The Civil and Social Participation of Muslim Women in Australian Community Life
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The Civil and Social Participation of Muslim Women in Australian Community Life Dr Helen Mc Cue Edsoc Consulting Pty Ltd for the Asian Law Group July 2008 Dr H McCue The civil and social participation of Australian Muslim women in Australian community life 2008 1 Preface This research project, funded by the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC), sought to identify the drivers and barriers to Muslim Australian women’s participation in Australian civil and social life. The following report is divided into three main sections: Section A provides a profile of research participants and compares some of this data with data from the 2006 ABS Census. Section B is divided into 7 key areas of review, these being: education, workforce participation, business, social and family life, sport, government and Muslim and non-Muslim women’s organisations. Each of these sub-sections presents the research findings as drivers and barriers to that area of Australian society under review, and where material has been discussed previously it is cross referenced. Each sub-section also contains a brief summary and a series of proposed strategies to overcome identified barriers and concludes with research proposals. For each area of social life researched, a literature review was also carried out and a complete literature review is provided as Appendix 1. A bibliography can be seen in Appendix 2. Section C of the report details data relating to the organisational structure and nature of activities of ten Muslim Women’s Organisations (MWOs). Data was gathered from interviews and extensive use of specific MWO’s web pages. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the support and generous contribution of Professor Abdullah Saeed to this project. I wish also to thank the research assistants for their valuable assistance, in particular Jamila Hussain, Anisa Buckley, Melati Lum, Susan Davis, and thanks to Helen Saville for proof reading. This project would not have been possible without the generous assistance of all the women who contributed as research participants and the managers and staff of the MWOs who gave their time so willingly and to them all I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude. Dr H McCue The civil and social participation of Australian Muslim women in Australian community life 2008 2 Contents Page No Executive Summary 4 Recommendations 10 Research Report 12 Research Outline Background Research Objectives Scope of the Project Research Methodology Research Findings 18 Section A Profile of Muslim Women Participants 18 Section B Drivers and Barriers to Muslim Women’s 25 Participation in Australian Community Life B.1 Education 26 B.2 Workforce 53 B.3 Business 69 B.4 Social and Family Life 75 B.5 Sport 97 B.6 Government 114 B.7 Muslim and Non-Muslim Women’s 126 Organisations Section C Mapping of Muslim Women’s Organisations 134 Appendix 1 Literature Review Appendix 2 Bibliography Dr H McCue The civil and social participation of Australian Muslim women in Australian community life 2008 3 Executive Summary This research project, undertaken on behalf of the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC), between April and December 2007, sought to explore Muslim Australian women’s civil and social participation within the Muslim Australian and non–Muslim communities. The study involved a total of 110 Muslim women in the five states of Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and the ACT. The research has provided a window only into select areas of Muslim Australian women’s lives within the Australian community and more detailed research is required. Data collection for this project involved four stages, including an initial literature review, desktop web analysis and review of ABS 2006 Census data. The second stage of the research, presented as Section A, involved a short quantitative survey of twenty five Muslim women leaders and seventy five principally young Muslim women from all of the above Australian states and the ACT. This survey provides a profile of the research participants’ ages, citizenship and educational levels as well as religious participation, ethnic background, marital status and English language skills. In stage three of the research the same individuals participated in qualitative research that involved semi structured interviews with the women leaders, and focus group discussions with mostly young Muslim women. These interviews and discussions were around Muslim women’s interaction with the broader Australian community in key sectors such as childcare and education, the workforce, business, social and family life, friendships, government and sport. Participation in Muslim women’s and non-Muslim women’s organisations (MWOs) was also discussed. This phase of the research, presented as Section B, has broadly identified the drivers and barriers to participation in those sectors of Australian life. The fourth stage of the project involved the mapping of ten Muslim women’s voluntary organisations and is detailed in Section C of the report. This mapping exercise included surveying the MWO’s historical development, governance, funding, the services that they provide to meet the needs of the community, and the extent to which young women are involved in these organisations. This mapping exercise also involved a web analysis. At its outcome, the project has identified the various drivers to Muslim women’s participation and the barriers to that participation in broad areas of Australian society and has suggested various strategies to overcome those barriers, to enable Muslim women to be able to participate more fully in Australian social and civic life. In summary Section A of the report details that 74% of the research participants were under forty years of age and 42% were born in Australia. Among those born overseas, 23% were from Middle Eastern countries and 22% from South East Asia. The majority were Australian citizens and 95% rated their English language skills as good with only 5% rating themselves as Dr H McCue The civil and social participation of Australian Muslim women in Australian community life 2008 4 having poor language skills. While three of the ten focus groups comprised principally university students, participants in the other groups came from a range of socio-economic and educational backgrounds. Nonetheless, overall the participants were very well educated; with 62.5% of participants having completed bachelors or higher level postgraduate studies, and 48% of the leaders had or were completing post graduate studies at Masters or PhD level. The majority of participants were practising Muslims in that they undertook the religious obligations such as pray, fasting etc. Three quarters of participants wore the hijab1. Every effort was made to find a representative sample of Muslim Australian women in terms of geographic location, ethnicity, workforce participation, educational level and religious observance. However, such a high incidence of religious observance, particularly in relation to dress may not be representative of the total Muslim Australian population. In Section B of the report seven sub-sections were reviewed in terms of the drivers and barriers to Muslim Australian women’s participation in Australian society. These sub-sections include education, the workforce, business, social and family life, government relations and sport. Participation in Muslim women’s and non-Muslim women’s organisations (MWOs) was also researched In relation to the education sector the research covered preschool, primary and secondary school and tertiary education. The study found that Muslim women’s participation in preschool activities for their children was supported by increasing religious and cultural awareness in the childcare industry and the growing availability of Muslim women who are childcare trained working either in non-Muslim child care centres or in Family Day Care. The barriers to that participation included preference for Muslim run childcare and a lack of sensitivity to religious rituals and practices in some childcare centres. Newly arrived Muslim women faced specific difficulties relating to cultural understanding of childcare. This was heightened by a lack of access to information regarding English language training and lack of child friendly and woman friendly language classes. While there are some exceptions, in general the Muslim women involved in this study saw school, either in a Muslim or non-Muslim setting, as an overall positive experience. The majority, 43%, supported state based co-education, 22% opting for Islamic schools, with the rest preferring other sources of faith based education. There were many accounts of positive action taken by schools to integrate Muslim students and to work toward religious harmony and there were also accounts of both mothers and fathers being actively involved in a range of school activities. However, there was also reported discrimination on the basis of religious dress and some participants reported teacher and career adviser lack of interest and even discrimination toward Muslim women’s higher education aspirations in some state schools. Parents’ 1 See p.12 or this report of a more detailed description of the hijab Dr H McCue The civil and social participation of Australian Muslim women in Australian community life 2008 5 participation in school activities is also impaired by perceptions of lack of social acceptance and discomfort in social settings. The research indicates that Muslim women are actively participating