be assured if they deployment. The Virginia-class submarines nuclear powered submarine and a can design and build a large number are the first US nuclear attack submarines small conventional one. The program of small conventional submarines at a designed for battle space dominance involved the design and build of a reasonable price. across a broad spectrum of missions, and are equipped with advanced sensors and unique submarine with associated high other special features that enable them technical risk and little opportunity for to execute numerous war fighting tasks piggy-backing off existing technological Girgis is a pseudonym. simultaneously. (US Navy photo by Mass solutions. The experience gained by Communication Specialist 1st Class Steven the Royal Navy’s submarine force Myers) over 80 years and by the RAN with the Oberon class submarines was discarded in a short-sighted and costly attempt to make a ‘fresh start’ with the Collins class. Once again we seem to be heading for another ‘fresh start’ with the future large Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 14 A Follow-Up on Nuclear Powered Submarines View of the main diving and control station onboard the Los Angeles class nuclear- powered fast attack submarine USS Hartford. (US Navy photo by Don S. Montgomery)
Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 15 Chief of Army’s Address To Seapower 2010 Conference Darling Harbour - 27 Jan 2010 L GiEUTENANT eNERAL Ken GilLespie, chief of army
adies and Gentlemen good small Army and its sister Services. morning and welcome to Sydney andL the Sea Power Conference 2010. Yesterday May I start by thanking CN for inviting me here today. I think it says something about the ADF when you see the three Service Chiefs delivering a key note address at what many would see as a purely naval event. Russ, thank you for the privilege.
A New Era manoeuvre for Australia’s land force, The Army is in the midst of a Surprisingly for many students of facilitated by the amphibious and significant transformation. Not only history, Australia’s initial engagement sea lift ships. Indeed, the ability to are we changing structurally we’re in the First World War was a successful project military power throughout our about to undergo a period of major campaign by the Australian Naval region and beyond, by deployment re-equipping. In addition to JP2048, a and Military Expeditionary Force and sustainment from the sea, places range of related projects, such as L121 to capture German held territory in land force maritime manoeuvre in (vehicles), L400 (armoured vehicles), New Guinea. Six companies from the the littoral environment as a key L17 (artillery), A9000 (helicopters) and Royal Australian Naval Brigade and component of future ADF capability. JP2072 (communications), will soon an infantry battalion, with signals, In platform terms, the LHDs will provide a world class Amphibious medical and other enablers made up allow the ADF to achieve world’s best Deployment and Sustainment the Landing Force. amphibious practice and increase our capability with increased networking, The naval element consisted of interoperability with our allies. We more capable helicopters, enhanced three cruisers, a transport and three will be capable of projecting military joint firepower and a complete range of destroyers under the command of force beyond Australian shores without protected and unprotected vehicles. a Rear Admiral. The maritime and the requirement for coalition key This large scale platform land commanders worked together force projection enablers. The suite of improvement must be accompanied by in what we today call a “supporting amphibious operations that Army can an equally large cultural and doctrinal and supported” role to conduct an contribute to, including humanitarian change if our nation is to best benefit expeditionary campaign in the early and disaster relief, is well articulated in from this significant investment days of the war. All these decades later, Australia’s Amphibious Concept that in capability. Within Army we are the decision by our Government to has already been mentioned by the CN. currently having the necessary broad introduce the Amphibious Deployment Army also has amphibious doctrine but based debate about what change is and Sustainment system, with the this needs to be reviewed, especially required to maximise on our emerging centre piece being the two LHD, will when analysed against emerging amphibious capability. enable Australia to not only reproduce Coalition doctrine. This work is Basil Liddell Hart once observed: “A past amphibious capability, but exceed currently being conducted by the small but highly trained [amphibious] it. Modernisation and Strategic Planning force striking ‘out of the blue’ at a vital staff at Army Headquarters. spot can produce a strategic effect out Strategic Guidance In the Adaptive Army’s Training of all proportion to its slight numbers.‘. I and Education stream, we continue to think this observation offers an insight The recent Defence White Paper review the strategic environment to into the opportunities for Australia’s reinforces the notion of amphibious ensure our concepts, doctrine, training Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 16 Chief of Army’s Address To Seapower 2010 Conference Darling Harbour - 27 Jan 2010 and education are relevant, and that application of Joint, Integrated and Amphibious Task Force, is a natural we prepare our people appropriately Combined capabilities to achieve would appear to be a natural fit. While for contemporary and future mission success. the RAN will base the LHD at Fleet operations. To this end, I recently In an amphibious operation it is Base East, in Sydney, it may be that a released our latest version of Adaptive feasible, indeed highly likely, that, while potential location of any CLF/CATF Campaigning. This document is Army’s Navy maintains maritime security and HQ is in Brisbane. Brisbane would Future Land Operating Concept Army conducts land operations, Air allow for co-location with HQ 1 Div and provides the conceptual and Force will be conducting ISR, combat our DJFHQ. Such co-location would philosophical framework, and force air patrol and commencing air bridge provide a COMAUSATG, bolstered modernisation guidance, to achieve operations. Other agencies, such as the with additional Army staff, as a sound these requirements, including our Australian Federal Police and AusAID C2 solution while we mature our amphibious aspirations. will be concurrently coordinating amphibious capability. Adaptive Campaigning incorporates activities to enhance stabilisation. recent operational lessons and Consequently, all Services will need Army’s Contribution insights and is informed by current to embrace the Joint and often multi- scientific research, worldwide trends, agency nature of amphibious warfare as as well as domestic and international it will be intrinsic to Australia’s success developments. Most importantly, it in the future. describes the actions of an integrated The complexity of Joint Land Force response, as part of a requirements in amphibious warfare Joint and Whole of Government runs parallel with command and approach, to the demands of the types control requirements and we have a of operations that we will face in the good deal more thinking to do on this future, where the amphibious capability topic. will be a key component of national resolve. Command and Control The Operational Concept Document for JP2048 defines Army’s Amphibious Tactical Guidance The Australian Army has no standing Ready Group (ARG) as a battle group Commander Landing Forces, while based organisation with enablers such The Joint Amphibious Capability Australia’s coalition partners have as armour, medium artillery, aviation, Implementation Team, in conjunction standing Landing and Amphibious engineers and logistics. The ARG will with Army’s Forces Command, has command organisations that are have approximately 2200 personnel produced the Amphibious Landing generally co-located and plan together and reflects the USMC and the UK’s Force Concept of Employment, for exercises and operations. The RM models. The ARG is articulated in which proposes an Army amphibious USMC and the USN, and the UK’s detail in the Forces Command Landing capability drawn from emerging and RM and RN, maintain these standing Force Concept of Employment. practised international doctrine. arrangements and respectively share The Concept recognises that Australia’s Amphibious Concept the specialist amphibious capability amphibious related individual and highlights a number of areas where the role in their nations’ inventories – they collective training requirements exceed amphibious capability will provide a provide forces permanently structured baseline infantry skills, as the landing significant force multiplier, such as Ship to achieve effects on land, operating force requires exposure to the maritime to Objective Manoeuvre. from the sea. environment of surface and air assault. But to reinforce CN’s point: while Command and control of the Additionally, the Concept appreciates STOM, Distributed Manoeuvre and landing force requires Army to that contemporary amphibious Sea Basing are currently defined in the reflect on past experiences as it looks warfare is about being able to operate Australian operational lexicon, they forward to the challenges ahead. A congested flight decks, hazardous well need to become better understood as Commander Land Force organisation docks, operating a range of vehicles the new amphibious era approaches. embedded in the formation that will on and off moving platforms and over These concepts are beyond single conduct the amphibious operation, beaches through surf. It recognises service wherewithal, and require the and co-located with the Commander our need to tailor logistic support Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 17
requirements, manage the joint battle allow a high level of capability to be emerging amphibious doctrine, such as STOM, Distributed space, support joint fires and command achieved, certifiable to US and UK Manoeuvre and Sea Basing highlights that this capability is from a Joint Operations Room afloat standards. This option would however beyond just delivering Army to the Amphibious Objective without recourse to operating ashore. introduce significant force rotation Area. It’s clear to me that Army needs to learn how to live, The training necessary to safely and sustainment issues for Army, deploy, operate in, and operate from the LHDs to maximise operate in the maritime environment especially with our current operational Government’s investment in this capability. has been well articulated by Australia’s commitments. Allies. I intend that Army moves Option Two: Similar to the Certification forward quickly by drawing heavily USMC MEUs and the UK’s 3 Cdo Bde on this knowledge to produce an (RM), an Australian Bde, grouped amphibious force with similar training as a combined arms task force, may regimes. I believe that survivability be best placed to be the Army’s at sea will be a mandatory training amphibious specialist, providing entry requirement for all the Landing Force, and allowing heavier, or follow-on, and not just specialist Army personnel forces to penetrate subsequent to the attached to the ships. amphibious operation.1 This would provide capability comparable to the Force Generation US and UK certifications levels. Option Three: Similar to the Shortly, Army will have 10 Battle French model where, until recently, Groups and a Commando Regiment annual changeovers occurred between available for tasking; however, with battle groups as this would permit Navy, Army and Airforce will certify the discrete sea, land three amphibious ships there is Army’s 10 Battle Groups exposure and air elements of the amphibious capability prior to insufficient capacity to generate 10 to amphibious capability. This would melding the force for Joint certification. However, we are amphibiously trained Battle Groups. allow capability development to be looking with open minds at the creation of a Joint agency The UK model yields three Battle broad but would potentially not achieve in the ADF to certify the entire Joint amphibious capability. Groups, with one ‘on-line’, and this is US and UK certification standards. This could potentially be part of the Joint Capability facilitated through a slightly greater Linked to these options, the 2nd Coordinator’s responsibility inside VCDF’s Division. Royal Navy ship availability than RAN Commando Regiment will also be This certifying office would ensure that areas requiring will have available. Army is currently incorporated into the ‘on-line’ Landing attention are addressed from a Joint perspective. Combined conducting analysis into how we can Force as part of the advance force certification could be achieved with US, UK, NZ and other best achieve the ARG construct. I think component. Similar to the MEU (SOC) allies’ amphibious forces through activities such as Exercises that we need to focus on providing approach of the USMC, or the Bde TAILSMAN SABRE and COMMANDO RAJAH. one ‘on-line’ battle group for the Recce Force of the UK RM, it will be conduct of amphibious operations, necessary to rotate a Cdo Coy with the Logistics at the same certification level as our Landing Force. coalition partners. Also important, is Another area we are focussing on is in material the requirement for exposure to sea- Cultural Change management. Operating and maintaining equipment in lift and follow-on operations for the the embarked environment will place additional challenges remainder of the Army. Potentially, The notion that Army only uses Navy and demands on Army’s people and resources. This will various options exist but as a guide for for sea-lift and Air Force for airlift attract an additional training bill for our soldiers, but we are consideration I have highlighted three, must be changed. The introduction examining methods to reduce this burden, such as providing which covers the spectrum of capability of enhanced C2 architecture and advanced knowledge of the amphibious environment. levels achievable: other forms of sea-based support, as As an example, vehicle preparation prior to embarking Option One: Placing one Battle highlighted in the White Paper 2009, will extend the life of any vehicles and reduce recovery Group as the amphibious specialist will allow Army units conducting requirements while on the beach. Furthermore, knowledge battalion, similar to an Airborne disaster relief, or patrolling in complex of the watercraft freight procedures will expedite loading Battle Group, and group enablers, terrain, to call upon Navy and Air and enhance logistic throughput. We also acknowledge such as fires, comms and logistics Force for supplementary support. that aviation platforms require additional servicing and assets in support. This option would Furthermore, the introduction of maintenance when in a maritime environment, but the clean Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 18 Chief of Army’s Address To Seapower 2010 Conference Darling Harbour - 27 Jan 2010 hangar will provide a dust free and create more agility in the Force and to • Efficiencies in equipment holdings through every environmentally controlled working make our resources go further without day fleet management procedures. space for maintenance crews. capability impact. There are many Lastly, we’ll seek capability certification with Allies to ensure facets to the logistic component and the necessary interoperability. Our Army does not want the US and the UK have dedicated to be called Marines, but because of its size and structure units to complement the respective it needs to train, look and fight like Marines (a force that is Landing Forces. We are drawing on trained, configured and optimised to conduct operations their experience and knowledge to over the land but launched from the sea). help guide our thinking on amphibious Finally, is it important to be conscious of my view that, logistics. ‘We are, and seek to remain, the best small Army in the world’. The introduction into service of the LHDs will Conclusion provide an additional means of reinforcing this position. The LHDs, whilst Navy owned, are the Army must prepare for an era that will see battle groups centre of a new Joint force designed operating in the wider Joint operating arena, spending primarily to support Army, as a frequent and sometimes extended periods at sea. Army leading part of the amphibious must be prepared to exploit the inherent capabilities offered capability. In order to maximise the by a future ADAS system. In summary, if we are to remain inherent capabilities of the future the best small Army in the world then we need to be able to amphibious system, Army needs to demonstrate an ability to adapt, prepare, sustain and excel prepare itself for the arrival of the as a component of a future ADF and regionally dominant first LHD in March 2014. These amphibious capability. requirements generate several issues for Army, which include: selecting a Thank you for listening. formation with attached enablers as the amphibious specialists; introducing an appropriate C2 structure for amphibious operations; interoperability with allies; and implementing a robust logistic capability to deal in the amphibious arena. Ultimately for Army it is about effectiveness, through the careful assessment and decision making necessary to select a Landing Force model in order to manage identified In essence, we are reviewing all our ground vehicle, watercraft and aircraft Chief of Army Lieutenant General Ken Gillespie, AO, DSC, CSM fleets to ensure we have the most enlisted in the Australian Army as an apprentice in 1968. He effective and efficient maintenance graduated from the Officer Cadet School, Portsea in 1972 and usage procedures. For example, and was commissioned into the corps of the Royal Australian we have found that we maintain our Engineers. Lieutenant General Gillespie has held a range of Blackhawks about a third more than the US Army. And in one fleet of light regimental and staff appointments. These include: instructor ground vehicles, simply reducing the risks, and then realise efficiencies. appointments at the School of Military Engineering and 1st requirement for monthly non-technical • Efficiencies in time by reducing Recruit Training Battalion; regimental appointments in the inspections to every second month individual and collective rank of Captain and Major in the 2nd, 5th, and 2nd/3rd Field has had saving in nearly 100 000 man training. Engineer Regiments and the 1st Construction Regiment; hours per year with no detrimental • Efficiencies in space through capability impact. These examples will optimising training areas and Company Commander at the Army Apprentices School; and give you a flavour of how I intend to opportunities. Senior Instructor at the School of Military Engineering. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 19 Marine ‘refugia’ in the Keppel region of the Great Barrier Reef A J lISON oNES1, 2 RyBaND a eRKELMANS2
1. Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, Queensland, rising sea level, land runoff, changing superseded by those dominated by Australia hydrodynamics and increasing severity soft fleshy macro-algal species and soft 2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville Mail Centre, of storms and floods. corals (Figure 1). The loss of structural Queensland, Australia Considering predictions that these scleractinian corals will have significant he concept of marine no-take threats will escalate and the likelihood flow-on effects to other marine species areas has historically been used of a corresponding decline in the unless at least some small pockets of Tas a tool for managing ecosystem resources available to protect them, corals survive to seed regeneration function on coral reefs. Reserves it may be necessary to earmark reefs when conditions improve (Jones, have flow-on benefits to the fish based on the resilience of corals and McCormick et al. 2004). It is therefore stocks on surrounding reefs (Hughes, their potential to provide the seed vital that we identify and protect Bellwood et al. 2006) and promote stock for surrounding reef regeneration these pockets as an insurance against resilience to chronic traumas such as when conditions improve: Noah’s catastrophic changes. anchoring and bleaching. While no- arks for reefs. Extending protection Reefs that are deeper, shaded, take marine reserves have now been of small pockets of highly diverse but exposed to cooler ocean currents firmly established as management tools ecologically resilient corals by way of or at high latitudes might be better globally, the choice of most has been improved water quality and protection placed to survive in a scenario of typically based on a range of human from extractive activities may improve raised global temperatures and
socio-economic values and biophysical the capacity of these ‘refugia’ to seed atmospheric CO2 (Glynn 1996). representativeness rather than on the regeneration on a reef-wide scale Recent studies have confirmed that potential resilience of corals (Riegl and following climate-induced catastrophic reefs that are geographically isolated Piller 2003). destruction in the future. survive disturbance better than Understandably, given the size of It seems likely that coral refugia shallow fringing reef flats adjacent the reef areas under their jurisdiction, exist, as recovery from past to land (Riegl and Piller 2003; Idjadi, few marine managers have had the catastrophic disturbance events must Lee et al. 2006; Wen, Hsu et al. 2007; resources to conduct robust biophysical surely have been driven by recruitment Riegl, Purkis et al. 2009). On a region- assessments on which to base generated from within them. ‘Modern’ wide scale, cooler, high latitude reefs these choices. Unfortunately, many corals have recovered from three with high rates of coral growth may established marine reserves are now climate driven extinction events over act as refuges for warmer northern located in regions deemed vulnerable the past ~240 million years (Kiessling, reefs (Smith-Keune and van Oppen to temperature-induced coral mortality Aberhan et al. 2007). 2006; Diaz-Pulido, McCook et al. (Maxmen 2008) and a recent study Given that the current rate of 2009). Deeper reefs on which there Figure 1. Healthy, has highlighted their failure to have a climatic change is 3-4 times greater is a buffering effect by strong oceanic bleached and a positive effect on ecosystem response than that seen during these events, circulation or tidal currents could act as degraded reef in the Keppel region of to large-scale disturbance (Graham, and that it is highly likely that the refuges for corals to survive bleaching the southern Great McClanahan et al. 2008). species that survived did so without or freshwater influx. Shading can help Barrier Reef. While the current system of marine their skeletons, modern reefs may be corals cope with warmer conditions reserves has a vital role in protecting about to undergo dramatic changes in because it reduces the excess light that Photos courtesy of fish stocks and enhancing recovery, community structure. Reefs dominated can trigger bleaching. the authors and they may do little to provide reef-wide by scleractinian (hard) corals may be Conversely, continued exposure James Tan resilience from the compounding threats posed by increased temperature, ocean acidification, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 20 Marine ‘refugia’ in the Keppel region of the Great Barrier Reef
