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ISSN: 2319-8834 Review Article

Unification, Impact and Future Perspectives of Former Federally Administered Tribal Area (FORMER FATA) With (KPK) on Domestic Sanctuary Muhammad Nisar* Department of Mathematics, FATA University,

ABSTRACT FORMER FATA, being the most praiseworthy and significant part of Pakistan, always deemed to be the rudimentary part of Pakistani province known as KPK. However, after countless efforts and protracted delay, it came into being on the 31st of May for the year 2018. However, after this historically important incident, a lot of changes were observed in the overall economy as well as the sanctuary situation of the country. However, very little research is available to highlight the positive as well as negative impacts of these changes. Therefore, keeping in view the above-explained scenario present study is devised to highlight all these concerns as well as future perspectives to put Pakistan on the success staircase. In this study, very aspects of FORMER FATA will be highlighted including the unification of cultural attributes of FORMER FATA and KPK, conversion of Jirga method into legal management, transfiguration of educational set up from Madrassa to schools, colleges and universities, raising the health standards from tribal stands to urban hospital and other medical facilities, changing the market values and along with overall, change in socio-economic as well as security concerns of the country. Domino effect of this study enlightens the unsatisfactory attitude of government authorities for bringing up the living standards of inhabitants of FORMER FATA along with dawdling development projects. Moreover, it was also observed that initiation was good enough for starting the success evolving schemes but later on, their pace gradually decreased and this phenomenon alarmed the risk of socio-economic instability coupled ringing the threat of national security concerns. Therefore, it is the utmost need of the hour for government authorities to understand the subject matter and reconsider the attributes of FORMER FATA by considering it the vital part of KPK as well as of Pakistan. Keywords: Former FATA, Domestic Sanctuary, Former FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Soviet Union (SU)

INTRODUCTION Union (SU) into their homegrown areas [7-9]. After that, historically dreadful incidents of 9/11, shook the whole world, and the U.S put the FORMER FATA along with its linked country Afghanistan is responsibility on the shoulders of Mujahideen, living in Afghanistan. considered the most terrifying theater of wars, more specifically for To clear their annoyance, they bombarded the Afghanistan that dreadful intruders from 323 BC. On the other hand, inhabitants resulted in severe loss of lives and economy of the country [10-12]. of FORMER FATA and Afghanistan are well known for being According to a survey, approximately 2996 people died along with brave and fearless; therefore, every royal leader suffered a lot to 6000 severely incapacitated, and material loss was recorded more endure his rule over FORMER FATA and Afghanistan [1-3]. than $10 billion and thus, badly shaken the socio-economic set up Furthermore, both areas are also known as a graveyard for Realms. of Afghanistan [13-15]. Moreover, after the accomplishment of this For the first time, the Soviet Union tried to occupy Afghanistan in incident, FORMER FATA the interlinked area to Afghanistan also 1979, however, bravery and fearless character of inhabitants didn’t suffered a lot and ultimately, both areas got converted into battlefields let them get success [4-6]. [16-17]. During that time U.S provided full support to the inhabitants of This awful scenario altered the peace and smashed the political Afghanistan, also well known as Mujahideen to send back the Soviet as well as socio-economic set up of both zones [18-20]. Therefore,

