History Special Topics (HIS. 473): the Challenges of National Liberation in Southern Africa (Aka Contemporary Crises in Souther

History Special Topics (HIS. 473): The Challenges of National Liberation in Southern Africa (Aka Contemporary Crises in Southern Africa) ACM Botswana Program: Development in Southern Africa January‐May 2015 Semester

Richard Mtisi, Ph.D Africana Studies and History, Luther College Email: [email protected]

The Course

Are contemporary African societies or colonial powers more responsible for the economic and political strife in Africa? Have Africans been the victims or the villains? How have people inside and outside Africa perceived this discussion? Using Botswana, Rwanda, South Africa, and Zimbabwe as examples, this course will explore how different colonial and post‐ colonial policies contributed to the emergence of problems in post‐colonial African states. Although the course focuses on a handful of sub‐Saharan African countries, it will give students an opportunity to understand both the achievements and failures of national liberation movements in the post‐colonial states in Africa.

Starting off with an overview of colonialism and the various national liberation movements that emerged in response to it, we will investigate a number of critical challenges of development facing Botswana and the aforementioned countries. These will include the impact of foreign aid, civil, economic, political strife, HIV/AIDS as well as problems of conservation and environment. This course will be taught through a combination of discussion, lecture, historical documents, films, and site visits to areas in and around Botswana and South Africa.

Required Texts (I strongly suggest purchasing these books before you depart for Botswana).

1. Gil Courtemanche, A Sunday at the Pool in Kigali (New York: Vintage Books, 2004). ISBN: 1‐4000‐3434‐5.

2. Heidi Holland, Dinner with Mugabe: The untold story of a freedom fighter who became a tyrant, (South Africa: Penguin Books, 2008), ISBN: 0‐143‐02557‐3.

3. Alec Russell, Bring Me My Machine Gun: The Battle for the Soul of South Africa from Mandela to Zuma (New York: Public Affairs, 2009) ISBN: 1‐58648‐738‐6.

Evaluation Final grades are based on a weighted average for the term. Grade cutoff points (in terms of percentage of total points) are as follows (as per the University of Botswana system): A = 80‐100%; B+ = 75‐79.9%; B = 70‐74.9%; B‐ = 65‐69.9%; C+ = 60‐64.9%; C = 55‐59.9%; C‐ = 50‐54.9%; D+ = 45‐49.9%; D = 40‐44.9%; D‐ = 35‐39.9%, E = < 35%.

Evaluation will be as follows:

Assignment 1: Neighborhood Walk 1………………3% Assignment 2: Book review………………………….8% Assignment 3: Topic proposal………………………6% Assignment 4: Neighborhood Walk 2……………..5% Assignment 5: Research paper: (8‐10 pages)………………………...28% Presentation of research paper: (12 minute presentation of research paper)…………8% Participation and attendance……………10% Discussion leadership………………………12% One time exam: Will ask students to write cogently about key terms and ideas from the common readings …………………..20%

Written Assignments

Assignments 1 and 2: Neighborhood Walks, Gaborone, Botswana.

Leaning Goals: . Develop or use navigational skills (the city, public transit, crossing streets, maps, etc.) . Practice skills of observation and analysis . Practice interviewing skills . Establish a marker for your understanding of the culture (1st walk) . Explore writing as a strategy for recording your experience in an environment

For this assignment, you will be assigned the location to visit, and your first job will be to locate the site and then visit it. Remember to bring along a notebook so you can take notes. Use the questions below to help guide your observations.

[Added to 2nd Walk: During your first week in Botswana, you walked a prescribed route through a particular neighborhood. Now we would like you to re‐visit the route!]

As you walk through the neighborhood what are your impressions? What strikes you? What seems familiar, strange, unusual or otherwise notable? What puzzles you? What impresses you? Why? How does knowing or not knowing the language (s) you hear or see help you understand the neighborhood? Are there ways in which the academic work you have done or other experiences you have had previously help you understand and interpret what you are observing? What skills help you navigate your way?

Find at least one person to interview at the location. What does the location mean to that person? How do they see it? How often does he or she come here? What strikes them about it?

[Added to 2nd Walk: If you did an interview on your first neighborhood walk, what is different about doing it this time? For example, how are your questions different?]

Feel free to take a photo of something that strikes you as familiar or strange, and to try out a new food. Please be mindful there are places where taking pictures is prohibited. If you want to take pictures of people, be sure to ask for their permission.