Figure 2. The to mild, but non-lethal stress could recovery and maintenance of high coral Keppel region result in a process of natural selection cover, despite this high disturbance lies at the mouth which creates a refuge for particularly regime (Diaz-Pulido, McCook et al. of the Fitzroy stress tolerant species. The challenge 2009). This makes them ideal to study Catchment and Fitzroy River facing us is which environmental disturbance and regenerative processes. (marked in blue variables to choose to identify coral Between April 2008 and December on the map) in ‘refugia’ to earmark for augmented 2009 six ecological parameters were the southern protection as ‘arks’ for a climatically studied at 18 locations spread around section of the grim future (Nick Flloyd, personal the fringing reefs of the Keppel group. Great Barrier Reef Marine communication). The six parameters (light extinction Park (green This study sets out to provide a coefficient, average daily temperature, section on the new model of coral reef management percent hard coral and macro-algal map) in Central which prioritises small pockets of cover, hard coral species richness and Queensland highly diverse corals that are likely abundance, the presence of thermally times (1-2 decades), and although to have higher resilience to climatic tolerant algal types and depth profile) mechanisms are unclear, these sites disturbance compared to nearby reefs. were chosen because of their potential may serve as a guide to avoiding future A small, isolated region of the southern relevance to coral resilience. Based disturbances and are more likely to Great Barrier Reef comprising 15 on the results of the measurements, regenerate quickly should future islands in the Keppels group (23.1°S, three characteristics were chosen as damage occur. 150.9°E) was chosen for the study the most relevant to coral refuges and Between March 2008 and April (Figure 2). Their inshore location at the four sites were identified as having the 2009 coral species richness and mouth of the Fitzroy River Catchment highest ‘refuge’ value for the region. abundance was assessed during makes the Keppels particularly The following paragraphs describe the a random swim at each of the 18 vulnerable to climate change-induced six ecological characteristics, discuss sites (~60 minutes). Each species Figure 3. sea temperature rise and accompanying how they relate to coral resilience and was ranked in terms of abundance Extraordinarily high increased acidification, freshwater describe the decision-making process compared the total live hard coral cover coral growth in the runoff and the effects of land use along that lead to the identification of these (0 = none present, 1 = 1-10%, 2 = 11- Keppel region of the southern Great the adjacent catchment. four refugia. 30%, 3 = 31-50%, 4 = 51-75%). Barrier Reef makes it A number of disturbances In total 155 species from 138 an ideal site to study have impacted on the Keppel reef Methods and Results genera in 12 scleractinian families were reef regeneration communities in the last few decades. Coral species richness and recorded in the 18 sites This suggests processes. These include floods in 1991 and abundance that the species richness in the Keppels Photos courtesy of 2008 (van Woesik 1991; Packett 2007) Two of the key characteristics of is moderately high in spite of previous the authors and James Tan and bleaching in 1998, 2002 and reefs that have 2006 (Berkelmans and Oliver 1999; high ecological Berkelmans, De’ath et al. 2004; Elvidge, conservation Dietz et al. 2004). The floods in 1991 value are species caused up to 100% mortality on the diversity and shallow reefs facing the river but were the amount of followed by almost complete recovery live coral (De within 13 years. Since that recovery, Vantier, De’ath et bleaching killed 40% of corals in 2006 al. 1998). Reefs followed by almost complete recovery with high coral within a year (Figure 3). cover comprising In spite of surviving at the a diverse range southern latitudinal extremity of reef of species have accretion, the extraordinary high a proven history coral growth observed in the Keppels of avoiding appears to provide local reefs with disturbance, at an unexpectedly strong capacity for least in recent Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 21
studies describing diversity as ‘relatively every 2m at a height of 1m above the Conversely, deeper reefs are likely low’ (van Woesik 1991). This apparent substratum using a digital still camera to be cooler, acting as a temperature anomaly is probably a result of the (4Mp) fitted with a 16mm wide angle refuge for adjacent flats. On the much higher number of sites surveyed lens. A GPS track was recorded using reef flat, the combined stress of (18 sites using 200m2 transects) a towed GPS (Garmin Map76CS). high light and temperature can compared to the 1991 study (8 sites Digital still images were analysed reduce productivity by inhibiting using 200m2 transects). In addition, using 20 random points per image photosynthesis and reducing pigment we focused specifically on species-rich with the program Coral Point Count and zooxanthellae densities (Fitt, sites because they were more likely with extensionsTM v3.1 (www.nova. McFarland et al. 2000; Hoogenboom, to represent refuges. De Vantier et edu/ocean/cpce/). Benthic cover along Anthony et al. 2006). To complicate al. (2006) also conducted surveys of each transect was classified into the matters even further, dealing with the the Keppels in 1997, six years after proportion of macro-algae, abiotic, stress of turbidity caused by sediment the 1991 flood and found relatively coralline algae, turf algae, hard live can reduce growth in some Acropora low species richness. De Vantier coral and soft coral. species (Anthony and Connolly 2004) attributed this to the high disturbance Estimates of coral cover ranged but high turbidity can shade corals history and the fact that although from 3-94% with a mean coral cover from excess light, thereby helping them they were present, many of the sub- of 51% (±16%). Coral cover was highly cope with temperature stress. tropical indicator species were sparsely variable however; reef flats had only The amount of light reaching distributed in the Keppels compared to slightly lower coral cover than reef corals in seawater (I) is dependent on more northern reefs. slopes (49% cf 53% ± 20%). The highest the attenuation of light at the surface
Species from the branching coral coral cover was found on the southern (Isurface), scattering due to suspended Family Acroporidae (58 species) side of Humpy Island (88%) and the solids, and absorption due to dissolved dominated all sites in both species lowest cover was at Shelving reef (27%). organic matter and chlorophyll. Light Figure 4. A volunteer richness (58 out of 155 species) and The mean cover of soft corals was low, attenuation can be described by the deploys a light abundance (11-75% of total live hard comprising 6% of the benthic cover. diffuse attenuation coefficient (kd) logger attached to a coral cover). The remaining ~10% Macro algal cover was dominated by whereby the net effect of attenuation wiper robot designed by the Australian coral community was made up of non- a single species Lobophora variegata of the incident light by particles in Institute of Marine Acroporids (mostly non-branching which comprised on average about 8% seawater would be a decrease in Science. species except for Pocilloporids) with a of the benthic cover. site mean abundance of < 10%. Light attenuation/ Benthic cover extinction coefficient The types and amount of benthic The amount of photosynthetically cover at a location can help to assess active radiation (PAR) available to past disturbance history and predict corals plays an important role in conditions favourable for coral promoting reef growth because light recruitment and regeneration. Detailed enhances calcification (Barnes and benthic surveys were conducted at the Chalker 1990). The amount of PAR 18 study sites between April 2008 and reaching corals is reduced by refraction April 2009. All surveys were conducted at the surface and absorption and as close together as possible as reflection by sediment, chlorophyll and macro-algal cover (mostly Lobophora particulate matter in the water column. variegata) can vary by up to ~30% Deeper corals are therefore likely to annually (Diaz-Pulido, McCook et al. have reduced growth rates compared 2009). At each site two haphazard 50m to those in shallow water. However, the transects were laid on the reef flat (0- role of light is complex as heterotrophic 6.0m at chart datum, 2.4-8.4m at mean feeding on the very particulate matter sea level) and reef slope (6.0-12.0m at that reduces light can be beneficial chart datum, 6.4-14.4m at mean sea to some coral species (Anthony and level). The substrate was photographed Fabricius 2000). Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 22 Marine ‘refugia’ in the Keppel region of the Great Barrier Reef the measured irradiance (I), and a Temperature corresponding increase in kd (Equation In spite of their 1, where z is the depth of measured apparent resilience underwater irradiance). through geological – kd *z I = Isurface*(e ) (1) timescales of millions To estimate kd for each study site, of years, corals are the amount of light reaching the reef extremely sensitive surface was monitored using Odyssey to temperatures light loggers (Figure 4, Integrated only 1.0-1.5°C above Monitoring Technologies) attached their normal ranges to a robot developed at the Australian (Berkelmans and Institute of Marine Science. The robots van Oppen 2006). were programmed to wipe the surface Temperatures that of the light sensor with a brush every exceed this, in 2 hours to prevent the obstruction of combination with light by sediment and algal growth. high light can cause Figure 5. A volunteer Light was recorded every 10 minutes bleaching, disease and mortality. build up on old calcium carbonate deploys a temperature for periods of 1-12 weeks. Sea temperatures were continually structures. The photosynthetic capacity logger on the reef flat Data for the cumulative PAR recorded at half-hourly intervals by of their algal partners may determine in the Keppels. between 10 am and 3pm at each study data loggers deployed at the 18 reefs how much energy is available to drive site were averaged over the monitoring in the study between April 2008 and calcification (Little, van Oppen et al. period. Underwater irradiance values December 2009 (Figure 5, Dataflow 2004; Jones and Berkelmans in press). were compared to theoretical values for Systems, New Zealand). On reefs with The photosynthetic capacity of the light (Isurface) measured in air close to sea a well-formed reef flat (0-6m at LAT) symbionts is inseparable from the level on a clear cloudless day, derived and reef slope (6-18m at LAT) loggers sensitivity of their photosystems to using the sensor calibration software were deployed in both the habitats. At temperature (Tchernov, Gorbunov et PARCAL (version 01.03.08, April 1999, sites without an overt reef flat only one al. 2004). AIMS). Maximum daily theoretical logger was deployed (Outer, Man and Algae with high photosynthetic values were checked using recently Wife Rocks, Egg Rock, Wreck Beach, productivity may be beneficial to their calibrated Licor light sensors with a Passage Rocks). Data were averaged host under normal conditions but maximum error of <3%. Air readings over 48 readings per day taken between as conditions become warmer and were multiplied by a correction factor November 2008 and March 2009 to more stressful and the photosynthetic of 0.758 to correct for the “immersion obtain an average daily temperature processes become toxic to the host factor” which is considered as a for each site. Temperature data were coral, sensitive types are more likely to constant for Licor underwater sensors. averaged over the reef flat and slope at be expelled than more stress tolerant The light extinction coefficient sites where two loggers were deployed. types (Figure 6, Berkelmans and van kdsite was determined for each site by Average daily temperatures were Oppen 2006). The capacity of some solving equation 2 using the average compared to the coolest site (Halfway corals to shuffle their algal types cumulative underwater irradiance (I), Island) to calculate a ‘coolness’ index to more thermally tolerant but less logger depths (z) and the theoretical for each site. energetically beneficial types as a trade- irradiance at the surface (Isurface). off for increased temperature tolerance
kdsite = Ln [(I/I surface)] / z (2) Symbiont types is a key component of reef resilience. To make appropriate corrections Reef-building corals harbour multiple The relative abundance of for seasonal variation, values for types of algae (zooxanthellae) within Symbiodinium types within some of kd for each site were divided by their tissues which provide them with the most common reef-building corals values calculated from concurrent energy through photosynthetic carbon at 14 of the study sites were identified measurements at Miall Island. A light fixation. This light-dependent process based on the nuclear ribosomal attenuation coefficient index (kdsite / kd also helps to drive calcification. The DNA internal transcribed spacer 1
Miall) was calculated for each site. association underwrites the success (ITS1) region using single stranded and productivity of reefs which conformation polymorphism (SSCP) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 23
and sequencing analysis (van Oppen, Palstra et al. 2001; Ulstrup and van Oppen 2003). SSCP bands that were faint compared with another more intense band in the same sample were identified as background and predominant types, respectively although the presence of algal types below the 5-10% detection limits of this method are not ruled out (Fabricius and De’ath 2004). Three principalSymbiodinium genotypes (C2, D and C1) were identified in the main reef-building corals sampled randomly at the 18 sites. Type C2 was the predominant symbiont type at all sites except Pelican Island and Bald Rocks. No type D symbionts were found at four sites (Outer, Man & Wife, Humpy Island Figure 6. Thermally and Pelican Island). Only type C2 groups were formed by comparing the third grouping in spite of having tolerant symbionts symbionts were found in the four coral measurements of species richness to a kd value above the mean 0.447 are less likely to taxa sampled at Humpy Island whereas the mean value (38 species). In the because of the presence of thermally be expelled during temperature stress corals at Outer, Man and Wife Rocks second split, the nine sites with species tolerant ITS1 type D and C1 symbionts than thermally and Pelican Island hosted type C1 but counts ≥ 38 were further split into two in four Acropora species. Pumpkin sensitive types (left not type D symbionts. groups of sites based on the mean of Island also has a strong depth profile in the photo). live hard coral cover (≥ 51%). Finally, (0-4m to 13-17m LAT) which helps Depth profiles the six sites with coral cover ≥ 51% to explain the relatively high species A variety of habitats available for were again split into two groups based richness and coral cover (in spite of coral growth promotes taxonomic on the mean value for light extinction warm temperatures). The deeper diversity. Coral ‘refugia’ are therefore coefficient kd. Five of the six sites have corals at Pumpkin Island are probably likely to have more overt depth profiles kd higher than the mean value of 0.447 more critical to its value as a refuge to promote maximum habitat and (i.e. low light levels). In the fourth because the shallow corals are prone diversity. grouping the remaining five sites were to breakage from swell. This site may Figure 9. The 18 reefs in the study were separated into two described as having either shallow final groups based (0-6m), deep (6-18m) or shallow and on the symbiont deep (0-18m) profiles. Only two sites distribution and (Humpy Island and Pumpkin Island) depth profile. Sites had both shallow and deep profiles (0- with both shallow 6m and 6-18 m LAT). and deep profiles (Humpy Island and Discussion Pumpkin Island) Four key coral refuges in the Keppel were included over region were identified by systematically those with either splitting the 18 sites into two groups shallow or deep based on the six ecological parameters profiles. (Figure 7). Data for the six parameters Pumpkin Island were visualised using Google Earth reef (eastern side) Pro (v 5.1 2009, Figure 8). Initially, two was included in Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 24 Marine ‘refugia’ in the Keppel region of the Great Barrier Reef be a refuge for stress tolerant species. This is confirmed by the good representation of corals from the Family Faviidae (13 out of 47 species, Figure 9) which are relatively tolerant to warmer conditions (Strychar 2008). Bald Rocks was discarded in the fourth grouping due to the complete absence of thermally tolerant symbiont types (> 5% abundance) in the main reef building corals and because it has a relatively weak depth profile. Middle Island and Miall Island were also discarded as both sites have shallow depth profiles and because of the low coral cover on the reef flats, evidence of past bleaching and freshwater damage. The slopes have higher cover but are relatively shallow compared to sites like Humpy Island and Pumpkin Island. As such, the slopes at Miall Island and Middle Island may act as refuges for regeneration of the adjacent flats but are probably not critical to regeneration on surrounding reefs. Humpy Island (southern side only) was included as a potential Figure 7. Eighteen refuge site in spite of not having any C1 tend to appear following bleaching could acclimatise by “symbiont sites in the Keppel thermally tolerant symbionts in the or in stressed, marginal habitats such as shuffling” if conditions become more region of the Great Barrier Reef were main reef building corals because it at the edge of shallow reef flats where stressful in the future, or whether grouped using three was one of the two sites (along with temperatures can vary dramatically on the lack of tolerant symbionts would primary ecological Pumpkin Island) with a strong depth a daily basis. Their absence at Humpy place them at a disadvantage remains parameters, species profile. All the corals sampled on the Island suggests that the southern side to be seen. The former is probably richness (# of southern side of Humpy Island had C2 is a relatively stress-free environment correct as there is evidence that corals species), % hard coral cover and symbionts which have been shown to for corals. The prevailing south easterly can acquire their symbionts from the light attenuation be the most beneficial endosymbiont in winds probably push cooler waters into sediments (Garren, Walsh et al. 2006). coefficient (kd). Final terms of coral growth, lipid stores and the south facing bay at Humpy Island Further investigation of the distribution groups were decided reproduction (Jones and Berkelmans, which is strongly mixed due to the of symbionts in the Keppels is required using the secondary unpublished data). The high coral cover strong depth profile. High light levels, to fully understand the acclimation parameters of and high species richness combined cooler waters and the presence of potential of the corals at Humpy Island. temperature, the presence of thermally with the absence of type D and C1 beneficial C2 symbionts make Humpy Outer Rocks (southern side) was tolerant symbionts symbionts, demonstrates that there Island an ideal location for coral included in the final ‘refugia’ group on and depth profile. has been little previous bleaching or growth. the basis of having high coral cover, salinity stress at the site. Types D and However, whether these corals high species diversity, and high light Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 25
levels and in spite a being relatively warm. The deeper reef at Outer probably acts as a refuge more than the shallow reef adjacent to the rock which is vulnerable to damage from swell. Passage Rocks was also included in the final group as it had the second highest species richness of the 18 sites, high coral cover, high light and relatively cool water. The presence of thermally tolerant type D and C1 symbionts suggest previous thermal stress, probably because it is relatively shallow (0-6m LAT). However, the high species richness at Passage Rocks combined with strong tidal flushing makes this site a good potential Figure 8. Google ‘refuge’ in spite of this. Strong tidal in the afternoon in spring/summer the number of grazing fishes, reducing Earth Pro image of currents tend to ensure waters are but can swing around to south easterly macro-algal species and enhancing the study site in the well mixed, ameliorating stratification in the mornings. This improves the coral recruitment. There is now Keppel region of during bleaching events and assist distribution of eggs around the sites. little doubt that marine reserves can the southern Great in carry coral propagules (juveniles) This oscillation is enhanced by tidal improve the capacity of reefs to recover Barrier Reef showing the 18 sites (white to surrounding sites during annual movement. from mortality caused by bleaching circles) and the four spawning. It is anticipated that a future project and floods. However, there is evidence coral ‘refugia’ (red The role played by recruitment looking at the genetic connectivity of that existing no-take marine reserves circles and an asterix following the annual spawning one of the main reef-building coral have no positive effect on ecosystem in the table). is critical to the regeneration of species, A. millepora will identify response to large-scale disturbance reefs (Riegl and Purkis 2009). Most more accurately the direction of (Graham, McClanahan et al. 2008). It is reef building corals reproduce by flow between reefs in the Keppels. obvious that no amount of protection synchronous spawning annually Notwithstanding the direction and rate can actually prevent wholesale coral in early Spring. During the annual of flow between sites, what is clear is mortality from climate-induced spawning event, millions of positively that as the threat of climate changes temperature buoyant egg and sperm bundles increases, marine reserves should stress. 1 Bald Rocks 10 Middle Island are released into the water, initially comprise a series of pockets of highly On the Great 2 Barren Island 11 Monkey reef floating to the surface where they diverse corals which have proven Barrier Reef, 3 Big Peninsular 12 Nth Keppel are carried on wind and tide driven resilience to climatic disturbance 33% of reefs 4 Egg Rock 13 Outer Rocks* surface currents to surrounding reefs. and are connected via ocean, wind- are currently Once fertilised, the propagules attach driven or tidal currents rather than a protected by no- 5 Halftide Rocks 14 Passage Rocks* to the substrate. It is the direction patchwork of larger and unconnected take ‘green’ zones. 