*Correspondence to: Muhammad Nisar, Department of Mathematics, FATA University, Pakistan, Tel: +92-0915885502; E-mail: [email protected] Received: June 02, 2020; Accepted: June 25, 2020; Published: July 03, 2020 Citation: Muhammad Nisar (2020) Unification, Impact and Future Perspectives of Former Federally Administered Tribal Area (FORMER FATA) With Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) on Domestic Sanctuary. doi : 10.35248/2319-8834.20.9.002 Copyright: ©2020 Muhammad Nisar. This is an open access article distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Global J Interdiscipl Soc Sci, Vol. 9 Iss. 2 No: 002 1 Nisar M, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online a survey on FORMER FATA clarifies that approximately 60,000 are very positive regarding the FATA reforms and they supported people lost their lives coupled with materialistic loss as more than the incorporation of FATA into KPK About group perceptions, $100 billion [21-22]. most participants were worried about FATA reforms being enforced due to the existence of obvious gaps. FORMER FATA remained the victim of ignorance by government authorities in every walk of life including social, economic as well It also shows approval from FATA's general populace because they as political aspects [23-25]. Moreover, FORMER FATA remained believe that their legal, cultural, political, judiciary, and financial the part of as another world country and remained bound to their system will enhance based on FATA reforms and that the civil conservative and local cultural and social esthetics [26-27]. rights situation will strengthen in the long-term region. The paper suggested that the FCR system could not be strengthened with The Pakistani government didn’t pay proper attention to the modifications and that FATA must be fused with KPK without development and success of the FORMER FATA (Wolf., 2016) [28]. delay. However, the untiring effort of the inhabitants of the FORMER FATA region along with their leaders, FORMER FATA was unified [42] In his research identified Country-building as an adaptive with KPK on the 14th of December 2016 due to acceptance of cultural-political process. Begum says, it not only offers society with resolution in the indulgence of FORMER FATA community. The protection, integrity, and property, and also guarantees that citizens rudimentary objective behind this historically owned incidence within the state have democratic representation in claiming rights was to put the FORMER FATA on the developmental and success and performing tasks. It allows a nation to defend its independence, staircase [29-31]. accomplishes commercial objectives, and safeguards national interests at the regional level as well as global levels. It was acknowledged that to get the basic rights of a better life is also included in the privileges of FORMER FATA community Terrorism is becoming a global threat since before the aftermath and now, the KPK authority will bring forward the challenges of 9/11. Pakistan even allied and supported foreign troops with and concerns of FORMER FATA in front of country high ups routes and get exposure to a landlocked Afghanistan to combat this to resolve them efficiently [32-35]. This matter was accomplished threat. Terrorism has spread over Pakistan around the Pakistan- by the recognition of the bill for the formation of the National Afghan border, via the tribal belt identified as FATA. Implementation Committee in FORMER FATA for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Unique status, restructurings and reorganizations of developmental projects in the over the past 70 years of Pakistan's history, the citizens of FATA FORMER FATA region in the year of 2017. have been deprived of their basic rights. Such tribal regions were However, later on, it was smashed out by the interruption of regulated by a different law enacted by the British in 1901 called various lawful authorities as well as by the provision of innumerable the Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR). This legislation has references against this bill and reforms [36-38]. However, it is proven to be the principal barrier to getting FATA into Pakistan's devastating at the moment to realize and highlight the saddest mainstream. reality of FORMER FATA today. No one is putting the spotlight Having studied FATA's historic as well as geographic features, to highlight the comparison of developmental projects that had the article explains how FATA stayed beyond Pakistan's country- been decided at the time of the unification of FORMER FATA building process. In this relation, it aims to see all the FATA's with KPK [39-40]. role in Pakistan's statutes, namely state measures to do so this western region and obstacles to FATA integrating with Khyber OBJECTIVES Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Following points are devised to enlighten the dreadful facts of It recounts the events leading up to FATA's merger with KPK, as government authorities regarding FORMER FATA: well as highlights major challenges in the future. This suggests that ¾¾ Historical background of FORMER FATA unification with the merger of FATA will help establish a strong defense line toward KPK terrorists. [43] discusses "The Crisis of Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Regions including their ¾¾ Impact of FORMER FATA unification on alteration of the Effect on Pashtun Women" Internally Displaced People (IDPs) jurisdictional structure are the people who have been forced to leave their homes but live ¾¾ Impact of FORMER FATA unification on socio-economic inside the boundaries of their country due to military conflict, setup militancy or environmental disaster. ¾¾ Impact of FORMER FATA unification on domestic sanctuary These persons, particularly women, are sometimes refused refugee status from their specific citizens and civil rights. Also, a nation Literature Review is required to address a massive exodus of its citizens from one In his study [41] described an extensive and thorough study of community to the next. Pakistan is facing a serious threat from public attitude towards FATA reforms, to be slowly enforced, and IDPs even though the majority of its people lives underneath the to recognize numerous challenges in its implementation. Efforts poverty threshold, there has been a slow progression from two have been made to remain focused on the steps if adopted, to natural catastrophes over most of the past five years, as well as incorporate and integrate tribal belt in KPK. the situation has become worse as the frontline for the war on terrorism. Also, it seeks to examine the desired results of FATA reforms. Zaman research study was conducted in Bajaur Agency FATA in This work reflects on highlighting the suffering of women at which the data was collected from just a sample of 280 participants FATA and the problems faced by women & children as internally selected randomly from different regions of the Bajaur Agency via displaced persons attributable to the area's turmoil, militancy, and a Likert Scale Questionnaire. The study showed that FATA citizens instability. What are the privileges of IDPs and to what way were