Once you have noted your observations and the responses to your interview (s), write 500‐ 1,000 words, describing what you have observed and your thoughts about it. This isn’t a formal essay; instead, think of it as “talking on paper.” Do write with some care, however, as you will share your observations with your classmates, your instructor as well as staff at the ACM office.

Assignment #2: For this assignment, you will be required to write a 2‐3‐page (800‐1000 word) review of one book which should be an important piece of scholarship selected from the list of suggested readings. It is my hope that the process of writing such a review may also help you identify a research question for the research project. If you do not find a book that interests you, please search for others and run the result by me, and we will arrive at a final decision as to its suitability for the book review assignment. Even if you use a book that is on this list, please notify me of your choice by the end of the third week of classes.

Assignment #3: For this assignment, you will be required to produce a topic proposal for your 10‐12 page paper. For specific details on topic proposals, see instructions for “assignment #5.”

Assignment #4: Neighborhood Walk 2: Refer to instructions on page 2.

Assignment #5: The production of a research paper is a major expectation in the course. The focus of your essay can be chosen from one of the topics dealt with in class. But my desire here is that you select a particular issue brought up in class and apply it to your own area of research/interest (i.e., to material that is appropriate to your discipline and linguistic skills. In addition to discussing the subject of your research with the professor, you will be expected to submit a topic proposal that includes a bibliography of at least ten items that demonstrate adequate source material for research. The proposal’s bibliography and the final bibliography should include at least three journal articles and one primary source.

Course Organization

Participation: includes regular attendance, readings completed, participation without domination, tolerance for differing opinions, and attentive listening.

Discussion Leadership: I would like discussion to be student initiated as much as possible. Below are the expectations for the group‐led discussion.

Groups of 2‐3 students will be responsible for commenting and generating questions around assigned readings for each class, i.e students will be the discussion facilitators (depending on total enrollment, each student will likely be responsible for facilitating two discussion sessions). During the first week of class, we will draw up a schedule of reading review assignments for discussion facilitators. Subsequently, each student facilitator will open the discussion with a brief (5 minute) comment on the readings and a posing of 1‐2 initial focus questions. Try to generate insightful, substantive and provocative questions

3 that will provide a good basis for discussion. The quality of your commentary and questions, as well as your effectiveness in facilitating discussion, will form a portion of your participation grade.

Tentative Course Readings (ACM Botswana), Spring 2015 To be revised as the schedule for UB classes has been confirmed

Week 1 (January 20‐23): Introduction to Botswana and Southern Africa D1: Exploring Gaborone and its surroundings D2: Introduction to course D3: Discussion assignments

Saturday, January 24 to Sunday, January 25 . International Student Cultural Excursion (Tentative)

Week 2 (January 26‐30): European colonization of Southern Africa: The Establishment of the Bechuanaland Protectorate D1: Lecture: European colonization of Southern Africa and the establishment of the Bechuanaland Protectorate D2: Discussion 1: The struggle for political freedom and political independence in Botswana D3: Guest speaker: “The emergence of political parties in Botswana” Hand in Neighborhood Walk Assignment #1

Saturday, January 31 to Monday, February 2 . Mochudi Homestay Visit (Tentative)

Week 3 (February 2‐6): Botswana, South Africa and the Legacy of Apartheid a) Anti‐apartheid struggle in southern Africa D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 2 D3: Guest speaker: Botswana’s role in the anti‐apartheid struggle

Week 4 (February 9‐13): South Africa and the Legacy of Apartheid b) Post‐Apartheid South Africa D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 3 D3: Guest speaker:

Week 5 (February 16‐20): Environment and Struggles Over Land in Southern Africa a) Why do struggles over land remain so central to post‐colonial South Africa and Zimbabwe D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 4 D3: Guest speaker: Land tenure in Botswana

Saturday, February 21 to Monday, February 23 . Soweto and Johannesburg trip (Tentative)

Week 6 (February 23‐27): Environment and Struggles Over Land in Southern Africa b) South Africa D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 5 D3: Guest speaker:

Week 7 (March 2‐6): Parks and local People: Privileging wildlife over People? D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 6 D3: Guest speaker: Hand in book review assignment

Tuesday, March 10 to Tuesday, March 17 Mid‐semester Vacation . Maun Trip‐Okavango Delta (Tentative)

Week 8 (March 18‐20): Race, Ethnicity, and Conflict in Africa a) Rwanda: Who are the victims, who are the villains? D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 7 D3: Guest speaker