6 Halfway Island 15 Pelican Island and strength of this flow of new coral no-take areas based on fish stocks and While there is 7 Humpy Island* 16 Pumpkin Island* recruits that determines the success socio-economic values. recent evidence 8 Man & Wife 17 Shelving reef of a refuge in seeding regeneration The protection of critical reef that these reserves 9 Miall Island 18 Wreck Beach on surrounding reefs. While this habitats from anthropogenic damage are working to project did not study the local scale plays an important part in maintaining promote fish hydrodynamics in the Keppels, the the resilience of marine ecosystems. stocks (Russ, Cheal et al. 2008), the prevailing northerly winds during the Mumby et al. (2007) and Hughes et al. landmark GBRMPA re-zoning could be annual spawning in November are (2006) argue that the implementation refined further. Very little of the zoning likely to increase the connectivity of of marine no-take areas can help to was based on comprehensive ecological these refuges to surrounding reefs. prevent phase shifts from coral- to assessments (De Vantier, De’ath et Winds typically blow from the North algal dominated systems by increasing al. 1998). In the Keppel region, only Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 26 Marine ‘refugia’ in the Keppel region of the Great Barrier Reef six areas are currently fully protected A range of protective measures on effects for food and maritime from fishing. A further four high- could benefit the capacity of key coral security in Australia. It is vital that we use sites (only one of these coincides refuges in maintaining the resilience do everything we can now to ensure with a green zone) have recently of the wider reef community. These that there are at least some pockets been afforded further protection by could include the establishment of of reef that might survive the current the installation of small ‘no-anchor’ no-anchor areas and reduction in pace of climate-induced change. This zones. The six Keppel green zones are the rate of extraction of both fish and project offers a clear, practical model to generally low in coral cover and species marine invertebrates that graze on identify those pockets. richness, indicating that they are highly algae. In particular, coral collecting, vulnerable to bleaching and freshwater which targets less abundant species influx. Although protecting vulnerable could potentially reduce biodiversity reefs has merit when management in a refuge area. However, of particular resources are not limited and the threat importance is the part played by water is mild, what is critical in a climate quality. Over geologic time, runoff from change scenario is to protect coral land can be a stronger factor in shaping reefs that are already resilient to stress; coral community structure than even those with higher coral cover and temperature variability (Pandolfi 1999). scleractinian species diversity, which Runoff not only damages corals, it have the capacity to seed regeneration also diminishes substrate quality for on surrounding reefs, rather than larval settlement and can lead to algal focusing on reefs that are climate- proliferation, which is a key factor vulnerable. for declining recruitment success Historically, reef managers have (Mumby, Harborne et al. 2007). Inputs Dr Alison Jones is a coral researcher focused on protecting reefs that are of sediment and nutrients from land with the Centre for Environmental vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. have increased fourfold since European Management at Central Queensland A reef management model that favours settlement (Williams 2001; McCulloch, University in Rockhampton. After the diversion of resources to protecting Fallon et al. 2003). Wooldridge (2009) working for years in the dive and vulnerable reefs is appropriate when has established a quantitative linkage the threat of impact is minor and between terrestrially-sourced dissolved tourism industries, Dr Jones became resources are not limited however, it is inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loading involved in coral research because highly likely that as the threat increases and the upper thermal bleaching of her belief that natural resource with climate variation, resources thresholds of inshore reefs on the GBR. management decisions should be will restrict intervention to only a Wooldridge estimates that improved based on scientific evidence of benefit. fraction of reefs (Schneider, Semenov local management has a potential et al. 2007). If this is the case then a benefit that is equivalent to 2.0-2.5 °C triage model of management is more improvement in temperature tolerance The authors would like to thank appropriate. The principle is based on to inshore reefs that run the highest the sponsors Booz Allen Hamilton, the division of reefs into those that will risk of damage from sediment runoff. Saab Systems and the Australian not survive no matter what protection Therefore, improved water quality in Naval Institute for facilitating this is put in place, those that will survive reef lagoons is one of the key protective research which will play a key role in regardless of what we do, and those measures to augment the capacity of that will survive if timely and effective reefs to survive climate change. determining how we manage marine protective intervention is implemented. The way that we manage our reefs resources to ensure their survival in a Thus, precious resources are not now is critical to Australia’s future climatically grim future. wasted in protecting reefs that will maritime security. Reefs protect our surely die. Managing reefs on the triage vulnerable coastlines and provide model will ensure that as the threat of food, employment and recreation. impact increases resources are diverted On an international level, the collapse to protecting sites which will ensure the of critical marine food chains in wider reefs viability. surrounding regions could have flow- Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 27
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o ascertain an alternative to the current rank structure of Tnavies, I will first review current rank structure. Then a look will be taken at contemporary navies such as the Royal Australian Navy, Royal Navy and the United States Navy and the various benefits offered through such structures such as historical importance and a basis for status development. It is proposed here that current structures should be updated and modernised concurrent with 1 technological advances. A proposed model of a five tier system rank structure is more in keeping with A variety of ranks modern organisations and business supervisory power, lawful authority also may be seen as a source of status from two different systems models. Not only does the and responsibility than those at lower where pride is established in climbing countries - Admiral rank structure need to be altered to levels. With each higher rank, there is the various ranks to higher levels Gary Roughead receives 5 allow for a flatter system with fewer often a greater number of people under of command and authority. Such a a tour of the bridge rank structures to be more efficient and their command. hierarchical system with a lifetime aboard the People’s Liberation Army Navy transparent, but methods of promotion Current navy rank structures in career of continuous opportunities for type 920 hospital ship needs to reviewed and be made western countries such as Australia promotion may appeal to personnel. 2 Daishandao while more equitable. The way people are have tall rank structures. In the RAN visiting senior PLA managed needs to updated to enhance there are 18 tiers that fall into two naval leadership in the role of the individual, creating a parallel categories of progression: Proposed Model Qingdao, China (USN more harmonious and effective team non-commissioned and commissioned photo) structure. The world is changing and ranks. The RAN like many navies in the The proposed model has five tiers the world of navies needs to change Commonwealth is based on the Royal rather than 18. along with it by creating a new vision, Navy. The United States Navy with 25 1. Leadership/Expert Professional: Table 1: Royal 3 Australian Navy Non- strategy and practice for a new era. categories is also a tall rank structure. Senior level directors/managers Commissioned and Benefits of the Current Rank develop and translate strategic Commissioned Rank Current Navy Rank Structure objectives into tactical plans and Structure. Structure The traditional approach Non-Commissioned Ranks Commissioned Ranks of organisational design and Admiral Rank structure in the navy is the chain management of the Royal Australian Vice Admiral of command and it is composed of Navy has been established on the Rear Admiral the delegated authority layers or ranks principles of command, control 4 Commodore from the top to the bottom. Sailors at and compartmentalisation. This Warrant Officer of the Navy Captain the lowest rank receive their orders can be thought of as either a benefit from and report to the next layer. or a disadvantage. As a benefit, Warrant Officer Commander These ranks are given titles such as this can be an attractive feature to Chief Petty Officer Lieutenant Commander Admiral, Captain, Warrant Officer, potential new recruits who admire Petty Officer Lieutenant Petty Officer, and Able Seaman. At the the historical structure and long held Leading Seaman Sub Lieutenant higher levels of the rank structure there and well respected tradition of the Able Seaman Acting Sub Lieutenant is a greater concentration of formal navy. Similarly, the rank structure Seaman Midshipman Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 29
lead core functions or expert level Non-Commissioned Ranks Commissioned Ranks Proposed Ranks professionals. Admiral 2. Management/Senior Professional: Vice Admiral Mid/senior level managers develop Leadership/Expert Professional Rear Admiral and implement operational plans for Commodore a functional area or highly seasoned professionals. Warrant Officer of the Navy Captain Management/Senior Professional 3. Supervisor/Professional: First Warrant Officer Commander
line supervisors/mid level managers Chief Petty Officer Lieutenant Commander focused on the short-term execution Supervisor/Professional Petty Officer Lieutenant of operational plans or entry to mid- Leading Seaman Sub Lieutenant level professionals. This layer ensures Core Support Specialist the delivery of services either by their Able Seaman Acting Sub Lieutenant own effort or through the supervision Seaman Midshipman Entry Level of others. 12 Table 2: Royal 4. Core Support Specialist: Positions information flows more naturally, skills. Taller organisations centralise Australian Navy that provide administrative and/or problems get solved faster and decision power and grant more power to senior Non-Commissioned, 9 technical support performing duties, making accelerated. The duplication personnel for most decisions rather Commissioned and functions and procedures that require of managerial staff and multiple layers than allowing workers to take on the Proposed Rank 13 specific knowledge, training and skills. causes communication to slow down certain decision making processes. Structure. 5. Entry Level: Initial training and and creates excessive filters in the Taller organisations are more likely to development roles. decision making process. They are measure maintenance related worker often “in-betweeners” – not cognisant outputs rather than true reflections of Benefits of Proposed of any first hand information and are particular skills obtained. Each of these Structure–Fewer Rank merely transmitters. Vertical rank organisational layers can be defined as 14 Categories to Improve compression will encourage the flow of reporting levels. 10 Efficiency ideas and influence from below. Many major organisations such 15 A reduced number of layers also as Pepsi-Cola and Hewlett-Packard Navies need to release themselves enables increased transparency. have de-layerised and decentralised, from excessive managerial levels and There are less layers to allow those in thus requiring people to utilise a move to fewer hierarchical layers for a managerial role to keep delegating broader range of skills and take on new 16 an array of reasons. To reduce layers, down the ranks and provides more responsibilities. They learn to exercise would increase efficiency, increase accountability of tasks performed. judgement and develop self-regulated transparency, improve communication There is a closer relationship between control. This improves efficiency channels, reduce narrowing of skills those that manage and those that and can be more rewarding to the eventuating in increased productivity carry out the tasks leading to greater individual. 6 and saving money. responsibility as one can no longer Benefits of Proposed Structure – The nature of tall rank structure keep delegating or blaming various A More Equitable Set of Criteria for itself is a principal obstacle to the other tiers when tasks are not Promotion effective communication of new values completed appropriately. This enhances A promotion is traditionally viewed 7 throughout the organisation. This is workplace efficiency. The margining of as advancement from one rank to because it consists of many thin layers, rank structure within the organisation another of greater authority, impact, which add little or no value and disrupt will leave leaders and managers with complexity, responsibility and income. 8 synergy. One of the most effective more responsibility, more authority As such, a promotion increase should 11 ways of developing responsiveness and greater spans of control. be larger than a normal merit increase and enhance internal communication Fewer layers also reduces narrowing or annual cost of living. is to eliminate layers of bureaucratic of the individual’s skills. Rank structure It is important to change the management. These are responsible for limits discretion of core personnel, advancement criteria so that personnel information bottlenecks and complex and standardizes procedures, often are paid for performance and promoted decision loops. With fewer levels, thinning worker duties and the use of for ability. The traditional practice Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 30 Is there a Better Alternative to the Current Rank Structure used by Navies? indicates that anybody who can work inculcated with the same core values and reward systems, will intrinsically well can manage. However, this should and underpinning organisational encourage training and development 20 not be the main criteria. For example, knowledge. After completing and and lead to a better skilled navy. This if a Seamanship Officer is a great consolidating training in their primary structure provides various pay grades Officer of the Watch, conventional specialisation, they can then nominate and levels to maintain the navy’s ability thinking in navies indicates that they for selection as a manager. All to differentiate their workforce whilst will be a good manager. That is not candidates are then assessed on their providing incentive for upskilling. necessarily true and this promotion merit in competition with their peers There should be remunerative could result in acquiring a bad manager and promoted in a linear fashion. This increases for motivated personnel. But at the cost of a good Officer of the results in a greater pool of personnel since flatter organisations offer fewer Watch. Advancement to another job to actually complete the real work opportunities to move up the ladder, within navies should be the result of and avoids the pitfalls of personnel wider salary bands allow people to earn ability required for the next level, not shortages at the core level. Personnel salary increases without necessarily performance in a particular category are renumerated on the skill for their changing job titles. 18 alone. It should be a progression for category, knowledge and experience. The roll-out of Royal Australian those that hold the necessary skills for Where possible, miniaturisation Navy Graded Other Ranks Pay The present rank structure is fairly the next level. of the existing structure can occur by Structure is a step towards such a 19 common across In a flatter organisation, promotion reclassifying upwards or downwards. salary restructure. This remuneration nations - Vice is not just based on the basis of ‘years Changing the architecture of rank by reform project in rationalising and Admiral Tohru Izumi, in service and along the hierarchical amalgamating existing management modernising military pay structures commander in chief, line’. It focuses on personnel gaining groups such as Lieutenant and allows greater flexibility to reward Self-Defense Fleet, relevant experience through job Petty officer will improve the work personnel according to their work Japan Maritime Self- Defense Force sits at rotation and developing knowledge and process flow and avoid duplication. contribution, whilst meeting new and ship’s control panel skills through education, training and By providing education, training and continuing capability requirements. aboard USS Seawolf regular assessment. This helps to get skills closely linked to pay incentives Organisations with remuneration (USN photos) the right person in the right place, which is important for the relationship between employees and employees and 17 management. What is proposed is that all personnel interested in joining the Navy, enlist at the basic entry level regardless of employment specialisation. Therefore, all personnel receive the same initial training prior to specialisation. Here they are Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 31
reforms established can de-emphasise There is a negative relationship merit, qualifications and experience. upward mobility and offer new reward between rank structure and group It also aids retention, which is one mechanisms associated with an processes. Rank structure encumbers of the most confronting issues for individual’s personal, professional and the performance of small groups of commonwealth naval forces. A new 26 career development. The structure with roughly less than five members. rank structure needs to be developed wide salary bands often emphasises Groups with one layer of rank structure to ensure that skills and expertise of career development and lateral movers solve problems more quickly and take personnel are not lost to the Navy, 27 within and across functions. As such, more risks than two layered groups. and incentives are developed to retain an employee could spend many years Tall rank structures create more experienced personnel. 28 in one band, earning more and more tension and conflict in organisations. Such enlightened management money, gaining new skills and taking Hence organisations with fewer approaches would empower the on greater responsibilities. tiers appear to be more effective and individual without necessarily Thus a means for promotion needs efficient with less stress created. compromising on respect for more 34 to also be reviewed so it remunerates As in any structured organisation, senior personnel. This would aid in the motivated, skilled and qualified first traditional authority is met with retention and continue motivating the 29 and foremost irrespective of those who skepticism or resentment. Tall workforce as there is more alignment have been in service for certain number rank structures negatively impact on of organisational goals with personnel of years. This makes it more equitable, people’s attitudes and perceptions. We goals. and also creates a more capable Navy. can no longer assume a coincidence of The question of an alternate interest between the worker and the rank structure is a difficult one to Benefits of the Proposed organisation, but with some ingenuity answer. Times are changing and so 30 Structure – Enlightened mutual interests can be created. If too are organisational structures to Management and Driving we accept the premise that people are help improve efficiency and effective Decisions Lower essentially contractors of their services management. Navies throughout in the workplace, then the solution to the world are based on historical One of the main benefits of a flatter enlisting their cooperation is to create structure steeped high with tradition. organisation is that it requires collaborative projects that enhance The proposal outlined here is not enlightened management to provide their professional development while only describing a means for a revision more of a mentoring role, drives advancing the strategic objectives of of current rank structure, but along 31 decision making and responsibility the organisation. with that is the need to review also to lower ranks and improves group People will work more the means for promotion and how to performance as it enhances the role of enthusiastically if it is clearly going manage in a more facilatory role rather 21 32 the individual. to benefit their career. The focus than the old style dictatorial way. A high-involvement organisation of the art of leadership shifts from The benefits for such proposals or egalitarian structure genuinely directing, correcting and instructing have been discussed, but the main 22 empowers subordinates. Tall rank to facilitating, coaching and enabling. arguments for such a proposal are structures impede group processes, Currently, the navy supervisors design that it improves efficiency, is more damages knowledge creation, impacts and allocate work. They supervise, cost effective, is more rewarding for on performance and harms workers. monitor, control and check work. individuals and would aid in retention One layer groups of four members In a de-layered workplace, the new of personnel. Though the change 33 solve more problems than two layered, work teams do that for themselves. proposed is quite radical, it would 23 four member groups. Furthermore, Managers change from a dictatorial be important that navies do update a division of labour arrangement with supervisory role to becoming a coach, themselves and modernise in order to three members outperforms both a mentor or a facilitator. This will allow reap the above benefits for 24 two layer hierarchy and a committee. them to supervise a greater number the future. Egalitarian groups operate with of personnel to enable workers and greater candour, collaboration and provide advice to help solve problems. participation. Moreover, they foster A new lean rank structure provides Ray Bell has had a long association entrepreneurship, innovation and recognition for members on a number with the Royal Australian Navy. 25 increase productivity. of fronts, such as leadership ability, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 32 Is there a Better Alternative to the Current Rank Structure used by Navies? 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Occupational structure and Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol 26, Scott, K.D., McMullen, T.D., Sperling, alienation, American Journal of Sociology, 1981, pp. 66-83. R.S., & Wallace, M.J. Linking Compensation Vol 82, 1976, pp. 111-30. Ostroff, F., & Smith, D. The horizontal Policies and Programs to Organisation Kurlantzick, J. Serving Up Success, organisation, McKinsey Quarterly, Vol 1, Effectiveness,WorldatWork Journal, Vol 12, Entrepreneur Magazine, November, 2003, 1992, pp. 148-68. No 4, 4th Quarter, 2003, pp. 35-44. pp. 86-89. Ouchi, W.G. The relationship between Sett, P.K. Human Resource Management Lansbury, R.D., & Quince, A. Trends in organizational structure and organizational and Form Level Restructuring: The South executive remuneration, in R.D. Lansbury control, Administrative Science Quarterly, Asian Drama, Research and Practice, & J. Nash (Eds), Managing Executives and Vol 22, 1977, pp. 95-113. Human Resource Management, Vol 12, No Professionals: Australian and International Paauwe, Personnel management 1, 2004, pp. 1-33. Trends, proceeding of a Conference, without personnel managers, in Flood, Sewell, H.B., & Alhaji, U.A. The impact University of Sydney, July 30, 1987. P., Gannon, M.J., & Paauwe, J. (Eds), of information explosion on middle Latham, G.P., & Locke, E.A. Goal Setting: Managing without Traditional Methods: management, in Engineering Management A Motivational Technique That Works, International Innovations in Human International, Vol 5, 1989, pp. 253-257. Organisational Dynamics, Vol 8, No 2, 1979, Resource Management, Addison-Wesley, Shaw, D.G., & Schneier, C.E. Making pp. 68-80. Wokingham, 1995. organizational change happen: the keys Lawler, E. Creating the high-involvement Perrow, C. Organizational Analysis, to successful delayering, Human Resource organization, Organizations for the Future, Tavistock, London, 1970. Planning, February, 1993. Galbraith, Lawler and Associates, Jossey- Peters, T. Liberation Management: Stewman, S. Demographic models of Bass, San Francisco, 1993. Necessary Disorganization for the internal labor markets, Administrative Leavitt, H., & Whistler, T.L. Managers in Nanosecond Nineties, Macmillan, London, Science Quarterly, Vol 31, 1986, pp. 212-47. the 1980s’, in H. Leavitt & L.R. Pondy, (Eds), 1992. Stieglitz, H. Optimizing Span of Control, Readings in Managerial Psychology, The Peters, T.J., & Waterman, R.H. In Search Management Record, September, 1962, pp. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1958, of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best- 25-9. pp. 578-92. run Companies, Harper & Row, New York, Thompson, J.D.Organizations in Action, Limerick, D. The shape of the new 1982. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967. organization: Implications for human Pope, K. EDS Starts Effort to Trim Tichy, N., & Charan, R. Speed, Simplicity, resource management, Asia Pacific Journal Layers of Management, Wall Street Journal, Self-Confidence: An Interview with of Human Resources, Vol 31, No 1, Autumn, October 6, 1992. Jack Welch, Harvard Business Review, 1992, pp. 38-50. Powell, L. It all goes wrong in the middle: September-October, 1989, pp. 112-20. Littler, C.R., Bramble, T., & McDonald, J. a reassessment of college structures on Tichy, N., & Sherman, S. Control Your Organisational Restructuring: Downsizing, middle managers, in C. Horsfall (Ed), Destiny or Someone Else Will, Doubleday, Delayering and Managing Change at Work, Leadership Issues: Raising Achievement, New York, 1993. Industrial Relations Research Series, No Learning and Skills Development Agency, Trecarten, L.E. Lindex: An organisational 15, December, 1994, Commonwealth of London, 2001. layering index, Optimum, Vol 21, No 1, Australia, The Department of International Powell, L. Shedding a tier: flattening 1990, pp. 52-63. 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Change and Middle Managers in British, Rousseau, D.M. Characteristics of Womack, J., & Jones, D. From lean North American, and Japanese Urban departments, positions, and individuals: production to lean enterprise, Harvard Administrations, Management Research context for attitudes and behaviors, Business Review, March/April, 1994, pp. News, Vol 28, No 9, 2005, pp. 65-6. Administrative Quarterly, Vol 23, 1978, pp. 93-103. McHenry, R. Spurring stuff,People 521-40. Woodward, J. Industrial Organization: Management, 1997, pp. 28-31. Sampson, A. Company Man, Harper Theory and Practice, Oxford University Miles, R.E., & Snow, D.D. Organisations: Collins, London, 1995. Press, London New Concepts for new forms, California Savery, L.K., & J.A. Luks, Organizational Worthy, J.C. Organizational Structures Management Review, Vol 28, No 3, 1986, change: The Australian experience,The and Employee Morale, American
Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 34 Is there a Better Alternative to the Current Rank Structure used by Navies? Sociological Review, Vol 15, 1950, pp. 169- Management, Victoria, 1985. Human Resource Management: The New 79. 17 Keuning, D., & Opheij, W. Delayering Agenda, Financial Times Management, Organizations: How to beat bureaucracy and London, 1998, pp. 224-9. (Endnotes) create a flexible and responsive organisation, 32 Heckscher, C. White-Collar Blues: 1 Senge, P.M. The Fifth Discipline: Pitman Publishing, London, 1994, p. 25. Management Loyalties in an Age of The Art and Practice of the Learning 18 Ulrich, D. A new mandate for human Corporate Restructuring, Basic Books, New Organization, Doubleday, New York, 1990. resources, Harvard Business Review, Vol 76, York, 1995. 2 Woodward, J. Industrial Organization: No 1, 1998. 33 Arthur, M.B., & Rousseau, D.M. The Theory and Practice, Oxford University 19 Littler, C.R., Bramble, T., & Boundaryless Career: A new Employment Press, London. McDonald, J. Organisational Restructuring: Principle for a New Organizational Era, 3 Donaldson, L. American Anti- Downsizing, Delayering and Managing Oxford University Press, New York, 1996. Management Theories of Organization: Change at Work, Industrial Relations 34 Kanter, R.M. The Change Masters, A Critique of Paradigm Proliferation, Research Series, No 15, December Routledge, London, 1985. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, Commonwealth of Australia, The 1995. Department of International Relations, 4 Cascio, W.F. Downsizing: What do we Canberra. know? What have we learned? Academy of 20 McCann, L., Hassard, J., & Morris, Management Executive, Vol 7, No 1, 1993, J.A Tale of Three Cities, Organisational pp. 95-104. Change and Middle Managers in British, 5 Stewman, S. Demographic models North American, and Japanese Urban of internal labor markets, Administrative Administrations, Management Research Science Quarterly, Vol 31, 1986, pp. 212-47. News, Vol 28, No 9, 2005, pp. 65-6. Ebadan, G., & Winstanley, D. Downsizing, 21 Johnson, J. Flexible working: delayering and careers-the survivor’s changing the manager’s role, Management perspective, Human Resource Management Decision, Emerald Group Publishing, Vol 42, Journal, Vol 7, No 1, 1997, pp. 79-90. No 6, 2004, pp. 721-37. 6 Cascio, W.F. Downsizing: What do we 22 Lawler, E. Creating the high- know? What have we learned? Academy of involvement organization, Organizations Management Executive, Vol 7, No 1, 1993, for the Future, Galbraith, Lawler and pp. 95-104. Sampson, A. Company Man, Associates, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1993. Harper Collins, London, 1995. 23 Bridges, E.M., Doyle, W.J., & Mahan, 7 Grove, A.S. Managing For ‘Just- D.L. 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New Directions in Middle Management-A Employment flexibility: threat or promise? Dilemma? Australian Institute of In Sparrow. P., and Marchington, M. (Eds),
Journal of the Australian Naval Institute M A R I T I M E
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Defence Maritime Services Pty Limited Tel: 02 8001 1600 Email: [email protected] Level 6, 210 Clarence Street, Sydney NSW 2000 Fax: 02 8231 0172 Web: www.dmsmaritime.com 36 Bligh after the Bounty: Flexible & Personable Leadership Qualities in Tandem with Naval Officers’ Professional Competencies BM y iDSHIPMAN William H Jackman
n 1787 Lieutenant William Bligh RN, a British Naval Officer, directly Irecently sailing master to Captain James Cook on his South Pacific contributed voyages, was commissioned by the British Admiralty to undertake to the three a voyage in His Majesty’s Armed Vessel Bounty (often referred to as mutinies, HMS Bounty).1 The goal of the voyage, organised by Sir Joseph Banks numerous and other scientists, was to obtain breadfruit plantings to be taken to minor the Caribbean where they would be transplanted to provide food for grievances, those colonies. and After a long stay in Tahiti to enable gathering and stowing of especially, breadfruit plantings, the Bounty began its voyage to the Caribbean one rebellion and then back to England. On 28 April 1789, led by Master’s Mate (the so-called Fletcher Christian, 12 of the crew staged a mutiny, capturing the ship, rum rebellion) and setting Bligh and his supporters adrift in the ship’s launch. which erupted amongst The Bounty was sailed to Pitcairn Island, where it was deliberately Bligh’s subordinates at well-separated wrecked and burnt. Bligh and the others survived their voyage to periods during his tenure as an officer what is now Indonesia, and were eventually taken back to Britain. A of the Royal Navy. vengeful Navy sent out forces to capture the mutineers, and several Through the medium of the were brought back and executed. professional career of William Bligh, The mutiny has been the subject of at least five films and thousands paying especial attention to his time of books and papers. Christian and his friend’s descendants live on as Governor of NSW, it is possible Pitcairn Island to this day. to demonstrate that professional competency in a leader alone - even 1 A vessel with the prefix HMS was commanded by an officer rated as “master and commander” and who generally was given such a rank because his vessel was capable of when supported by valued and lying in the line of battle; that is, being one of the First to Sixth rate of ships described by the inspiring personal qualities such as Admiralty. Bligh was the only officer on board a cutter, which lay outside the rating system. courage, honour, determination, and illiam Bligh RN (1754-1817) of becoming Governor of the fledgling stringent discipline - can in no way Whad an extraordinary naval colony of New South Wales. ensure loyalty or fellowship amongst career, equally juxtaposed between Conversely, however, William subordinates, particularly if the leader achievement and controversy, both Bligh was in some way involved lacks effective levels of charisma, inter- personal and professional. in, or responsible for, an equally personal communication, and empathy Far from simply being “that Bounty extraordinary number of professional with subordinates, as was repeatedly bastard”1 of popular historical renown, disputes and quarrels with individual demonstrated by Bligh RN. HMAS Collins and the modern Bounty replica his professional achievements and associates and subordinates. Moreover, (Courtesy RAN) overall contribution to naval and wider at a wider level, several outright history were many. For instance, Bligh insurrections, mutinies, and rebellions made important and longstanding occurred amongst those in his charge, contributions to the sciences of arguably predominantly as a result of navigation, 2 natural history, 3 botany4, Bligh’s leadership characteristics. and engineering.5 Moreover, as an But neither professional individual mariner, he commanded one competency, nor courage - two of the of the most extraordinary open boat core tenets7 by which a competent voyages in recorded history; served officer is judged, were in any way in with distinction as a fighting captain in deficit in Bligh’s character. Secondly, several naval6 engagements; and also and in contrast, a dearth of effective undertook the daunting responsibility leadership and interpersonal skills Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 37
C ourAGE and ompetency as a Naval Officer Undeniable
Bligh exhibited and combined a high degree of personal courage and professional competency, as a leader, throughout his long career as a professional naval officer. This is evidenced several times over. As captain of HMS Director in 1797, Bligh brazenly engaged three heavily-armed Dutch warships. Through excellent seamanship, command, and tactical brilliance, Bligh caused the Dutch to suffer serious casualties and damage, whilst only seven seamen were wounded in Director.8 Bligh’s courage and competency HMS Bounty leaves were again validated at the Battle successful 3, 618 nautical mile journey, In addition to the well documented Greenock on the River of Copenhagen in 1801. At this in a cramped seven metre vessel, mutiny on the Bounty, Bligh was also Clyde, UK (Public domain) engagement, Bligh demonstrated without compass or charts, and with linked with the mutinies at Spithead a high degree of level-headed all sorts of other trials to be overcome, and Nore (both professional skill by safely navigating was a truly extraordinary display 1797). Although his ship HMS Glatton safely between of navigational skill and seafaring found not to narrow banks whilst three other accomplishment. be directly vessels ran aground. Bligh undeniably Bligh showed his tenacity and high responsible, demonstrated both courage and sense of duty by transporting breadfruit Bligh’s personal fighting spirit on the very same day. from Tahiti to the West Indies, this demeanour did When Admiral Nelson famously time successfully, from 1791-1793.11 nothing to help pretended not to be able to see Admiral Finally, as governor of NSW some years avert the unrest: The stern windows of Parker’s signal “stop the battle”, and later, Bligh took decisive and effective Bounty (Tom Lewis) instead kept the signal “continue the action to organise the distribution of “Bligh was…extremely hot-tempered; engagement” hoisted, Bligh was the flood relief and other assistance for the he swore well and vigorously 12 only captain in the squadron who could hard-pressed citizens of the colony. and was infuriated by any see that the two signals were in conflict. incompetence shown by his By choosing to repeat Nelson’s signal, PI oor nterpersonal Skills subordinates…”13 he ensured that all the vessels behind Consistently Demonstrated him kept fighting.9 Perhaps most telling of all was Although demonstrably not lacking In 1804 Bligh ordered Bligh’s tomb in the Bligh’s conduct following the mutiny in either professional competency or the immediate arrest of one of his garden Museum aboard HM Armed Vessel Bounty. personal courage, Bligh consistently lieutenants for neglect of duty, even of Britain (Public Bligh certainly showed courage by displayed an inability to effectively though the man had suffered an injury domain) violently protesting in the face of the interrelate with people. In fact, Bligh that made him unfit for duty. Such loaded muskets of the mutineers.10 never appeared to possess a sense incidents continued to occur, perhaps Moreover, once bound and physically of empathy or effective two-way increasingly so, during Bligh’s tenure forced into an open launch, Bligh communication in his entire career, as Governor of NSW, during which displayed a feat of maritime as evidenced by a long list of recorded time the infamous ‘Rum Rebellion’ professional competency that has, grievances from superiors, equals, and took place, arguably as a result of poor arguably, never been equalled. The subordinates alike. leadership and Bligh’s unyielding and Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 38 Bligh after the Bounty: Flexible & Personable Leadership Qualities in Tandem with Naval Officers’ Professional Competencies proud personality. Even following the rebellion, having Midshipman On the voyage to NSW to begin his being forcibly removed from power, William Jackman tenure as governor, Bligh quarrelled and thereafter making an escape to RAN lives in Cairns, incessantly with an associate, thus Hobart on HMS Porpoise, Bligh: Queensland. Formerly a displaying what the associate described primary school teacher, as “an unfortunate capacity to breed ‘…interfered with boats on the river, rebellion.”14 Furthermore, as Governor stirred up local animosities and became he joined the RAN for the of New South Wales, Bligh was to find such an intolerable nuisance that his excitement, adventure, that: conduct was found to be “unhandsome in and career opportunities “…his zeal to obey orders, his anxiety several respects”’.17 that only the defence force can offer. Midshipman Jackman for their immediate and unquestioning had an ancestor on the infamous Bounty voyage, hence his execution, and his apparent unwillingness Bligh was an unfortunate choice for choice of Captain Bligh as an essay topic. governor because, despite a truly either to modify his policy or to initiate Bibliography outstanding record as a navigator, Gough, Barry. (1989). Book Reviews: Breadfruit and Coconuts. Review action without authority, would meet mariner, and tactician – to name just of. History Today, 39, 56. Retrieved September 05, 2009, from Academic Research Library. (Document ID: 8735480). stronger opposition than on the quarter- three of his professional skills - he Douglas, Brownyn. (1991). Return to Tahiti: Bligh’s Second Breadfruit deck of any of His Majesty’s ships.”15 clearly lacked sufficient inter-personal Voyage by Douglas Oliver.The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2(3), 329. Retrieved August 24, 2009, from Academic Research Library. (Document skills, and in endeavouring to uphold ID: 7272809). Moreover, Bligh failed to lead by the law he precipitated a major crisis. Brown, John. (2003, February). Intrigue: In 1808, new South Wales’ governor William Bligh faced another mutiny: The Rum Rebellion. Military example. That was by proudly The crisis was, in fact, the only History, 19(6), 12-14+. Retrieved September 18, 2009, from Academic proclaiming to run a ‘model’ farm successful armed takeover of Research Library. (Document ID: 258007521). Campbell, Peter. (1989, April). Trying to Run a Tight Ship. Review of. within the colony, when in fact the government in Australia’s recorded New Statesman & Society, 2(45), 36. Retrieved September 05, 2009, from high profits generated were due to the history. Bligh’s inflexible personality Academic Research Library. (Document ID: 1740683). Humble, Richard, Captain Bligh, London: A. Barker 1976 government paying for all stores and and method of relating with others, Kennedy, Gavin, Bligh, London: Duckworth, 1978 flocks, something which the average given the evidence, almost certainly Thomas, Nicholas. (1994). General -- Mr Bligh’s bad language: Passion, power and theatre on the Bounty by Gred Dening. Review of. farmer could in no way count upon. contributed greatly to such a Man, 29(2), 480. Retrieved September 11, 2009, from Academic Research Not only did this cause resentment regrettable state of affairs for the colony Library. (Document ID: 6147311). Notes but, in addition, Bligh suspended one of New South Wales, and indeed the John Brown. (2003, February). Intrigue: In 1808, new South Wales’ D’Arcy Wentworth for employing history of the nation. governor William Bligh faced another mutiny: The Rum Rebellion. Military History, 19(6), 12-14+. Retrieved September 04, 2009, from Academic ‘invalids’ from the hospital to work on It can be ascertained, therefore, Research Library. (Document ID: 258007521). Wentworth’s own private land. Bligh that leadership is indeed inextricably Mappings of Tasmania and Dublin Bay ibid, pp 23-27 Kennedy, Gavin, Bligh, London: Duckworth, 1978 then refused to tell Mr. Wentworth his linked to personality and character, Humble, Richard, Captain Bligh, London: A. Barker 1976 reasons for doing so.16 Such actions and can essentially never be measured Bligh’s venturi design for the North Bull Wall at River Liffey, Dublin. Cited from Kennedy, Gavin, Bligh, London: Duckworth, 1978 and behaviour continued to increase by professional competency alone, Namely the great battles of Camperdown and Copenhagen, and several the opposition raised to his otherwise no matter how impressive that smaller engagements. Cited from Campbell, Peter. (1989, April). Trying to much needed and efficient reforms. competency may be. Run a Tight Ship. Review of. New Statesman & Society, 2(45), 36. Retrieved September 05, 2009, from Academic Research Library. (Document Bligh continued to annoy and ID: 1740683). frustrate the people of the colony, Department of Defence – Commanders and Managers Guide, Director General Plans and Policy – Air Force, RAAF Publications Unit, Canberra, especially the officers of the New pp 12-18 South Wales Corps, with his constant Gavin, op cit, p234 Richard, op cit, p57 interference in their concerns and his Bligh, William, An account of the mutiny on HMS Bounty, Gloucester: A. abuse of its members – the irascible Sutton; Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1981. Douglas, Brownyn. (1991). Return to Tahiti: Bligh’s Second Breadfruit John Macarthur was only one of Voyage by Douglas Oliver.The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2(3), 329. many. In short, Bligh successfully and pp 12-14 Richard, op cit, p101 repeatedly antagonised, through his Schreiber, Roy E., The fortunate adversities of William Bligh, New York: P. poor interpersonal manner, a number Lang. 1991. p78 Schreiber, op cit, p110, Douglas, op cit, p51, Gavin, op cit, p211 of leading men in the colony, thus Brown, op cit, p114 unwittingly forming the catalyst for open insurrection. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 39 Fairey Firefly VX381 byM iDSHIPMAN Nick O’Brien
ervis Bay Marine Park is home to many different forms of marine, animalJ and bird life. It is government protected and treasured by all who come to live there or visit it. With its quiet sleepy towns, picturesque bushland, white sandy beaches and crystal clear waters, it is a place that touches all. Be it on land, on or under the sea, “JB”, as it is affectionately known by the locals, is a special place. It is also home to the Royal Australian Naval College. On a daily basis various forms of naval ships and aircraft can be spotted cruising on the bay or circling from above. The residents love the speed and direction and thereby fly to rescued, but the bodies of Acting Sub- Sketch of VX381 1 area and want it preserved, as does the the aircraft carrier after a mission. After Lieutenant Rundel and Midshipman Wreck Navy. training to seaward of Jervis Bay the Foggety were never found.6 Throughout the many years the four aircraft were to rendezvous near VX381 was re-discovered in 1982 by Navy has been located in the area, the bayside town of Huskisson before a local scuba diver, Charles Pickering, few incidents have occurred involving flying back toAlbatross . VX381 and and has become a popular diving site naval aircraft, but one in particular WD887 were flying circles in opposite - the position of WD887 in Jervis Bay concerned Fairey Firely VX381 in 1956. directions when they had a mid-air is unknown.8 The wreck is upright The Firefly was a carrier borne anti- collision, during which the starboard with the right wing barely buried submarine torpedo bomber which first (right) wingtip of VX381 collided with in the sandy bottom. The aircraft is flew in 1941.2 From 1948 until 1966 WD887 that tumbled and crashed into largely intact. The propeller and tail the Royal Australian Navy operated Jervis Bay near Huskisson. About one planes are visible on high definition two versions of the Fairey Firefly, Mark third of VX381’s wingtip was gone, sonar. VX381 is located in just 13 5 and Mark 6. Squadrons 816 and and it continued flying north-east for a meters of water, although difficult to 817 were onboard the aircraft carrier short time during which the pilot made detect due to its low relief. The NSW HMAS Sydney and they were also a Mayday radio call and then ditched it Heritage Office obtained GPS (Global based at HMAS Albatross. Squadrons in the northern area of Jervis Bay where Positioning System) coordinates 723, 724, 725 and 851 were used for it quickly sank. Within minutes of the for the wreck following a successful training at Albatross and they also saw Mayday a Bristol Sycamore helicopter magnetometer survey in 1995. Navy action during the Korean War when was despatched from Albatross to the personnel stationed at HMAS Creswell operating onboard Sydney. It is possible area and recover the crews. proposed an additional survey in 2002 that VX381 saw service in the Korean Crews (Lewis, 2002:9). Unfortunately divers War on the Sydney. In March 1953, 20 VX381 have recovered many of the cockpit new Fairey Fireflies were delivered to Pilot: instruments over the years.9 the RAN. The planes were deployed to Acting Sub-Lieutenant Eagles, RN The Firefly wreck is a unique dive, HMAS Vengeance.3 Observer: Midshipman Don Debus, not only because it’s an aircraft, but Fairey Firefly4 On 27 November 1956 four aircraft RAN because of its good from 851 Squadron, part of the Fleet WD887 condition. The Air Arm of the RAN, based at HMAS Pilot: cockpit is open, Albatross at nearby Nowra, were part Acting Sub-Lieutenant Rundel, RN though half filled of a training mission to familiarise Observer: Midshipman Foggety, RAN5 with sand, with the crews with a navigation technique that Both Acting Sub-Lieutenant Eagles navigator’s sliding allowed them to determine the wind and Midshipman Don Debus were window now firmly Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 40 Fairey Firefly VX381