Global J Interdiscipl Soc Sci, Vol. 9 Iss. 2 No: 002 2 Nisar M, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online they being given to FATA's children and women IDPs? Those approved. women are victims of the War on Terror, in comparison to the Since March 3, 2017, Federal cabinets authorized FATA's union difficulties of becoming relocated as well as the cultural impact of with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as well as other changes. Ignorance this trend. and misery, as it is a universal truth, are the mothers of all miseries The work investigates the effect of militancy on these women- and that most social evils. The populace is deprived of the fruit of which has resulted in migration and instability. The community Modern as well as the democratic government. FATA was forced of FATA is better identified as tribal & Pathan who adheres to to a permanently rear seat leaving it Pakistan's most backward zone. a strict working code, recognized as Pukhtunwali. This powerful hierarchical code has affected women's care and actions inside and METHODOLOGY outside the IDP settlements. It is a review research paper in which inclusion and exclusion This report further highlights the issue these women are experiencing methodology is used. The data gathered after inclusion and in the settlements owing to their tribal ethnic background and rigid exclusion methodology is searched and reviewed again and again customary legislation. It will investigate a woman's status in IDP to get better results. settlements in terms of their status and restricted access to decent Inclusion Criteria requirements like food, housing, clothing, sanitation, and health care. This document will provide guidelines for policymakers and Almost 98 papers are studied for this research paper. Google, agencies involved to come up with real solutions. Google Scholar, and PubMed are the sites that are used for searching and downloading of the research paper. From 98 only 30 papers [44] Describes the political status of the former FATA and its are selected that are related to our research. The inclusion criteria future outlook Since 24 Jan 2017, the federal govt tried to merge include the keyword “Unification of Former FATA”. From all over the FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in which the requisite law Pakistan this research only includes KPK (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). will be implemented in Parliament after federal cabinets approval. FORMER FATA Impact on Domestic Sanctuary and their future At an ongoing Federal Cabinet meeting, President Nawaz Sharif perspectives are also included in the research. will teach the ministers about the problem of FATA with KP. If approved for this combination, the Ministry of Law will be Exclusion criteria required to plan the proposed bill to be submitted for acceptance All the irrelevant data are excluded from the research. The in parliament. The President has strongly brought Jamiat Ulema- papers which are related to other districts of Pakistan except KPK e-Islam (JUI-F) leader Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman as well as other are excluded from the study. The paper which is not filling the supporters over the alliance. The JUI-F opposed the change for requirements of the paper is excluded from the study Figure 1. different political reasons. Under the proposal, FATA would be brought in provincial government command via modifications to HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FORMER the Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR). FATAUNIFICATION WITH KPK For the creation of FATA underneath the merger agreement, a yearly FORMER FATA remained an appealing zone for various powerful allocation of Rs100 billion has also been suggested, and the sum intruders to come and occupy the region in almost all years. Due will also be provided from the Federal Divisible Pool. Nearly all of to this phenomenon, FORMER FATA inhabitants struggled hard the political parties accept the call for FATA to combine with KP. to save their region and for this purpose bloodshed of various lives Upon discussing the matter with all of the participants the President occurred [45-47]. Furthermore, innumerable loss to the financial o ti a c

Records identified through database searching Additional records identified through other sources fi n ti (n = 98) (n = 2) e n I d

Records after duplicates removed (n = 90) n i g r e c S Records screened Records excluded (n =70 ) (n = 20)

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i t Full-text articles assessed for eligibility Full-text articles excluded, with reasons (n = 30 ) (n = 40) i g b l l E

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Figure 1: Flow diagram of the selection process.