Week 9 (March 23‐27): Race, Ethnicity, and Conflict in Africa b) Botswana and Zimbabwe D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 8 D3: Guest speaker Hand in topic proposal

Week 10 (March 30‐April 2): Is Mugabe a victim or villain? D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 9 D3: Guest speaker

Friday, April 3 to Monday, April 6 . Easter Break

Week 11 (April 7‐10): Are Diamonds a curse or blessing? Politics, Diamonds, and Development in Botswana a) Botswana D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 10 D3: Guest speaker:

Week 12 (April 13‐17): Are Diamonds a curse or blessing? Politics, Diamonds, and Development in Botswana b) Zimbabwe D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 11 D3: Guest Speaker

Friday, April 17 to Sunday, April 19 . Jwaneng Diamond Mine Trip (Tentative)

Week 13 (April 20‐24): The AIDS Epidemic in Africa: Why has the AIDS epidemic been especially devastating in Africa? Botswana D1: Lecture D2: Discussion 12 D3: Guest speaker Hand in Neighborhood Walk Assignment #2

Week 14 (April 27‐May 1) D1: Presentations D2: Presentations D3: Exam Prep and Presentations Hand in research paper

Week 15‐16: Finals Week (May 5‐18)

Discussion Readings (some of these readings will be posted on the course site)

Discussion 1: European colonialism in Southern Africa and the establishment of the Bechuanaland Protectorate

Required Readings: Ramsay, J. “The Establishment and Consolidation of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1870‐ 1910” in Edge, W. and Lekorwe , M.H. (eds.) Botswana: Politics and Society (Pretoria: J.L. Van Schaik, 1998), 62‐98. Ramsay, J. “The struggle for political freedom and political independence” in Edge, W. and Lekorwe , M.H. (eds.) Botswana: Politics and Society (Pretoria: J.L. Van Schaik, 1998), 118‐ 133 and Ramsay, J. “The emergence of political parties in Botswana” in Edge, W. and Lekorwe , M.H. (eds.) Botswana: Politics and Society (Pretoria: J.L. Van Schaik, 1998), 134‐ 150.

Suggested Readings: Massey, D. “The Development of a labor reserve: The Impact of Colonial Rule on Botswana” (Boston: Working Papers/African Studies Center, 1980). Tlou, T. and Campbell, A., History of Botswana (Gaborone: Macmillan, 1997).

Discussion 2: Botswana, South Africa and the Legacy of Apartheid a) Anti‐apartheid struggle in southern Africa Required Readings:

B Z Osei‐Hwedie, “The Role of Botswana in the Liberation of Southern Africa Since 1966” in Edge, W. and Lekorwe , M.H. (eds.) Botswana: Politics and Society (Pretoria: J.L. Van Schaik, 1998), 425‐439.

Suggested Readings: TBA

Discussion 6: Parks and local People: Privileging wildlife over People? Required Readings: Carruthers, J. “Past & Future Landscape Ideology: The Kalahari Gemsbok National Park.” In Beinart w. and J. McGregor (eds). Social History & African Environments (Cape Town: David Philip, 2003), 255‐266. Hitchcock, RK. “‘We are the First People’: Land, Natural Resources and Identity in the Central Kalahari, Botswana.” Journal of Southern African Studies. 28, 4 (2002): 797‐824.

Discussion 7: Race, Ethnicity, and Conflict in Africa a) Rwanda: Who are the victims, who are the villains? Required Readings Courtemanche G., A Sunday at the Pool in Kigali (New York: Vintage Books, 2004). Lemarchand, R., Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose Genocide? African Studies Review 41 (1998), 3‐16.

Suggested Readings: Gourevitch, P. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed (UK, Picador; First Edition edition, 1998). Janzen, J. ‘Historical consciousness in genocidal Rwanda’ JACS 13 (2000) pp. 153–68 De Lame, D. A Hill Among a Thousand (New Jersey: Wiley, 2005). Lemarchand, R. The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009). Lyons, R and Straus. S. Intimate Enemy: Images and Voices of the Rwandan Genocide (Brooklyn, New York: Zone Books, 2006) Mamdani, M. When Victims Become Killers (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2002). Prunier, G. The Rwanda crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 2nd edn., 1997). Umutesi, M. Surviving the slaughter: The ordeal of a Rwandan refugee in Zaire (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004). Uvin, P. ‘Prejudice, crisis and genocide in Rwanda’, African Studies Review 40 (1997), 91– 115. Vansina, J. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda (2004).