closed. Alas, all the cockpit instruments of VX381 and WD887 is an important have been ripped out and are no one. The RAN could have recovered Above: Underwater doubt sit gathering dust in the back of the crash site in the guise of “National photos of VX38110 someone’s shed….. The starboard wing Security”, but instead, they chose to sits under the sand so it’s not possible leave the crash site where it is and in Top left: Location of to see the extent of the reported return hundreds, if not thousands, of VX831, Hare Bay, just damage to it… This could perhaps be people on dive trips, dolphin cruises off Callala Bay7 a small project for a few people with or even having a bite at the “Husky full tanks, a small brush and a gentle Pub”, may hear the tragic story of touch.11 VX381/WD887 collision. Hopefully There are not a lot of surviving one day the site of WD887 will be Fairey Fireflies left in the world. The found and these brave men’s lives will current number of viewable aircraft is be immortalised for years to come as 24, including three that are airworthy a constant reminder to all that hear it, and at least one that has been that the men and women of our entire Midshipman Nick O’Brien RAN was at completely restored to flying condition. Defence Force deserve respect for the time of publication undertaking One of these is at the Naval Aviation putting their lives on the line, Phase 1 JWAC training at HMAS Museum at HMAS Albatross. every day. Watson. Before joining the navy he In the turbulent times we live in, spent 15 years in the acting industry all the world’s militaries are constantly under the spotlight and the RAN is after receiving a diploma in theatre. no exception. With all the many good Through those years he completed things the Navy does it always seems many TV commercials, short films and to be the limited amount of unpleasant theatre roles, as well as working for five things that make most of the headlines. years as a tour guide and co-ordinator In relation to my introduction where I was focusing on the beauty of Jervis on The Sydney Harbour Bridge with Bay and the need to keep it that way, Bridgeclimb. also the strengthening of relationships between the RAN and the residents and visitors of “JB”, I believe the story Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 41 Oituarb y : Bibliography Gelder , Commander RAN (Rtd) J.V. Commodore Allen Nelson 2004, Naval Historical Review, June, ‘By Dawn’s Early Light’, pages 24, 25 and 26. Dollard Smith, T. 2002. Maritime Archaeologist, Movable Heritage Officer.Plane Sailing: The byM F iCHAEL oGARTY archaeology of aircraft losses over water in New South Wales, Australia. NSW Heritage Office. Parramatta. s a young officer, “Bollard” was Battle of the Coral
(Endnotes) renowned throughout the fleet Sea. He then 1 forA his consistent reputation. He was served in HMAS Notes scuba.club.anu.edu.au/sites/survey/jb/ charged by naval tribunals in three Warramunga Fairey_Firefly_200805.doc, Prepared by: successive years, from 1939 to 1941. from 1944 to 1947, Adamson, C. May 2008. 2 www.abyssscuba.com.au/firefly.html , The first at a disciplinary court, he fighting for the Firefly Wreck Exploration Dive, A National was then twice court-martialed. His liberation of the Geographic Project , ‘Map of Firefly as Part of the National Geographic Exploration offences included breaking leave, Philippines and Dive’, Abyss Scuba Diving Website, 08 striking a British army provost martial in the occupation September 2009. 3 http://www.michaelmcfadyenscuba. at a cabaret in Alexandria and missing of Japan. info/viewpage.php?page_id=128 , Michael his ship on sailing from Melbourne. Commodore John Mcfadyen’s Scuba Diving Website, 08 He had guts too. When a sailor fell off Collins wryly September 2009. 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_ a ship-side painting-stage, he dived observed: “Six Firefly , fromWikipedia , 08 September into the water to rescue him. Yet his years of war have 2009. 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX381_ career resumed and he retired as a effected a great Fairey_Firefly_wreck , fromWikipedia , 10 much decorated flag officer. He was a improvement September 2009. 6 http://www.michaelmcfadyenscuba. witness and participant in much of the in this officer”. info/viewpage.php?page_id=128, Michael history of the Royal Australian Navy He needed Mcfadyen’s Scuba Diving Website, 10 September 2009. from 1932 to 1973. responsibility, not 7 scuba.club.anu.edu.au/sites/survey/ Commodore Allen Nelson Dollard, punishment. In jb/Fairey_Firefly_200805.doc ,Prepared by: Adamson, C. May 2008. aged 92, died on Christmas Eve 2010. 1947, he married 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX381_ Encouraged by his mother, he joined a wartime WRAN Fairey_Firefly_wreck, fromWikipedia , 14 September 2009 . the Royal Australian Naval College code-breaker, 9 www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/docs/ in 1932. Allen (also known as “Ed”) Lesley Joan Davis. aircraftlosses_nsw.pdf , 14 September 2009. p. 9, pp 15-19. was born on 23 July, 1917 at Prospect, They had two 10 www.abyssscuba.com.au/firefly.html, South Australia. His family farmed children. Firefly Wreck Exploration Dive, A National Geographic Project , ‘Map of Firefly as Part at nearby Mannum and he was the Lieutenant- of the National Geographic Exploration youngest of eight children, four boys Commander Dive’, Abyss Scuba Diving Website, 14 September 2009. and four girls. Dollard then 11 scuba.club.anu.edu.au/sites/survey/ On graduation, Ed served in HMS served at HMAS jb/Fairey_Firefly_200805.doc , Prepared by: Adamson, C. May 2008. Repulse during the pre-war Palestine Cerberus before campaign. A Roman Catholic, he being appointed as viewed the stable where Christ was the commanding born. He then served in HMAS officer ofHMAS Sydney, in the Mediterranean, when Murchison in 1950. his ship out-gunned the Italian During the Korean cruiser, Bartolomeo Colleoni. He was War, he took part dismissed from Sydney before her in the battle for the own sinking in late 1941. It was a Han River, from personal tragedy, for he knew most 1951 to 1952. He of those onboard. He lost many good was awarded the mates. Distinguished Allen served in HMAS Australia Service Cross from 1941 to 1944. He was high up and the US Legion of Merit (officer). the mast, directing fire, during the For his coolness during many Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 42 Oituarb y : Commodore Allen Nelson Dollard
“warm moments”, a British admiral He assumed charge at unofficially dubbed him “Baron of the height of the war. the Han”. His naval percussion on Indonesia was in free- the river was audible at the cease-fire fall. A proud people conference tables. had surrendered their On return to Australia, now a nationhood to its commander, Allen held several staff errant leader. Their positions before joining the carrier newspapers criticized HMAS Sydney, as its executive Ed’s appointment as officer, from 1955 to 1956. It was his evidence of Australia’s last sea-going appointment. For his complicity in a so- medical category, he reverted to the called neo-imperialist “dry list”, as further service would be plot. Australia was ashore. His selection as the Australian also dismissed Frigate HMAS Services Attaché in Saigon, from 1956 as a lackey. There was still much Lesley (also known as “Cissy”) died on Murchison served in to 1958, was an inspired choice. His work to be done to keep an uneasy June 22, 2007. Korean waters from May 1951 To January talent as a naval diplomat was much relationship on keel. Allen Dollard was the father of 1952 rendering respected. His intelligence reports President Sukarno had launched an Simon and Sandal. He is also survived distinguished service on Indo China were instructive. “The ill-conceived plan of “confrontation” by his sisters Molly and Daphne of in the Han Estuary taxis are small and uncomfortable, with Malaysia. He vowed the Canberra. Simon also joined the navy (Photo courtesy RAN) but the price is fixed. The taxi-girls are destruction of Malaysia “by the time and served as a midshipman in HMAS also small, but comfortable, and the the cock crows on January 1, 1965”. Sydney off Vietnam. prices depend on how far you want By then, Dollard had mastered the to go.” diplomatic nuance, for he was not an After Vietnam, Dollard held more easy man to deceive. He conceded senior staff roles in Australia before that this demagogue was talking returning to the Foreign Service. arrant rubbish. At confrontation’s In late 1961, now a captain, he was end, Dollard was still in the building. attached to the Australian Embassy It was Sukarno who had left the in Tokyo. During the next two years, stage. Relations with our neighbor he facilitated many ships’ visits. He improved. Indonesia had re-claimed was dismayed by Captain Duncan its own history. Ed returned to Stevens, whose drinking problems Australia in late 1967, twice decorated brought disrepute to his ship and by the Malaysians for his role. service. In 1964, HMAS Voyager was Reverting to captain, Dollard lost at sea; her captain with it, and his commanded HMAS Albatross for the personal conduct was later ruled as a next three years, until he resumed his contributing factor. Stevens was unfit one star rank as commodore on his for command. posting to the Sydney naval command Allen ran HMAS Penguin in early 1971. He was chief of staff to throughout 1964. External Affairs the Flag Officer Commanding East needed him back in Asia, to discharge Australia Area at Garden Island, and a politically sensitive assignment, to retired in early 1973 after 41 years head the Royal Malaysian Navy, as its service. His “salted” diet, and concern chief of naval staff, from 1965 to 1967. for his wife’s health, ensured annual Promoted to acting commodore, he visits to Magnetic Island, Queensland. was last RAN officer to do so in that They also lived at Neutral Bay before role. It was not without controversy. moving to Narrabeen. His beloved Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 43 Lessons in Maritime Counter-Insurgency byS D eRGEI eSiLVA-Ranasinghe
The Sri Lanka Navy’s (SLN) recent spectacular success against the Sea Tigers, the now defeated maritime wing of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), was in large measure due to the enhancement of its littoral warfare capabilities emphasized by its Rapid Action Boat Squadron (RABS).
Evolution
The genesis of the RABS took root during the Norwegian-moderated Ceasefire Agreement (2002-2006, from 2005-2009: “Whenever, we part of a renewed SLN interest in CFA), when the temporary lull in had sea battles, the LTTE used to developing a modern seaworthy IPC hostilities enabled the SLN to rethink outnumber us. For example,” he says capable of countering the Sea Tigers. its strategy to counter its most “when we put 15 FACs the LTTE put This process was given a significant formidable threat, the high-speed 30 high-speed boats mixed with suicide boost with the election of Mahinda suicide attack boats manned by a boats. In this situation, if we miss a Rajapakse as Sri Lanka’s President in subunit known as the Black Sea Tigers. suicide boat, that will be a huge threat November 2005, who in the face of During previous phases of conflict, for us.” As such, the combined use of escalating LTTE aggression, presided namely Eelam War 2 (1990-1995) and Black Sea Tigers and swarming tactics over the largest reorganization of the Eelam War 3 (1995-2002), particularly led to regular SLN losses. military in Sri Lanka’s history. Upon after the formation of the Black Sea During running engagements and assuming office, Gotabaya Rajapakse – Tigers in 1990, the Sea Tigers steadily sea battles, the Sea Tigers tried to force a retired Colonel and reformer – was expanded and developed capabilities Dvora’s towards the coastline where appointed to the key post of Defence that enabled it to openly challenge they were vulnerable to attacks from Secretary to oversee the military’s the SLN. The older models of SLN high-speed suicide boats. The loss of a transformation, which included Inshore Patrol Craft (IPCs), which Dvora, Super Dvora and other types of the appointment of experienced were mostly manufactured in Sri FACs was considered a major setback, and aggressive commanders to lead Lanka, were frequently outgunned which apart from monetary value, also each military arm. As such, Admiral and overwhelmed by superior Sea entailed the loss of over 12 experienced Karannagoda, then a Rear Admiral and Tiger firepower, tactics and boats. In crew members. Due to the limited a leading proponent of transforming addition, the powerful Israeli-built numbers of Dvoras the SLN possessed the Navy’s way of war, was promoted Dvoras, which formed the backbone and also the cost of purchasing Dvoras in late 2005 to command the SLN. of SLN Fast Attack Craft (FAC) (each valued at around US$10 million Accordingly, detailed analyses were squadrons, found it challenging to inclusive of operational configurations); conducted, examining the Sea Tigers’ confront Sea Tiger clusters of 20-30 the SLN simply lacked the funds to capabilities with particular emphasis heavily armed small boats, which expand its fleet, which compelled it to on the specifications of its four main included 5-6 suicide boats with examine other alternatives. boat designs, namely the 10m Muraj, powerful outboard motors. the 8m Sudai, the 6m Thrikka and the As suggested by the previous SLN Formation 6m Idayan. Commander Admiral Wasantha As such, throughout 2006, designs Karannagoda to the government- During the CFA, efforts were made and moulds that emulated Sea Tiger owned Daily News, who led the SLN to study Sea Tiger boat designs as boats were made, which culminated Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 44 Lessons in Maritime Counter-Insurgency into an initiative to mass produce a volunteers, the majority of whom were new range of IPCs in what the SLN applicants who were unable to meet Operations coined as the ‘Small Boat Concept’. the selection criteria into the elite SBS, After an extensive trial period, by mid- but had adequate fitness and skills to be Initially, in 2007, nearly 20 IPC units 2007 SLN marine engineers designed assigned to the RABS. were deployed near Nilaweli, north and produced the ‘Arrow’ model IPC in The SLN sought to rapidly expand of Trincomalee, but by October 2008 three versions. its Arrow IPC fleet as the exigencies of RABS units were deployed in strength According to Janes Navy warfare demanded faster production, at another four strategic locations, International, the two largest Arrow hence, as mentioned by Admiral namely Point Pedro, Kilali, Nayaru and versions were respectively armed with a Karannagoda to the Daily News, the Pulmoddai. The high-speed of Arrow 40mm automatic grenade launcher and SLN embarked on a round the clock IPCs ensured units could rapidly amass either a double-barrelled 23mm gun or crash program to build new IPCs: a force of 25-35 IPCs and due to its two 12.7mm machine guns, and fitted “These small boats carried the same ability to operate in conditions reaching with four 250hp engines that enabled a punch as Dvora crafts. We improved Sea State 3, there was also operational top speed of 37kt. The smallest version constructing boats, every ten days a flexibility for RABS units to enter of the Arrow IPC was armed with an boat was completed. We imported and operate in territorial waters. The automatic grenade launcher, a 23mm engines and weapons for them. Then, advantages of the Arrow IPC was its gun or a 12.7mm machine gun and we were able to put larger number low profile and radar signature, which fitted with two 250hp engines which of boats in the battles to counter the made it harder for the LTTE to track enabled a top speed of 35kt. Previously, LTTE tactics by doubling our boats their movements and also enabled the SLN seldom manufactured its own against the LTTE boats.” He further RABS units to retain the element boats, but instead purchased vessels elaborated on the state-owned of surprise. Another advantage was from Israel, India and also, from two Independent Television Network (ITN) that Arrow IPCs also tended to cause local manufacturers, namely Colombo that Arrow IPCs “were equipped with confusion in close-quarter sea battles Dockyard Limited and Neil Marine modern weaponry and night vision and engagements against Sea Tiger Limited. Aptly, what made the RABS cameras which enabled us to literally clusters, due to its resemblance to Sea unique was that its vessels were entirely see the battle they were involved in Tiger vessels. manufactured by the SLN in large and direct them from our Operations The mass production of Arrow numbers and at low cost. Room in Colombo.” IPCs easily replaced losses in battle, After much consideration and deliberation, the formation of the RABS in September 2007 signalled the SLN’s intent to augment its brown water capabilities to supplement the Special Boat Squadron (SBS) and FAC squadrons. Prior to the formation of the RABS, the elite SBS, which specialized in amphibious warfare, was the Navy’s main unit that engaged in riverine and inshore operations. Each RABS vessel had a minimum of 2-3 sailors per boat and 60-70 sailors were initially chosen from hundreds of Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 45
where from July-2007 to September Throughout Eelam War 4 (2006- the Naval history of the island.” 2008, according to the Asian Tribune 2009), the SLN claims that the Sea As the coastline under LTTE control shrunk with each the SLN built 100 Arrow IPCs, and Tigers in total lost over 300 boats of passing month, the naval forces assigned to enforce the by the end of the insurgency in May various sizes and perhaps around cordon grew in size, and contributed to the ultimate defeat 2009, the RABS comprised of over 1000 personnel, which led to a critical of the LTTE in May 2009 by destroying remaining Sea Tiger 400 servicemen with over 200 boats. shortfall of veterans and sophisticated boats and preventing the escape of senior LTTE leaders and Its expansion and deployment had boats. In human and material terms, hardcore fighters. In doing so, the SLN made history, which a worsening impact on Sea Tiger the Sea Tigers could not replace their according to Janes Defence Weekly was “the first naval force operations and capabilities, as with losses, notably its veterans. In fact, as in the modern era to defeat a well-armed insurgent group at each passing year the RABS inflicted quoted in the Sunday Leader the SLN sea.” heavier casualties. claimed to have eliminated throughout Since the end of Sri Lanka’s insurgency the SLN appears Cumulatively, by September 2007 the the entire insurgency 295 Black Sea to be rethinking its approach to developing an enduring SLN made significant gains against the Tiger suicide attack boats out of an maritime policy to address peacetime challenges. As such, Sea Tigers: “During the last two years estimated total of 400 Black Tiger in June 2009, the newly appointed SLN Commander, Vice- SLN was able to destroy…nearly 40-50 suicide attacks conducted on land, air Admiral Tisara Samarasinghe articulated his vision in an Sea Tiger boats and inflicted heavy and sea. The Sea Tigers’ capabilities interview with The Nation: “Improvement of a sustainable damages to many boats. It is estimated were also further diminished by the fleet along with required infrastructure for at least the next that approximately 800 Sea Tiger high attrition rates among frontline 30 years is my prime concern.” He also said, “total control cadres perished in these naval battles, LTTE units engaged in land warfare; of fishing activity on the coastal line specially emphasizing which included a large number of which forced the LTTE to redeploy on the Northwest, North and Northeast to ensure fishing senior Sea Tigers and Black Sea Tigers,” increasingly larger numbers of Sea activity is not exploited by undesirables. Protection of stated Admiral Karannagoda to the Tigers in ground operations as harbours is of paramount importance to protect trade government-owned Sunday Observer. the counter-insurgency campaign and support the economy.” Since May, RABS units been Consequently, especially after 2007, intensified. Also, the destruction of heavily utilized in patrols and interdiction operations in the the Sea Tigers often sought to actively eight LTTE warehouse ships ensured, Palk Straits, Gulf of Mannar and the Bay of Bengal against avoid combat with the SLN, and according to the SLN, that replacement smugglers and illegal fishing trawlers. Given the perennial were less likely to engage in offensive equipment and spare parts necessary lack of financial resources the SLN faces to build a fleet of operations unless it appeared that the to sustain heavy operational large vessels, the Arrow IPCs for the time being offer a cost odds were in their favour. Hence, in commitments were unable to be effective and reliable solution to monitor and secure its 2006 there were 21 major engagements brought into LTTE-controlled areas. littoral waters. with the SLN; in 2007 there were 11; Furthermore, the Sri Lanka Army and in 2008, only two. recaptured LTTE-controlled coastline In essence, the SLN countered the and effectively dismantled the land- Sergei DeSilva-Ranasinghe has published widely on South swarming tactics of the Sea Tigers with based Sea Tiger infrastructure, Asian and Indian Ocean counter-swarming tactics on a larger including boat construction yards and security issues and is currently scale, but with better boats, weaponry eventually its 20 Sea Tiger bases. In the undertaking his Masters by and firepower, which ultimately final months of the insurgency, while Research at Curtin University overwhelmed the Sea Tigers. Hence, the Army was engaged in overrunning the impact of the RABS units saw the the last pocket of LTTE resistance analysing: Evolution of Sea Tigers seldom able to venture into in northeastern Sri Lanka, the SLN Australia’s Defence Policy Sri Lanka’s territorial waters, which enforced a four-tier naval blockade and Strategic Interests in the hindered its operational flexibility to starting in January 2009, as described Indian Ocean. launch attacks, amphibious operations by a senior SLN official to the Sunday and even smuggling/shuttling Observer: “The barricade consists operations between Sri Lanka and the of around twenty five Naval vessels southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. including offshore patrol craft and fast This article was first published in Dec 2009 – Jan 2010 Eventually, the expansion of the RABS gun boats supported by Special Boat edition of Asia Pacific Defence Reporter, (Vol. 35, No. 10). was one of the major contributing Squadron and the Rapid Action Boat factors that eventually turned the tide Squadron which could be described as against the Sea Tigers. the biggest blockade created so far in Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 46 RAN Communications - Into The Future BC Py aPTAIN eTER Leavy