Global J Interdiscipl Soc Sci, Vol. 9 Iss. 2 No: 002 3 Nisar M, et al. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online and materialistic assets occur in every era, as a result of these accomplishment of their previous lives [75-76]. They stated that it conflicts [48-50]. was a more obvious and respectable phenomenon to resolve their local issues within their territory in the form of the Jirga system British, Indian, Russian, and indeed, every royal leader struggled rather than the involvement of courts and other lawful authorities hard to dwell in the FORMER FATA zone and continue the [77-78]. rule for centuries. The socio-economic condition of FORMER FATA became even worse when SU attacked the Afghanistan and They said that they used to feel them more secured and in inhabitants of Afghanistan became compelled to move towards the power with their old system to deal with the issues of their local FORMER FATA [51-53]. community. However, it is worth mentioning that it will take time to accept the new set up, especially for the community that was in Furthermore, this induration put the foundation for the power and used to consider themselves as the superior ones [79-80]. initiation of historically known war, and leaders also are known as Furthermore, it is the dire need of the hour to properly accomplish “Mujahideen” came forward after bearing the threats of being died the police stations along with the proper and trustworthy juridical and occupied [54-56]. After the accomplishment of further courage system for gaining the self-assurance and conviction of the local and strength against SU, the Afghan refugees coupled with the community. local inhabitants of FORMER FATA launched the revolutionary amalgamation in contradiction of SU in the form of “Jihad” [57- IMPACT OF FORMER FATA UNIFICATION ON 59]. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETUP However, this thing labeled Afghanistan, as well as FORMER FORMER FATA is a region of natural beauty along with FATA zone the starting point of terrorism and United States (US) embellished with the worth of natural resources. On the coupled with many other bashing powers, devised the strategies other hand, there FORMER FATA is also deficient of various to launch some wars against them [60-61]. However, the Pakistani developmental projects as well as processing facilities to utilize the government then realized the actual need of the hour as the worth of natural resources for the accomplishment of FORMER unification of FORMER FATA with KPK. FATA development and progress [81-83]. IMPACT OF FORMER FATA UNIFICATION Although FORMER FATA is a severely water-scarce area, due ON ALTEERATION OF THE JURISDICTIONAL to less precipitation and negligence of lawful authorities for the STRUCTURE accomplishment of required dams that may meet the need of the hour, FORMER FATA is still rich with the wealth of fruits [84]. FORMER FATA community is well known for being the possessor These fruits are protuberant and conspicuous due to diversified of excellence in love, honesty, devotion, honorableness, self- types and relishing taste. Apricots, apples and peaches are of global esteem, magnanimity, fearlessness, chauvinism, and commitment. fame and are a source of the increase in the socio-economic aspect However, these attributes are considered the basic foundations of of the region. Furthermore, the unlimited availability of dry fruits their leaders that have the hold over the tribe. Furthermore, the including cashew nuts, almonds, peanuts, and walnuts are the FORMER FATA community is not familiar with the courts and beauty of the FORMER FATA region. other lawful authorities for resolving their issues and concerns. Thus, if proximally using these blessings can raise the social as well They consider the Jirga system and frontrunners of the Jirga system as the economic status of FORMER FATA up-to many folds. Also, all in all for deciding their unresolved issues related to any walk the local source of livings is livestock for the FORMER FATA of life [62-63]. However, after the ignition of terrorism in those community and it is stated that this region is bestowed with more areas, it compelled the to proceed for some serious than 4 million livestock such as goats, buffaloes, cow, sheep, and operations to accomplish the threats relating to the terrorism as ewes. Therefore, it deals with this source with keen observance, well as extremists [64-65]. and by accomplishing the FORMER FATA community with Therefore, during the execution of these types of maneuvers, the market facilities, Pakistan can become the self-sufficient country in local community of FORMER FATA was transferred to the various the wealth of milk along with cooking oil. parts of the KPK for the provision of safe and peaceful life to them. On the contrary to this, the common person of FORMER FATA However, FORMER FATA community remained unaware about is deprived of getting the high standards of living. This is because; the courts and other lawful authorities to resolve their little to vast there is a severe lack of market facilities as well as processing issues regarding various walks to life [66-68]. This phenomenon facilities that are the major hindrance to the development of the let to spread the positive wave of learning and accepting the new economic set up of the FORMER FATA. The larger workshops things. with heavier machinery were on the outskirts of the town but not The people that were sustained in their local areas from centuries all the manufacturing took place in Darra e.g. the machining of the came to face to face with the people of other parts of the country. aluminum bodies of modern pistols like the 9mm Beretta M9 was They started learning and even accepting the juridical system as done on CAD machines in Sialkot and Gujranwala. more appropriate for resolving their issues [69-71]. Furthermore, By the end of the day, it was obvious that it would be an uphill task in the past weapons were the sign of dignity and bravery for the to transform this cottage industry to a level where it could compete FORMER FATA community, however, after the execution of army in the international market against hundreds of manufacturers. The operation, they let the whole area clear from these type of weapons Turkish small arms industry alone has close to 136 large and small and shifted the community towards various parts of KPK [72-74]. enterprises in the government and private sector, manufacturing According to various surveys and interviews, the local community quality small arms. Furthermore, FORMER FATA is also rich in is satisfied in those areas. Contrary to this, interviews with the mineral resources including gypsum, chromite, granite as well as old leaders of these tribal zones showed a deep concern about the metals including copper and marble.

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Therefore, there is no difficult chore to put the FORMER FATA institutions must give both modern and religious education and on the developmental track and increase the socio-economic status also give vocational training to youth which can help them find of the FORMER FATA community. However, the only need of better employment. The development projects should be devised the hour is to devise the strategies that are supportive of increasing in a way that they help improves the socio-economic conditions of the standards of life. It is most necessary to develop the markets, the people and also provides the government speedy and deeper processing units, communication as well as transport facilities in access to the area. It should also establish special economic zones FORMER FATA region. with foreign assistance to provide better employment opportunities to the youth. 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