Discussion 8: Race, Ethnicity, and Conflict in Africa b) Botswana and Zimbabwe Required Readings: Nyamnjoh, F.B. “Citizenship, Mobility and Xenophobia in Botswana” in (ed) Nyamnjoh F.B. “Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary Southern Africa (UK: Zed Books, 2006), 82‐112.

Suggested Readings: Werbner, R. “Cosmopolitan Ethnicity, Entrepreneurship and the Nation: Minority Elites in Botswana” Journal of Southern African Studies 28, 4 (2002), 731‐753.

Wilmsen, E. “Mutable Identities: Moving Beyond Ethnicity in Botswana, Journal of Southern African Studies 28, 4 (2002), 825‐841. Goodwin, P. When a Crocodile Eats the Sun: A Memoir of Africa (New York: Back Bay Books, 2006).

Discussion 9: Is Mugabe a victim or villain? Required Readings:

Holland, H., Dinner with Mugabe: The untold story of a freedom fighter who became a tyrant, (South Africa: Penguin Books, 2008), ISBN: 0‐143‐02557‐3.

Suggested Readings: Mlambo, A. and Raftopoulos B., Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre‐Colonial Period to 2008 (Harare: Weaver Press, 2009). Norman A., Robert Mugabe and the Betrayal of Zimbabwe (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2004). Scoones, I. Zimbabwe’s Land Reform: Myths and Realities (London: James Curry, 2010).

Discussion 10: Curse or Blessing: Diamonds in Botswana and Zimbabwe a) Botswana Required Readings: Good, K. “Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana.” The Journal of Modern African Studies. 30 (1992), 69‐95. Hillbom, E. “Diamonds or development? A structural assessment of Botswana's forty years of success.” The Journal of Modern African Studies. 46 (2008), 191‐214.

Discussion 11: Curse or Blessing: Diamonds in Botswana and Zimbabwe b) Zimbabwe Required Readings: Martin, A. and Bernard, T. "Reap What You Sow: Greed and Corruption in Zimbabwe’s Marange Diamond Fields” (Ottawa: Partnership Africa Canada, 2012). Martin, A., and Taylor, B., "Diamonds and Clubs: The Militarized Control of Diamonds and Power in Zimbabwe” (Ottawa: Partnership Africa Canada, 2010).

Discussion 12: The AIDS Epidemic in Africa: Why has the AIDS epidemic been especially devastating in Africa? Botswana Required Readings: Aldhous, P. “HIV’s Killing Fields.” New Scientist, 2007. Oglethorpe, J. and Gelman, N. “AIDS, women, land, and natural resources in Africa: current challenges.” Gender and Development 16, 1 (2008), 85‐100.

Suggested Readings Barnett, T and Whiteside, A. AIDS in the twenty‐first century (Palgrave Macmillan 2nd edn., 2006). Becker. F and Geissler, W. AIDS and religious practice in Africa (Boston, Leiden: Brill, 2009). Dilger, H and Luig, U (eds) Morality, hope and grief: anthropologies of AIDS in Africa (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2010).

Fassin, D. When bodies remember: Experiences and politics of AIDS in South Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). Feldman, D. AIDS, culture and Africa (Florida: University Press of Florida, 2008). Green, E C. Rethinking AIDS prevention (California: Praeger, 2003). Horwitz, S. ‘Migrancy and HIV/AIDS’ SAHJ 45 (2001), 103‐123. Hilts, P. “Changing Minds: Botswana Beats Back AIDS” in Hilts, P. (ed) Rx for Survival: Why We Must Rise to the Global Challenge (New York: Penguin Press, 2005). Iliffe, J. The African AIDS epidemic: a history (Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2006). Kalipeni, E. et al HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond epidemiology (2004). Kuhanen, J. ‘The historiography of HIV and AIDS in Uganda’ HIA 35 (2008), 301‐ 325. McNeill, F. ‘“Condoms cause AIDS”: poison, prevention and denial in Venda, South Africa’ AA 108 (2009), 353‐370. Nattrass, N. The moral economy of AIDS in South Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003). Patterson, A S. (ed) The African state and the AIDS crisis (2005). Rigillo, N. ‘Faith in God, but not in condoms: Churches and competing visions of HIV prevention in Namibia’ CJAS 43 (2009), 34‐59. Thornton, R. Unimagined community: sex, networks and AIDS in Uganda and South Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008). UNAIDS, ‘Report on the global AIDS epidemic’ www.unaids.org