n this paper I outline my views on how the RAN needs to manage ICommunications and Information Systems (CIS) into the future if we are to fully capitalise on technological advances. I offer what, for some, will be the radical suggestion that our current CIS sailors need to have their role re-defined so they become solely devoted to the provision of Information Technology (IT) services, with the visual signalling component of their current branch transferred elsewhere. I also believe that the time has come for CIS management to become a Weapons Engineering responsibility: that is, the CIS branch needs to come Communications under the WEEO. companies – they do not have to spend deciding if/when to engage a contact Electricians perform While this is a major break years developing their own or be a and not the actual mechanics of maintenance aboard the multi-purpose with tradition, the realities of “technologically advanced” nation. undertaking the engagement. amphibious assault modern technology are such that Hence we are seeing a levelling of Consequently the ability to move ship USS Bataan “communications” today really means weapon capabilities with the victor in information quickly around networks, long haul, Internet Protocol based future combat likely to be the one who both within a ship and too/from systems, usually over satellite bearers. employs his weapons the best, not just external units and agencies – national Flags and flashing light certainly whoever has the best weapon. That and international, military and remain valuable skills, but in my view said, Australia can still expect to retain civil - will increasingly become the they are now seamanship tools – not a certain technological edge in some battleground of the future. Our key communications in the wider sense areas; it just won’t be as great, or as activity will be the fightfor information of the modern term. Technology widespread, as it has been. upon which to make the correct advance in the commercial world of IT We must position ourselves to use decision at the right time – the physical are driving such rapid changes that our our combat systems and weapons employment of weapons will simply branch structures are no longer well to best effect – and this does not be the mechanical act at the end of the aligned with the tasks we expect our just mean being more proficient at decision making process (although sailors to perform. running through the mechanics of clearly one we will still have to work The starting point must be an engagement sequence. It means very hard to practice and maintain an understanding of our future understanding a wide range of ever- proficiency in – it just won’t be the requirements. Maritime warfare is evolving circumstances at the tactical, ‘main game’.) becoming increasingly complex with operational and – given capabilities of The future ADF is envisaged to an ever-increasing array of high tech the modern media - strategic levels, be a joint, networked series of nodes weapons and sensors entering the and reacting in the right manner at the amongst all three services fighting market. We can no longer rely on the right time. This requires a strong focus seamlessly together under a unified, “technological advantage” in weaponry on intelligence (better understanding joint (and where necessary, combined) 1 that the ADF has traditionally cited, what the adversary might do) and command. This requires all nodes and we’ll be even less able to do so in an absolute reliance on situational (in Navy case ships, submarines, the future. Most countries can now awareness (having a Common and aircraft) to be “connected” buy high tech weapons from a variety Operating Picture (COP)). electronically so that a wide range of other countries and/or global The key warfare skill will be in of information and data can be Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 47
moved around the various sensor, weapons and command and control (C2) networks. Of course, moving electronic data around and between ships is nothing new for Navy; we have had electronic combat systems and Link 11 in service for many years. However, we are seeing that concept significantly increase both in complexity and importance, and this trend will continue over the coming decades. C2 systems are now fundamental to a warship’s core fighting ability: so much so that the ability to communicate (that is, move the right data and information at the right time) will be the key component of a combat A Communications system. Indeed, even the term ‘combat constant access to high bandwidth for both their optimal instillation as a Electrician on watch system’ as we currently understand it satellite bearers. Email, chat and other core part of the ship’s weapon system, at the Integrated Launch and Recovery is undergoing a fundamental change. commercially based applications have and have the right people trained to Television System With the envisaged “Networked ADF” become indispensable in the planning operate and maintain them. We will on board USS Kitty of the future a ship will be increasingly and execution of many C2 functions be getting the hardware component Hawk. viewed as a series of nodes, albeit and if you are not in the appropriate of these systems, but do we have the co-located, in the wider networked network, then you are simply not skills and organisation within Navy to (operational level) ‘combat system’. part of the order-of-battle. The manage these increasingly complex For example all sensors in the force speed, stealth and lethality of modern electronic networks? I think we do will be linked electronically in a weapons mean the flow of information have the skills in our sailors (and the single sensor network to provide the needs to be fast, accurate and robust ability to develop skills of the future) Common Operating Picture upon and there must be redundancy in key but we don’t have the organisation which everyone draws, while the ship’s systems. In short, digital data flows, quite right. weapons will be part of the wider both within and external to our ships of I would argue that the current selection of options the commander the future, will be increasingly complex branches that provide communications (who may or may not be in the ship) and absolutely vital to the success of services are not well organized or has at his disposal. There won’t be any maritime warfare. structured to meet our future needs. need for a contact detected by a ship While we must provide a range Our current CIS and ET(C) categories to be engaged by her own weapons – of communications routes for (and their predecessor Signalman, there will be a transfer of sensor and redundancy, moving data external to a Radio Operator and Electrical C2 information between all nodes in ship is usually done via satellite bearers. Technical Communication categories) 2 the network and the most appropriate Capabilities such as INMARSAT and were all appropriate for their time. 3 weapons system will be tasked with the MASTIS facilitate this, however most While the current arrangement does engagement. Admittedly, this is still of our current ships were not designed work, it is not as efficient as it could be some way off, and there are a number with those capabilities in mind - they and relies too much on the good-will of legal implications to be considered have been “add ons”. This is not a of our sailors. Importantly, however, before this concept becomes practical, criticism; these systems were not I don’t think the current arrangement however, it is the concept to which the around when the ships were designed will work into the future as software ADF, and many other military around and our sailors do an outstanding job in and IP based systems become more the world, are working towards. making them work. The point is such prolific and embedded in almost every Command and Control systems capabilities will be integral to our next facet of operations. are already web-based and require generation of ships and we must plan The advent of the Fleet Network Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 48 RAN Communications - Into The Future
Centre – Sydney in September 2009 is category’s responsibility. This reality organized, not because of it. a very positive sign of progress in the is reflected in the significant drop that I think that we are only just starting right direction, and reflects recognition I have seen in the general standard of to accept that web based systems 4 5 of the Navy’s growing need for IT V/S services provided to Bridge staff like CENTRIX and CMFP are now systems and professionally satisfying over the last 5-10 years. While not fundamental to our war fighting ability. careers for our sailors. However, I acceptable, it is entirely understandable Indeed, on a number of occasions when believe that the current CIS category - many CIS sailors are simply not I have needed specific IP based systems 6 has retained too many of the “Radio interested in Fleet Work and there is (CMFP for RIMPAC 06 and CNFC Operator” and “Signalman” traits that no real link (other than branch legacy) for Northern Trident 09) the systems characterized the two branches that between it and what many see as their have been installed immediately prior amalgamated. It needs to re-position “core” job. to the exercise/operation and then itself as the RAN’s IT and software While beyond the scope of this removed immediately on completion. specialists (both internal and external), paper those CIS sailors who prefer the The equipment fit has been ad-hoc, on focusing on data communications, fleet work and visual signalling aspects a temporary station in the Operations satellite communications and of the job could perhaps form the core Room and without extra manning information management. of a new seamanship branch designed to operate it. Again this is not a The skillsets required to operate around supporting the Bridge. Their criticism, as our current ships were a traditional COMCEN, together tasks could include the traditional not designed with these capabilities with an increasing array of satellite V/S roles, Navigator’s Yeoman and, in in mind. However, this does not allow and IP based systems, are now far conjunction with the Bosun’s Mates, any expertise to be developed through removed from the visual signalling watch-on-deck and seamanship experience and undermines the fact (V/S) skills required for the Bridge. I tasks. At the more senior levels they that these systems are the future (or in accept that there is a need for flashing could also become qualified as OOW many cases, the present). This issue is a light, flags and tactical skills (ie the in MWVs which would provide a systemic one and is not directed at CIS former ‘Signalman’) but believe they significant “seaman” career progression. or ET sailors – they do an outstanding are more logically ‘seamanship’ tasks In short, we could establish two broad job trying to provide a service from than ‘communications’. One key seamanship branches - both proficient the resources they have, but Navy as problem we currently face is very few in seamanship with one sub-specialised a whole must continue to recognise CIS sailors like working both with in small arms and gunnery (Bosuns’ these IP based systems as fundamental computers and V/S systems on the Mates) and one sub-specialised in to our business. We need to position Bridge, yet they are forced to train in Bridge/mariner services (Nav Yeoman ourselves organisationally to recognise both areas to progress. The time has and Visual Signalling). that fact, and to get the very best out of come to differentiate between the V/S Furthermore, there is significant the systems. skills (as important as they are) and overlap in the work currently Proper IT support is not just a the high-tech world of computers, undertaken by CIS and ET(C) sailors war fighting necessity either. The satellite comms and data links. I and a consequent need to rationalize administrative information flow within cannot see how training in V/S can these two streams. I have seen a ship now occurs via various LANs be of any assistance to maintaining IP situations where work undertaken by and it is fair to say that these days if based C2 systems, ship LANs, satellite one group is done in isolation from the LAN is not operating, a large part bearers etc (or vice versa) and from the other, with the result that the best of any ship’s administration ceases. experience I know that very few sailors people were not necessarily applied Also, the provision of Internet based are happy switching from one to the to the problem. While such issues are services for the Ship’s Company is other. Indeed, I have had first hand usually avoided through consultation becoming increasingly important not experience of CIS sailors discharging with the sailors involved, our current only from a quality of life perspective, for exactly that reason. branch structure – with CIS and ET(C) but also from a personnel management My sense is that most CIS sailors sailors both belonging to different standpoint. We have already seen joining the Navy are now attracted by departments and consequently activities such as pay, allowances, leave, the computer based, high-tech side regulated and managed separately personnel management and housing of the job, and not by the V/S and – does not help. Our sailors make services move online, however, the Bridge tasks that currently remain the it work despite the way they are facilities provided on many ships are Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 49
inadequate to allow all sailors suitable access to a computer to manage their lives and careers. In short, we have forced sailors to conduct a lot of their own management and administration online, yet have not provided the full services to allow them to do so. Whilst this is being rectified, it does highlight the need to have an adequate pool of people on board to manage the infrastructure behind these services. What all this means is ships will increasingly need the skills onboard to maintain and operate very high data rate communications both within the ship and externally to other units. Access to satellite bearers will be modern “communications” has enthusiastic sailors (both CIS and The electrical absolutely vital, as will the skills to already become electronic and IP ET(C)) who, generally, like working technical team of HMAS Anzac stand keep the communications paths open. based, and will increasingly become with these systems. We need to free proudly in front Unfortunately the current situation the central component of combat them from mandated activities that of the ship after appears to have our CIS sailors well systems. Hence, I believe it is more detract from their (proposed new) core completing the trained but unable to do much of appropriate that the WEEO assume business – such as flashing light and capability upgrades, the work onboard the ship as many responsibility for providing this service flag hoists – and broaden their scope which consisted of MASTIS, NDS and problems are configuration issues that to the command, as he/she currently of responsibility to take on all LAN capability for the they are not permitted to touch. This does for all other components of the management, satellite communications new MU90 Torpedoes is not helped by technical support combat system. The Gunnery Officer and IT services and, increasingly, data (Courtesy RAN) services often being provided by would not proceed to the gun to fix a transfers around and to/from the ship’s contractors and consequently some problem, so why would the SCO be combat system. It may even be that in systems are unable to be configured by actively involved in the mechanics of the future the new “IT specialists” will sailors on board. This is detrimental to establishing satellite connectivity (as become the core WE sailor, as high the fighting efficiency of the ship and often happens)?? speed data communications becomes has a negative impact on the sailors’ Ultimately what we need is a pool of increasingly prevalent throughout professional job satisfaction. This is experts that maintain the equipment, systems everywhere. But, one step at then compounded when they have to manage the configuration and monitor a time… simultaneously do Bridge watches. the performance of our increasing I propose an amalgamation of the Given that data flow and array of IT based systems. The current CIS and ET(C) streams into communications are becoming operators (PWO and CSOs) need to be one new branch who manage the the central components of combat free to operate the systems as they see flow of electronic information within systems, it is also timely to review fit, but the provision and maintenance and external to the ship, and who how these capabilities are provided of the services should logically reside fall functionally under the Weapons to the command. Currently the CIS with the WEE Department. Electrical Engineering Officer. They branch comes under the Executive I do not believe this is such a would have responsibility for: Officer based on its heritage as one huge step for the Navy to take. We • traditional ship-shore of the seamanship trades. However, already have a pool of skilled and communications, which will Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 50 RAN Communications - Into The Future
Web replication,secure e-mail, chat increasingly be satellite based; communications etc between allied forces. • the internal transmission of It allows for real-time collaboration, information sharing and supports a information through various range of planning tools. CENTRIX has a ship’s LANs; number of enclaves (or sub-systems) such as CENTRIXS Four eyes (AUS/CAN/UK/ • the provision of command US); CENTRIXS Japan (J); CENTRIXS and control systems, such Korea (K); Global Counter Terrorism Task Force (GCTF) and Combined Naval Forces as CENTRIX and other IP CENTCOM (CNFC) based systems, together 5 CMFP – “Cooperative Maritime Forces Pacific” – An enclave of CENTRIX with the monitoring of that resides within the Global Counter system performance and Terrorism Task Force (GCTF) net. CMFP was the primary C2 tool used in RIMPAC maintenance of the appropriate 2006 which was the first time all participants communications path; in a RIMPAC exercise were on the same Captain Peter Leavy RAN joined the network • quality of life services such as 6 CNFC – “Coalition Naval Forces the provision of Internet and RAN in 1984 and completed the RAN Central Command” – An enclave of CENTRIX used in the US CENTCOM Area e-mail services for the ship’s Principle Warfare Officer’s course in of Responsibility (including the Middle East) company, satellite TV etc; and 1993. He has served in a wide number • increasingly, the maintenance of ship classes, and has deployed as and monitoring of data communications systems Chief of Staff to Commander Task Group within the ship’s combat 633.1 operating in the North Arabian system. Gulf during early 2003 and again as Commander Task Force 158.1 in the In order to adequately undertake North Arabian Gulf in 2008. Ashore he these new responsibilities, these sailors would need to be heavily has served in Electronic Warfare and trained in high rate data and satellite Strategic Policy postings. communications and would be responsible for all LAN, data and voice services throughout the ship, both internal and external. They must (Endnotes) also be freed from any commercial or 1 The networked future ADF has training constraints that restrict their been articulated in numerous Defence ability to manipulate the onboard documents, including the Defence White Paper 2009 – Defending Australia in the systems and manage configuration. Asia-Pacific Century: Force 2030; Joint st We need the ability to use all Operations in the 21 Century (FJOC 2007); Future Maritime Operational Concept 2025; our onboard systems to their fullest and NCW Roadmap 2009 (dated 1 Oct 09) potential using sailors onboard. I 2 INMARSAT is a global, commercial satellite system enabling telephone, fax believe that a re-think about how and internet connectivity. Almost all RAN our communications services are vessels have INMARSAT fitted, as do most ocean going commercial vessels. provided is quite timely given the 3 MASTIS – “Maritime Advanced huge, ongoing technological advances SATCOM Terrestrial Infrastructure System”. MASTIS is a high data rate, broadband that are happening in the commercial military satellite communications system, world and the obvious benefits to the allowing classified email, chat, web services and voice connectivity from sea. In addition RAN and ADF if we capitalise on these to its vital role in operational command developments. and control, it supports many of a ship’s administrative functions (pay, leave, personnel management etc) and is fitted to most large vessels in the RAN. 4 CENTRIX – “Combined ENTerprise Regional Information eXchange System” – a US sponsored, web based, global communications architecture that Shipyards: Australia and USA enables ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore Email: [email protected] Fax +61 8 9410 2564 Tel: +61 8 9410 1111 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute WWW.AUSTAL.COM Issue 136 51
Shipyards: Australia and USA Email: [email protected] Fax +61 8 9410 2564 Tel: +61 8 9410 1111 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute WWW.AUSTAL.COM 52 N ew Royal Malaysian Navy
New Royal Malaysian Navy Scorpene-class submarine, Tunku Abdul Rahman. By Michael Nitz
Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 53
New Royal Malaysian Navy Scorpene-class submarine, Tunku Abdul Rahman. By Michael Nitz
Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 54 Royal Navy Response to Somali Pirate Attacks BStD My g aVE orley
he RAN’s first foray into anti- piracy operations off the Horn Tof Africa happened almost by accident when HMA Ships Sydney and Ballarat answered a distress call in the Gulf of Aden last May. The ships were on their way to the UK as part of Northern Trident 2009 when they received a report a merchant vessel was under attack. The ships changed course to assist and received another report that a second ship was under attack. The arrival of the Australian ships on the scene caused the pirate threat to Q. Is it a situation where the think they are using. We can do that by subside and the merchant vessels were piracy can be defeated? conducting ship searches and by using escorted to safety. A. We will get ourselves into a position embarked helicopters as an organic air The RAN subsequently deployed like that but it won’t be until we can platform. It’s particularly good at doing HMAS Toowoomba in September 2009 develop a series of tactics so we can a surveillance role to detect potential to CTF-151, the anti-piracy task force. actually stop the pirates from getting pirates at long range. Pirate mother ship being approached The Royal Navy has been near the vessels. Tactics we have seen That’s one of the difficulties we face, by members of a successfully involved in anti-piracy them use so far are hiding themselves trying to identify these people. Are they USN visit, board, patrols around the Gulf of Aden since among a fleet of fishing boats so they innocent fishermen in a group, is there search and seizure the inception of CTF-151 in January can ambush vessels. something more sinister within that (VBSS) team. (U.S. 2009. Much of their experience comes group, are they armed, what are their Navy photo by Mass Communication from years of very effective counter- We need to make a good maritime intentions, are they operating from a Specialist 1st Class narcotics operations in the Caribbean picture and let people know where mothership, do they have other vessels Eric L. Beauregard/ region. they’re operating and the tactics we nearby? Do they have Intel or are they released) Commander Mark Sheehan RN, from the Regional Directorate East Naval Air, spoke to Headmark about the RN’s response to piracy, at the Pacific 2010 International Maritime Exposition, Darling Harbour, on January 27, 2010.
