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Interactive Exploring Earth Imagery VOL. 96 NO. 14 1 AUG 2015 Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone Future of U.S. Ocean Earth & Space Science News Research Fleet Elusive Gamma Ray Flashes Exploring Earth with Interactive Imagery Submit an Abstract for Presentation Call for Abstracts Abstract Submission Deadline: 23 September 2015 The theme for the 2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting is Ocean Sciences at the Interface. Complex interactions often occur at interfaces. Interactions at these interfaces occur on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, and these interactions are critical for understanding the world around us and implementing informed policies in a global society. The meeting will highlight processes at interfaces and how the work at such interfaces pervades the study of ocean sciences and shapes the impact of our research on society. osm.agu.org Earth & Space Science News Contents 1 AUGUST 2015 PROJECT UPDATE VOLUME 96, ISSUE 14 18 A University-Government Partnership for Oceanographic Research After 44 years of coordinating the U.S. academic research fleet and facilities, the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) gears for the future. MEETING REPORT Promoting New 11 Collaborations for Education Research in Geoscience RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT 12 COVER 27 Puzzles Invite You to Explore Earth Newly Discovered Properties with Interactive Imagery of Elusive Gamma Ray Flashes The properties of terrestrial gamma ray The EarthQuiz challenge can take you to virtual field locations with flashes have eluded scientists for years. just the click of a button. Where in the world is this, and can you guess A new study sheds light on how they the significance of the geological features shown? originate. Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 1 Contents DEPARTMENTS Editor in Chief Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., USA; eos_ [email protected] Editors Christina M. S. Cohen Wendy S. Gordon Carol A. Stein California Institute Ecologia Consulting, Department of Earth and of Technology, Pasadena, Austin, Texas, USA; Environmental Sciences, Calif., USA; wendy@ecologiaconsulting University of Illinois at cohen@srl .caltech.edu .com Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA; [email protected] José D. Fuentes David Halpern Department of Meteorology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pennsylvania State Pasadena, Calif., USA; University, University davidhalpern29@gmail Park, Pa., USA; .com [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board M. Lee Allison, Earth and Space Xin-Zhong Liang, Global Science Informatics Environmental Change Lora S. Armstrong, Volcanology, Jian Lin, Tectonophysics Geochemistry, and Petrology Figen Mekik, Paleoceanography Michael A. Ellis, Earth and Planetary and Paleoclimatology Surface Processes Jerry L. Miller, Ocean Sciences Arlene M. Fiore, Atmospheric Sciences Michael A. Mischna, Planetary 9 Nicola J. Fox, Space Physics Sciences and Aeronomy Thomas H. Painter, Cryosphere Steve Frolking, Biogeosciences Sciences Edward J. Garnero, Study of the Roger A. Pielke Sr., Natural Hazards Earth’s Deep Interior Michael Poland, Geodesy Michael N. Gooseff, Hydrology Eric M. Riggs, Education Kristine C. Harper, History Adrian Tuck, Nonlinear Geophysics of Geophysics Sergio Vinciguerra, Mineral Keith D. Koper, Seismology and Rock Physics Robert E. Kopp, Geomagnetism Earle Williams, Atmospheric 6 and Paleomagnetism and Space Electricity John W. Lane, Near-Surface Mary Lou Zoback, Societal Impacts Geophysics and Policy Sciences Staff 24–25 AGU News Production: Faith A. Ishii, Production Manager; Melissa A. Tribur, Senior Production G- Cubed: Building on 15 Years of Specialist; Liz Castenson, Editor’s Assistant; Yael Fitzpatrick, Manager, Design and Branding; Valerie Bassett and Travis Frazier, Electronic Graphics Specialists Publishing Process–Level Science; Editorial: Peter L. Weiss, Manager/Senior News Editor; Randy Showstack, Senior Outstanding Student Paper Awards. Writer; Mohi Kumar, Science Writer/Editor; JoAnna Wendel, Writer Marketing: Angelo Bouselli and Mirelle Moscovitch, Marketing Analysts Advertising: Christy Hanson, Manager; Tel: +1-202-777-7536; Email: advertising@ 26–27 Research Spotlight agu.org Amazon Rain Forest Nourished by 27 ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Material in this issue may African Dust; Newly Discovered be photocopied by individual scientists for research or classroom use. Permission Properties of Elusive Gamma Ray is also granted to use short quotes, figures, and tables for publication in scientific books and journals. For permission for any other uses, contact the AGU Publications 3–10 News Flashes; Using Sound Waves to Office. Study Grand Canyon Sediment. Connecticut- Sized Dead Zone Eos (ISSN 0096-3941) is published semi-monthly, on the 1st and 15th of the month except the 1st of January 2015 by the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Expected in Gulf of Mexico; Tailpipe Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage paid at Washington, Study: Newer Trucks Emit More 28–31 Positions Available D. C., and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Member