Q. Are we winning the campaign against the Somali pirates? A. We are certainly very, very determined in providing Naval Forces to do the best they can to protect friendly shipping in one or two areas of the world where piracy is rife. The Royal Navy is working as part of NATO linked into the European Union.
Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 55
randomly coming across a vessel, do they have procedures for trying to board the vessels? Are they looking for targets of opportunity? Some of their vessels are now operating much further from the coast than they previously were. Sometimes they’ve been hundreds of miles away from the coastline. It’s been said that if the country got a proper government, a proper judicial system and some stability, the pirates would not be allowed to operate as they are. The coastline is uncontrollable due to the country being a failed state. It has no navy or coastguard. It has no exclusive economic zone like other countries. It cannot look after itself or its territorial waters. little we can do except dispose of their finished, then they are evading, so all Q. Are the ROE adequate? weapons. we can do is carry out surveillance, A. The RN ship’s CO will have a set of Certainly we’ve seen it in the past because these guys are going to run instructions and there will be certain where other navies have engaged in away for a little while and then start things he can do, but it may not fit all prolonged gun battles with pirates again. That’s the challenge, once they’ve circumstances. Invariably there will be and been in a position where they’ve disengaged from the act of piracy we Intel sent back to London about what’s engaged a mothership, and while can’t engage them. Clearly though it’s happening. It would depend on what’s they’re doing this, the smaller vessels in our interest to continue surveillance happening from scenario to scenario. have escaped elsewhere with their high so we know where they are and what It’s also affected by the nationality of speed and manoeuvrability. they’re doing. the ship being attacked. It depends too The anti-piracy task is a very on where they are, what tactics they’re challenging area of operations for us, This is where we can rely on using, what vessels they’re trying to because of the tactics they are using. technology. And some of the merchant harass or board. They’re getting more intelligent by the vessels have their own technology to day in the way they’re operating and help them counter the efforts of the That is part of the problem – all the numbers of vessels they’ve already pirates and so they’ll use the ship’s size, situations are different. But the main seized is quite staggering. The Royal speed and manoeuvrability to evade problem is the guys have got to be in Navy is committed to assisting where the pirates. Some ships are more HMS Lancaster’s the act of committing piracy, and that’s we can in preventing vessels from being vulnerable than others, such as those PAC24 sea boat on the issue. Just because it’s a boat in the attacked. with a low freeboard, the slower ones, patrol. area, or even just a boat going fast with If there is a requirement to stop and guys with guns on board, and obviously search a merchant vessel we have to get not fishermen, we can’t take offensive permission from the nation where it’s action against them until we catch registered. them in the act. We need to be sure the people are Q. So if the RN arrive to assist actually engaging in acts of piracy. a ship that’s just been attacked We’ve seen in the past where people and see the pirates fleeing the have been found with weapons on scene, they are not permitted board, but if they’re not actually to engage the pirates? engaged in an act of piracy there’s very A. If the act of piracy is actually Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 56 Royal Navy Response to Somali Pirate Attacks and ones with blind arcs around them. have been taken are Merchant vessels need to know what’s quite valuable so going on around them. They need to you can understand post lookouts and remain alert. why people are Pirates have hidden among fishing engaged in piracy. fleets and come out to ambush vessels. Or they have disguised themselves Having a safe among other merchant vessels. That’s shipping corridor where the RN, by having assets like certainly makes helicopters, decent electro-optic a difference. And systems and so on have an advantage merchant vessels over the pirates. And pirates are now themselves share aware of the capabilities of helicopters information with and so helicopters are becoming a each other letting deterrent to them, but it will vary from each other know case to case. Some pirates are much where they are. more sophisticated than others. There Some insurance are pirates operating hundreds of miles companies are also providing advice on Straits. There’s even been a suggestion off the coast as well as those operating how to avoid piracy. But there are still a ship proceeding through the English along the coastline. ships that are slow, have small crews Channel was boarded and taken, so it’s and a low freeboard that are especially becoming a global phenomenon. But Q. Is there any reason why vulnerable. clearly the centre of gravity appears to Special Forces troops haven’t The higher speed, higher freeboard be the Horn of Africa. been used to recover ships vessels are less likely, but not already taken? impossible, to be pirated. Q. Can you tell me about the A. The French have used SF to recover Piracy is not a new thing, it’s been Royal Marine sniper teams on a vessel. The Americans have certainly around for hundreds of years. And it’s board the RN ships? used SF when they rescued a captain not just happening around the Horn of A. They’re not on all ships. First of all of an American merchant vessel. They Africa, it’s happening in the Malacca the ship has to have a helicopter as a had people who were very capable in Type 23 Frigate Statistics that instance. Displacement: 4,900 tonnes
Q. We hear about the ships Length: 133m / 436ft that are seized, but we don’t Beam: 16.1m / 52.9ft hear about the ones that are Complement: 185 saved from attacks. How often do task force ships arrive on Armament: 2 x Quad Harpoon Missile launchers Vertical Launch Sea Wolf anti-missile the scene in time to deter an system 4.5in (114mm) MK 8 gun 2 x 30mm Close range guns 2 x Magazine attack? launched anti submarine torpedo tubes NATO Seagnat and DLF3 Decoy Launchers A. It depends on the area they’re operating in, such as the Gulf of Aden Sensors: Type 1007 navigation radar Type 996 air/surface surveillance radar 2 x Type 911 or elsewhere, and some periods will be Sea Wolf tracking radars UAT Electronic Surveillance System Type 2050 active busier than others. Once the pirates sonar actually capture a vessel it keeps them Aircraft: MK 8 Lynx helicopters: busy for some time. We know it will Armament: bring them a substantial amount of Sea Skua anti-ship missiles money for their communities, and Stingray anti-submarine torpedoes it takes a considerable some time to Mk 11 depth charges arrange the payment for that vessel. Some of the very large tankers that Machine guns Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 57
platform for them. We’ve mainly used them on anti-narcotic operations in the Caribbean. The helicopters have a half inch calibre machine gun and a half inch calibre sniper rifle, the LW50, both very good deterrent capabilities. It allows us to be able to shoot out a boat’s engine stopping them in their tracks. It also allows a proportionate response. They work in pairs with a spotter and a firer who operates the rifle or machine gun.
Q. Can you tell me which RN vessels are presently operating with the anti-piracy task force? time and navies are learning how to Advice to merchant ships to Dubai Princess employing anti- A. No, I can’t name them because deal with the problem. We’re sharing reduce likelihood of hijack: piracy measures 17 that would allow the pirates to change information and intelligence together • Use the International Recognized May 2009. Courtesy their tactics so they could counter quite successfully and this is an area Transit Corridor Dept of Defence. our vessels’ tactics. There will be at where we’re improving our capabilities • Travel through high-risk areas in least one frigate there, but it will also week by week. the dark depend on what other countries’ navies • Use convoys have there in the task group. The RN Unfortunately people who are engaged • Sign in to the Horn of Africa’s ships will complement other navies’ in this sort of thing will also adapt Maritime Security Center before ships so we have a very wide range of their tactics and procedures to try entering high-risk areas capabilities. The RN put a lot of effort to countermand what we’re able to • Travel as fast as possible into making ships available to that do so it’s very much a cat and mouse • Maintain lookouts role because it’s important to us at the scenario. • Set fire hoses and keep them moment to focus on what’s happening There have even been Chinese ships running there. As our global commitments are out there with the task group. Lots of • Use all available lighting quite significant we’ve had to prioritise nations are contributing giving a wide • Use lights and alerts to let the in terms of what ones we’ll undertake. range of capabilities. The exchange pirates know they’ve been spotted Clearly the piracy situation is one in of knowledge and experience is • Conduct evasive manoeuvres when which we’ll be engaged. invaluable. pirates attack • Most importantly: Never stop the Q. Have you any personal Author’s note: HM Ships St Albans ship for pirates HMS St Albans at sea. experience of the RAN ships and Lancaster, both Type 23 frigates, engaged in anti-piracy were at the time of operations off Somalia? writing on patrol A. I’ve not actually come into contact in the Gulf of Aden with the Australians and don’t have any as part of CTF 151, knowledge of how they perform. We’ve according to the had briefings from other countries RN’s Navy News. there, including Singapore who had a ship there for six weeks doing anti- piracy operations. They were very successful and part of that was they had embarked organic aviation with them. People are learning all the Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Trusted Partner
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Collins Oct09 A4.indd 1 21/10/2009 10:14:55 AM Issue 136 59 How to best spend the Christmas stand Trusted Partner down period: Commodore Harry Adams essay prize BL Dy iEUTENANT aniel Boettger
white Christmas. Hogmanay in the Scottish Highlands. TakingA in the view from the highest mountain in Wales. These weren’t the experiences that I was expecting over the Christmas and New Year stand Depth of expertise down period, but, along with a visit to the Britannia Royal Naval College (BRNC) Dartmouth and the defence technology company Qinetiq, they were just some of the highlights of a trip that was both professionally and personally rewarding, and one that I was lucky enough to undertake as the prize for the 2009 Commodore Harry Adams essay competition. Now in its third year, the competition is open to all members of the ANI of the rank of Midshipmen and Sub Lieutenant (or equivalent), Britannia Royal with the prize consisting of a visit to training hulks HM Ships Britannia reviewing platform. Naval College Britannia Royal Naval College (BRNC) and Hindostan, and before that, the Over the week I was kept busy Dartmouth, home to Royal Navy (RN) centuries of tradition of the RN. The exploring everything that the College Officer training, as well as return Senior Gunroom, where cadets mess has to offer. This included driving airfares and $500 spending money. in their second term, features amazing a Type 45 destroyer into Sydney As with the previous year’s winner, I wood panelling which is covered in Harbour with the help of the bridge visited BRNC during their last week of portraits of famous naval figures, simulator in which all officer cadets term, an extremely busy period which reminding cadets as they enjoy their learn the basics of navigation, as well culminates in the Passing Out Parade meals that they have been granted a as an afternoon on the Dart River in and the famous Winter Ball. privileged position of responsibility in a the College’s various small boats. A Perched atop a hill overlooking proud organisation. highlight for me was a day exploring the village of Dartmouth, BRNC is The quarterdeck, situated in front of Dartmoor National Park, home to the an impressive sight for the first time the main building, is encircled by twin final leadership exercise and often also visitor. With accommodation, messing sweeping driveways which lead to the home to the most miserable weather Proudly the leading mission systems integrator for the Royal Australia Navy, Raytheon Australia draws on a and instructional facilities for around main entrance and allows for a unique imaginable. I was ‘lucky’ enough to 1300 strong Australian workforce and the proven record of delivering systems integration for the Collins Class 300 officer cadets, the main building is format for the Passing Out Parade. visit Dartmoor in all its glory with submarine, Hobart Class Air Warfare Destroyer and special mission aircraft. Raytheon Australia is focused filled with long, sweeping passageways December’s parade was reviewed by rolling banks of fog and intermittent on the needs of the Australian Defence Force and has the backing of Raytheon Company — one of the that lend the appropriate resonance HRH Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex rain showers prevailing, making the ® most innovative, high technology companies in the world — to provide NoDoubt confi dence to achieve our to your footsteps to engender the and Commodore-in-Chief of the Royal obligatory thermos of steaming hot tea customer’s mission success. atmosphere of a grand and prestigious Fleet Auxiliary and, after a month of carried here by all cadets all the more establishment. Masses of naval characteristically wet and wild weather, enjoyable. memorabilia decorating the walls was held in brilliant sunshine. I was With the strong historical ties www.raytheon.com.au remind you of the College’s heritage honoured to be seated in the VIP between BRNC and the Royal which – although at its current location section, giving me the best view of Australian Naval College (RANC) at since only 1905 – stretches back to the the parade without standing on the HMAS Creswell it was no surprise to © 2009 Raytheon Australia. All rights reserved. “Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company. Image: Eye in the Sky Journal of the Australian Naval Institute
Collins Oct09 A4.indd 1 21/10/2009 10:14:55 AM 60 How to best spend the Christmas stand down period: Commodore Harry Adams essay prize
BRNC Passing Out see considerable similarities between of the ANI’s sponsors, Qinetiq. As a operational capability. Parade the training program and philosophy defence and technology consultancy, Engineers would enjoy the of the colleges. However differences Qinetiq is heavily involved in many demonstration for SURVIVE, Qinetiq’s are apparent. With every BRNC facets of the UK Ministry of Defence, vulnerability assessment tool. Using a cadet assessed on basic navigation and has also established a presence in highly detailed computer model of the skills and small boat work, as well as Australia. With such a broad range of ship in question, it is able to predict spending ten weeks at sea for initial projects being undertaken the company the damage to engineering and combat sea training, there appears to be a is able to offer something of interest systems that would be sustained from much greater emphasis on traditional to those visiting regardless of primary general or specific threats, such as a core mariner skills regardless of qualification. As a seaman officer I was missile hit to a particular section of the primary qualification. Although ships’ amazed at the facility that has become ship. programs and platform availability known as the ‘ship on the hill’. Officially The aviation world was also covered make extending sea training phase known as the Shore Integration facility, in my visit as I was able to inspect the longer than the current four weeks it has earned this name due to the ultra-lightweight Zephyr unmanned impractical for RAN trainees, a greater Type 23 and Type 45 mast modules aerial vehicle, which currently holds the concentration on core mariner skills which dominate the facility. These are world record for the longest duration could prove advantageous, especially connected to fully functional combat unmanned flight. With a wingspan given the trend towards minimum systems, which allows testing of new of 18 metres and only weighing 30 manning and the now common equipment and systems and operator kilograms, the extreme engineering occurrence of duty watches lacking training to be conducted using both and construction techniques used were seamanship specialists. real and simulated aircraft, and also fascinating. From here I also visited As well as my visit to BRNC, I was avoiding the requirement to tie up the five metre wind tunnel, used to test invited to spend two days with one a ship until the system is nearing military aircraft as well as being one Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 61
of the primary test sites for Boeing’s aircraft. Also available to me was the opportunity to visit the Empire Test Pilot School, however unfortunately time constraints didn’t allow me to make it there. With a history spanning back many centuries the Royal Navy has an amazing heritage and with some advice from the staff at BRNC I took the opportunity to experience as much as I could. One notable experience was my visit to the 11,000 tonne cruiser HMS Belfast. Commissioned in 1939 Belfast saw action in both World War II and the Korean War and is now a museum piece moored on the River Thames. The opportunity to visit a warship of this era was fantastic. The Operations Room features a recorded transcript an understanding of the culture of both BRNC Bridge of the Battle of North Cape in which the RN and RAN. Simulator showing Sydney Harbour the German battleship Scharnhorst Having the opportunity to see first was sunk, and, although advances in hand how fellow officers in other navies naval warfare have obviously been are trained, as well as looking at the made, the similarities, particularly latest in military technology was a great within the warfare organisation, were experience professionally and was also readily apparent and it was not difficult a lot of fun. I thoroughly enjoyed my to transport myself back in time and time with the RN and will be looking visualise every action in the battle. at exchange opportunities as soon as I But without a doubt my greatest can. I can highly recommend entering revelation concerned Vice Admiral the Commodore Harry Adams essay Lord Nelson. I knew the history of competition; the rewards are amazing the man but was unprepared for the and the effort well worth it. extreme regard in which he is held. Memorials are abundant around Portsmouth and London, some of the more striking ones being HMS Victory, in commission for longer than Australia has been settled; the Nelson column taking centre stage in Trafalgar Lieutenant Daniel Boettger RAN joined Square; his tomb which dominates the Navy in 2004 and graduated from the crypt in St Paul’s Cathedral; the Australian Defence Force Academy and his uniform on display in the in 2007 with a Bachelor of Science National Maritime Museum featuring majoring in Oceanography. Awarded the hole from the bullet that killed him. Seeing these things in person his Bridge Warfare Certificate in HMAS promotes an immense feeling of awe Parramatta in 2009, he was at the time at the achievements of one man that of submission the Operations Officer in include a great deal more than one HMAS Tobruk. afternoon off Cape Trafalgar, as well as Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 62
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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 63 Book Reviews
Hezbollah-Israel war. Some useful illustrations and tables round out Seapower: a Guide T he Search for the for the Twenty-First Century, which Sydney will undoubtedly be on the Christmas By David L Mearns list of career naval officers and serious Harper Collins Publishers strategy people. 2009 – RRP $55. Reviewed by Sergeant Dave Morley