Service Center, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Black Carbon; A Case for Geology’s Current job openings in the Earth Member Service Center: 8:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. Eastern time; Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Role in Policy Decisions; Floods Fail and space sciences. Fax: +1-202-328-0566; Tel. orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; Email: [email protected]. in War, Win as Weapon Against Sea Use AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Submissions system to submit a Level Rise; New Commission Aims manuscript: http://eos-submit.agu.org. to Protect Volcanic Geoheritage; 32 Postcards from the Field Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect official positions of the Alberto Behar (1967–2015). Wetlands on the fringes of American Geophysical Union unless expressly stated. Ghodaghodi Lake in western Nepal. Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO 11 Meeting Report Promoting New Collaborations for On the Cover Education Research in Geoscience. Monthon Wa/Getty Images facebook.com/AmericanGeophysicalUnion @AGU_Eos linkedin.com/company/american-geophysical-union youtube.com/user/AGUvideos 2 // Eos 1 August 2015 NEWS of nitrate and 19,300 metric tons of phos- Connecticut- Sized Dead Zone phorus had flowed into the Gulf of Mexico in May alone (see http://bit.ly/USGSflow). To Expected in Gulf of Mexico predict the dead zone’s expected size, NOAA combined results from four different com- puter models that weigh factors such as nutrient runoff, wind velocity, and other weather conditions. This is the first year that multiple models are being used. The pre- dicted size of the 2015 dead zone, announced 17 June, is about the average it has been for the past several years. One of the models, developed by Obenour and his colleagues, includes measurements of wind velocity over the continental shelf off Louisiana and Texas, where the dead zone occurs. Wind can affect the size of the nutri- ent load delivered to the shelf, fueling the formation of the dead zone, Obenour said. Wind can also affect the amount of fresh water that flows into the shelf region, which causes the water column to separate into a colder, denser, saltier layer beneath a warmer, more buoyant, fresher layer. This stratification exacerbates the dead zone by preventing mixing of the layers, which would otherwise inject oxygen into the bot- tom layer. Last year, a team of researchers analyzing NOAA a global database of more than 400 dead A visualization of how nutrient runoff from farms (green) and cities (red) in the Mississippi River Basin influences algal zones, including the one in the Gulf of Mex- blooms in the Gulf of Mexico. The warmer colors represent a higher concentration of algae. National Oceanic and ico, found that many of them could experi- Atmospheric Administration scientists predict that the size of the 2015 Gulf of Mexico dead zone, which is caused by ence a sea surface temperature rise by the the decomposition of these blooms, will be about the size of Connecticut. end of this century that could worsen strati- fication, increasing the size of dead zones (see http://bit.ly/DZdata). he National Oceanic and Atmospheric seafood industry. Other, less mobile species Administration (NOAA) recently may not survive. Treleased its prediction of the size of “What we’re trying to do is better under- By JoAnna Wendel, Staff Writer the annual Gulf of Mexico dead zone, which stand the variability the agency forecasts to span about 14,200 in size [of the dead square kilometers—about the area of the zone] from year to state of Connecticut. The actual size of this year so we can better summer’s dead zone will be studied and inform fisheries and announced early this month. management along This huge expanse of oxygen- depleted the Gulf Coast” Gulf waters just beyond the Mississippi River about where and Delta forms every summer after nutrients when to expect from wastewater and vast amounts of fertil- potential shortages izer used by farmers wash down the river in their catch, said and run off the Louisiana and Texas coasts Dan Obenour, an during the rainy spring (see http://bit.ly/ environmental engi- DZvideo). The extra nutrients—mainly neer at North Caro- chemical compounds containing nitrogen or lina State University phosphorus—nourish huge blooms of algae. in Raleigh. When the algal blooms eventually die, they fall to the sea bottom and decompose, Modeling soaking up the available dissolved oxygen. the Dead Zone As oxygen levels fall too low to sustain most In June, the U.S. marine life, bottom- dwelling animals like Geological Survey crabs and shrimp cannot thrive and often estimated that flee the area, which can devastate the Gulf’s 104,000 metric tons Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 3 NEWS Tailpipe Study: Newer Trucks Emit More Black Carbon ©iStock.com/Chmiel new pollution study in Europe using a new standards, announced 19 June, do not for assessing compliance to emissions stan- van to chase other vehicles and mea- explicitly address black carbon (see http:// dards. Once the preproduction models A sure their tailpipe emissions finds bit.ly/USrules).
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