Myths surrounding the 1941 disappearance of HMAS Sydney (II) were finally laid to rest with its discovery off Western Australia in March 2008. Seapower: a Guide for US-born shipwreck hunter David Mearns commenced the Twenty-First Century searching for the wrecks of the Sydney and Kormoran after (Second edition) conducting six years of research and interviews. Although Mearns had located twenty-one major by Geoffrey Till shipwrecks, including HMS Hood, and been awarded three Published by Routledge, Guinness World Records, he said his biggest challenge was Softback; 409 pp findingSydney . “The search appealed to me because two ships would Reviewed by “Caravel” T he Path of Infinite Sorrow be found in one expedition,” he said. “Once we found the When this reviewer first had to read Kormoran we would find theSydney .” by Craig Collie and Hajime Geoffrey Till’sMaritime Strategy Using information from wartime archives and former and the Nuclear Age is was a lasting Marutani Published by crew members of the Kormoran, Mearns located that ship 64 experience – one destined to live in Allen and Unwin. Hardback hours after commencing the search. the memory in fact because it was a Reviewed by “Caravel” While Kormoran’s discovery was being announced by the damned hard read. Or then again, it Prime Minister and Navy, HMAS Sydney was found. could have been the stupidity of the The story of the Kokoda Track has Mearns said within days of the ships being found there reader… become increasingly well-known over were 12 million hits on his website. Returning several years later and re- the decades since WWII. Most of the “I have never seen a similar case where there has been so reading in the light of further learning narrative has been the work of the much excitement in a ship being found,” he said. it was evident how powerful indeed the Allied forces, victors at the end of the The book looks like a coffee table book but is a serious Till text was. In this volume, the second conflict. This new work is based on the historical account of the Sydney’s service to Australia, edition of Seapower: a Guide for the accounts of six Japanese soldiers, as the subsequent inquiries into its loss, interviews and its Twenty-First Century, the redoubtable well as some captured diaries. The Path discovery. Professor of Maritime Studies has given of Infinite Sorrowtells some of the story “It was never my mission to get into the conspiracy us an updated version of this 2004 of the other side. theories or to debunk rumour – I’m just a shipwreck hunter,” classic. The story is chronological in detail, Mearns said. The chapters move through and vivid in its detail and intensity. This is Mearns’ second book and the publishers have Seapower in a globalised world, and The words of the interviewed six are done an outstanding job with it. why this force concept still matters, scattered effectively throughout. Black The inside of the dust jacket features a copy of the before looking at technology and its and white photographs help bring to shipbuilder’s plans of Sydney while the hard cover is impact. An assessment of today’s life the protagonists: particularly as the embossed with the crest of the cruiser and the map reference forces at work follows, before the pictures are both then and now, with of its final resting place. book takes a look at SE Asia for some the exception of one whose home was The book includes dozens of never before seen photos of case studies. This second edition is in one of the nuclear-bombed cities. the wreckage of Sydney strewn over the sea floor. updated with some references to recent An extensive index and bibliography Well worth a read regardless of what branch of the ADF maritime experiences such as the 2006 complement this useful book. you happen to be from. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 64 Book Reviews
French explorers of the Pacific has under been accomplished, not by a French German historian, living in metropolitan Paris, occupation but by a New Zealander who has in Jersey. devoted a lifetime of scholarship to Dunmore getting to the truth concerning these began his often tragic voyages made in the wake work on of James Cook. After these explorers’ the French journals were published by the Hakluyt explorers as Society Dunmore was able to write a a doctoral series of highly readable, gripping, yet student in 1957 still scholarly books for the general under the direction reader interested in maritime history. of Professor John It has been said that ‘history is the Beaglehole at chronicle of the victorious’ and certainly Victoria University, the understanding of the heroic age of Wellington. This was L aPerouse: Where Fate exploration in the Pacific that posterity at a time when New Beckons has been left is largely Anglo-centric. Zealand and Pacific The French voyages of science and history were just by John Dunmore discovery made by Jean de Surville, becoming accepted Nicolas Baudin, Marion du Fresne, as new fields of Reviewed by Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Antoine academic research LCDR Desmond Woods, RAN Bruni d’Entrecasteaux, Jean Francois and teaching. de La Perouse and Dumont d’Urville Beaglehole In a small town north of Wellington, are less than well known even among provided all New Zealand, lives a retired professor scholars who are experts on Cook, maritime who is the leading authority on the Flinders, Bass, Vancouver and the later historians French exploration of the Pacific in the Antarctic explorers, Ross and Parry. following late eighteenth and early nineteenth This is partly accounted for by him with his centuries. John Dunmore was a the translation barrier but also, definitive long-serving professor of French at surprisingly, by the inaccessibility of edition Massey University in Palmerston the journals of these navigators which of Cook’s North. For his work on de Surville were filed, or misfiled, in the French journals. and his book, The Fateful Voyage of the National Archive and often unread His former St Jean Baptiste (1969) he was made for over a century. French historians student has a Knight of the Legion d’Honneur had long since lost interest in the carried on his by the French Government in 1976. lives and deaths of these remarkable methodology of working from the He was appointed an Officer of the commanders, the majority of whom primary sources and checking and Ordre des Palmes Academiques in lost their lives in pursuit of what researching every contemporary 1986, made a Companion of the New appeared to their fellow countrymen archive to achieve incontestable Zealand Order of Merit in 2001 and in to be vain dreams. Consequently accuracy. This painstaking approach is 2007 Paris promoted him within the many of their journals were not the hallmark of an historian who takes Legion d’Honneur to the superior rank published and French achievements responsibility for the accuracy of those of ‘Officier.’ This rare distinction was left unrecognized. This pioneering who follow after them.1 awarded for his lifetime achievement in maritime research was still to be 1 Geoffrey Blainey in his 2005 French Pacific History. done when the young John Dunmore, examination of Cook’s first voyage, Sea of These well deserved honours born in France but brought up in Dangers: Captain Cook and his Rivals, relies on Dunmore’s work: The Fateful Voyage of recognise the extraordinary fact that the Channel Islands, and therefore the St Jean Baptiste, in dealing with Jean the re-discovery, translation and bilingual, emigrated to New Zealand de Surville’s simultaneous and disastrous publication of the journals of the great in 1949 after spending the war years voyage in search of an alleged lost tribe of Israel believed to be living in the Pacific. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 65
Dunmore’s most recent biography chapters far from reading like a prelude our interest and admiration... It is Where Fate Beckons, an account of to great events are as entertaining and went against our preconceived ideas the life and death of Jean-François fast paced as a Jack Aubrey novel. For to find among a hunting and fishing de Galaup de La Pérouse. For most students of the Royal Navy’s history the people, who neither cultivated the Australians the name La Perouse is account of life on the other side is most earth nor raised domestic animals, a reference to a suburb of Sydney enlightening. manners which were in general looking out on Botany Bay. If the great By 1785, with France at peace, more gentle and grave - and who explorer’s name is ever mentioned by La Perouse’s record of service at sea perhaps had greater intelligence- Australian historians it is likely to be and his fascination with science and than that to be found in any in connection with the five weeks that navigation in the Pacific made him European nation he spent there with his ships in 1788 an obvious choice to command an Tragedy was never far away from observing, from a distance, Governor expedition aiming to chart wherever La Perouse. He lost 21 scientists, Arthur Phillip’s efforts to found a Cook had not been. Perouse was officers and sailors by drowning in convict settlement in nearby Sydney commanded by Louis XVI to chart the frozen inshore waters off Canada, and Cove. globe in order to open new maritime 12 more to a sudden and inexplicable Phillip and La Perouse dealt with routes. He left France on August 1, attack by Samoans with whom he one another with great courtesy and 1785 with two frigates. La Perouse had assiduously cultivated friendship consideration. Phillip was fluent in was assigned two 500-ton ships: the through gifts. In the latter tragedy French having been a secret agent in Astrolabe and the Boussole. His crew he lost the loyal and able Captain De France during the Seven Years War. of 114 included sailors, marines, Langle of La Boussole. He could not help the French with scientists, a physicist, three draftsmen, La Perouse was an intellectual and supplies because he was desperately three naturalists, clergymen, and a had read widely the authors of the short of food and by necessity rationing mathematician enlightenment but he had never been it. He knew that La Perouse was not The epic voyage and the scale of La a particular follower of Rousseau or his in Botany Bay by coincidence but was Perouse’s achievement in the northern belief in the inherent morality of his under instructions from Versailles Pacific on both the Asian and the ‘noble savage’ After the massacre by to report back on the British convict North American coasts are given the Samoans he chose not to retaliate with settlement experiment. Who he was, recognition they merit in this account. the ship’s guns, nor to take hostages where his naval career had taken him, He was the successor to Cook and as he was urged to do by his grieving and what tragic fate awaited him and Vancouver in charting the endless crews. He overcame his anger and his men once he sailed back into the indented coast of North America from demonstrated wisdom and forbearance Pacific are not part of Australia’s story Alaska to southern California. He in the face of unprovoked random and have been consequently somewhat used the knowledge that Cook left to violence and murder – an enlightened overlooked. all mariners as to how to prevent and response to a personal and professional In Dunmore’s biography this treat scurvy which debilitated and then disaster. He wrote in despatches to dedicated and courageous officer’s destroyed men denied vitamin C for Paris: whole career is vividly set against the prolonged periods. La Perouse charted It was not without difficulty that history of pre-revolutionary France the frozen coastlines of the Kamchatka I could tear myself away from and its Royal Navy. Perouse was at coastline and fortunately for posterity, this fatal place and leave behind sea during the loss of French Canada he sent home to Paris from there by the bodies of our murdered and later the French Navy’s part in the safe hand of an intrepid messenger, companions. I had lost an old the American Revolutionary War. Barthelemy de Lesseps, a Russian- friend, one of the best officers in the The account of the younger Perouse speaking French civilian, his despatches French Navy. His humanity had includes his war at sea as a junior and charts. Like Cook, La Perouse caused his death. Had he allowed officer, his capture by the British, his admired ‘primitive’ cultures which himself to fire on the first natives capture of the Hudson Bay company’s provided levels of contentment not to enter the water to surround the fur trading stations, his years in common in Europe. He wrote of the boat he would have saved his own command of a French frigate operating friendly people of Sahkalin: life and that of eleven other victims from Isle de France, modern day Since leaving France, we had not of savage ferocity. If my anger Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean. These encountered others, who so excited had required the death of only a Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 66 Book Reviews
few natives I had an opportunity fortune in 1788. He sailed from Botany French survivors were still alive on the island. The would- after the massacre of destroying Bay north into what is now Micronesia be rescuers had no reason to believe that this particular a hundred canoes containing and disappeared. Dunmore makes island was central to their search and were deterred from upwards of five hundred people, clear that had he followed his plan to attempting a landing due to the menacing reef surrounding but I was afraid of being mistaken spend 1788 sailing from mid-Pacific the island. The hinge of fate swung shut on La Perouse and in my victims, and the voice of my around the western end of New his men. conscience saved their lives. Holland and east along the southern It is reported that Louis XVI, despite his travails after Comparison between La Perouse coast to Van Diemen’s Land, charting 1789, never lost interest in the fate of his expedition and its and Cook’s approach to native peoples the easternmost end of the Great commander. On the morning of his execution in 1793, at are instructive. Cook having been a Australian Bight it would have been La the height of the French terror, he enquired of his gaolers: ‘Is model of restraint and enlightened Perouse, not Flinders, who would have there any news of La Perouse?’ There was none and would self-interest in his dealings with achieved the first circumnavigation not be for nearly another 40 years. Pacific peoples throughout his first of Australia. Instead he was claimed Finally in 1826 an English Captain Peter Dillon was two voyages lost patience on his by a mid-Pacific coral reef every bit as offered some antique sword hilts. Suspecting they might third voyage in the face of persistent dangerous as the one Cook escaped belong to La Perouse he traced them to their source on theft. He courageously, but unwisely, from. Vanikoro and learned the story of the disaster and its confronted Hawaiians ashore who had Had Cook suffered a similar aftermath as it was remembered by the islanders. La Perouse stolen one of his ship’s boats. Without catastrophe to La Perouse all his lost both his ships on the same night, smashed ashore in a boats inshore charting of restricted astronomical calculations in Tahiti, his gale onto coral reefs off Vanikoro. Many of the shipwrecked waters was impossible and the point of charts of New Zealand and the coast survivors who got ashore were murdered by the Vanikorons. the voyage lost. His obvious anger was of New South Wales, including Botany Some survivors managed to construct a palisade for inexplicable to the Hawaiians and like Bay, would have been lost. Sir Joseph protection and within it constructed a small vessel from the De Langle he was casually clubbed to Banks would have drowned with him wreckage of the frigates. At some point they sailed away death. and his later championship of Botany never to be seen again. However the major point of Bay as a convict settlement could have According to the natives two survivors remained living comparison between Cook and never happened. Cook’s name would be on the island for nearly 40 years and died shortly before La Perouse relates to the matter of known to very few naval historians and Vanikoro was identified as being the site of the disaster in luck. Cook survived his ‘near death his disappearance, like that of Perouse, 1827. Tantalisingly had they lived just a few more years a experience’ on his first voyage in would have been a mystery which it first-hand account of how La Perouse himself met his death 1770 when his ship struck Endeavour might have taken decades to resolve, might have been given to Dillon and made known to the Reef. Through decisive action he was if it ever was. Britain’s interest in the world. Did he drown at sea, was he murdered by natives or able to save his ship, his men and his Pacific and claim to New South Wales was he the one who organised the building of the forlorn expedition. He was very fortunate. might have foundered with Endeavour, hope which carried his men into oblivion? We shall never When Endeavour struck the Barrier with incalculable consequences for know. Dillon took to Paris artefacts from the ships which de Reef a piece of coral broke off and the European settlement of Australia Lesseps, who was still alive, was able to positively identify lodged in the hole in the ship’s hull and New Zealand. Luck plays its part as belonging to his long-dead ship mates. This solved the planking. That piece of coral slowed in all human affairs but the age of mystery. In recent decades many French-led expeditions down the intake of water until the exploration under sail demonstrates the have dived on the wreck sites and recovered many more combination of fothering the ship, role of chance in history most starkly. items. with a sail full of tar drawn up under When La Perouse failed to re- Like all of Dunmore’s maritime writing this book is a the hole, and the ship’s pumps could appear from the Pacific in 1789 beautifully crafted piece of naval history. It combines a get the flooding under control. Cook’s as anticipated an expedition was dry wit with vivid imagery which lives in the imagination. determination and skill is not in doubt. sent under the command of the It is assisted by useful maps and illustrations. The author He had the slimmest chance of saving experienced explorer Antoine de Bruni has given his readers the fruits of a lifetime of scholarship, his ship and he seized it. To lighten d’Entrecasteaux to find him, or what research and devotion to his subject. Endeavour he ditched first his heavy had happened to him. The expedition guns and then pumped tons of drinking came very close to the scene of the water over the side, with no idea where catastrophe. Dunmore points out that or when he could replace it. the expedition sighted Vanikoro Island, La Perouse had no such good at a time when it is probable that Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 67 Visions from the Vault VisionsVisions from from the the Vault Vault
Elements of the US Combined Fleet berthed at Victoria Dock, Melbourne in August 1925 (State Library of Victoria) hroughout the inter-war years sending a large segment of the US The visit to both ports lasted 15 senior officers of the US Navy Fleet to Australia and New Zealand. days beginning on 23 July 1925. The Twrestled with the problems posed by Recalling the success of the Great Japanese reaction was predictably a future war with Japan. Chief among White Fleet’s cruise in 1908, Australian hostile, but the visit overall was judged these was the political need to avoid authorities heartily supported the a success, helping to develop the level provocation by deploying a large fleet planned visit, but fearing that the of understanding between Australia too early, meaning that plans to project 23,000 officers and men might and the US. The Commander-in-Chief force for the relief of the Philippines overwhelm local resources arranged of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Robert were based on zero warning time and for the fleet to be split, with twelve E Coontz, had been the executive little in the way of logistics. battleships and one escort visiting officer ofUSS Nebraska when the In late 1924 the Navy Department Sydney, while the remainder, including Great White Fleet visited Australia, and decided to test the US Navy’s ability the fleet flagship,USS Seattle, the according to him this latest cruise ‘put to conduct and support long-range cruiser and destroyer squadrons (43 in the shade’ his previous experiences operations in the Western Pacific by vessels in all), went to Melbourne. of Australian hospitality. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 68 ANI On-line: A guide to the website.
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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 136 69 Thinking of Making a Contribution? Style Notes for Headmark
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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute HMNZS Te Mana and HMAS Darwin take station behind HMAS Anzac during the Fleet Concentration Period