The Bhaisajyaguru Image of Chengdu Ten-Thousand Buddha Monastery and the Bhaisajyaguru Worship of the Southern-Northern Dynasties

[America] Chang Qing

Abstract: The Liang-dynasty sculptures of a seated Buddha figure and twelve guardian The article Chinese appears deities unearthed in the Ten-Thousand Buddha Monastery site (Wànfó Sì in Chinese pinyin) from page 004 to 023. in Chengdu are identified as the Healing Buddha Bhaishajyaguru with his protectors by the Sutra of Healing Buddha Bhaisajyaguru by Monk Huijian in 457. They are considered as the earliest images of Healing Buddha and his twelve guardians, and the first southern Healing Buddha image ever discovered so far. Monk Huijian’s Sutra of the Healing Buddha as the first medicine classics inspired people to worship Healing Buddha in the Southern Dynasty. With its spreading northward, the Healing Buddha belief arose in the Buddha realm of the Northern Dynasty and the Healing Buddha image came out along. However, the words that Huijian’s Sutra of the Healing Buddha was the faked hampered the Healing Buddha belief spreading and artistic developing. The unearthed sculptures of Healing Buddha Bhaishajyaguru of the Liang, Northern-Wei and Eastern-Wei, and the Northern Qi dynasties successively have no typical shared feature of their own, taking after a standing bodhisattva or a seated Buddha Sakyamuni. Not until the Sui dynasty was the Buddha holding a bowl with the hands was taken as the representative image of Healing Buddha Bhaishajyaguru. Therefore, the Buddha figure with his twelve guardian deities of the Ten-Thousand Buddhas Monastery makes one of the criteria on the Healing Buddha Bhaishajyaguru thematically.

Keywords: the Ten-Thousand Buddha Monastery site in Chengdu; the Southern and Northern dynasties; Bhaisajyaguru; the Sutra of the Healing Buddha Bhaisajyaguru; Huijian; twelve guardian deities

On the Construction History of Mogao Cave 464, Dunhuang (Part A) —— Buddha-worship Cave • Library Cave • Grave Cave

Sha Wutian

Abstract: The disputes remain among the scholars over the construction history of Mogao The article Chinese appears cave 464 as the typical model of the Tangut caves. As is studied by its history, images and from page 024 to 038. archaeological results, the cave went through modification in structure and function several times before and after it was completed. In details, the first took place in the Western Xia period when what used to be the Northern-dynasty multi-chambered Zen cave got converted into the Buddha-worship cave, the front chamber having no painted murals on the wall. The front chamber got more modified in the later Western Xia period, one enclosed room created in either corner of the northwest and southwest, which served as the library caves for a while during the middle and later Yuan dynasty. Thus Cave 464 functioned as both the Buddha-worship cave and the library cave. Judging by the large quantity of Buddhist scriptures in multiple languages and movable type in Uyghur script locked inside

English abstract of the articles 139 the cave by the Yuan dynasty as the burial objects, there is the possibility that Cave 464 used to be where the deceased Buddhists were enshrined as the grave cave.

Keywords: Mogao Cave 464; the Western-Xia murals; twice modification in structure and function; Buddha-worship cave; the library cave of Buddhist scriptures; grave cave

An Iconological Analysis of Vimalakirti Image of the Yungang Caves

Zhao Kunyu

The article Chinese appears Abstract: This thesis focuses on the Vimalakirti image of the middle and late Yungang from page 039 to 053. Caves in feature, content and artistic style. The Vimalakirti images of various themes and forms appeared in the Yungang Grottoes of the Northern Wei Dynasty about half a century after the first was found in Cave 169 of the Binglingsi Grottoes of the Western Qin period, ushering into the new era of Vimalakirti image, followed by extensive and far-reaching impact upon the stone cave temples of the Northern Dynasties.

Keywords: Yungang; Vimalakirti; Manjusri; tales; image

A More Research on the Ming-Qing Dagaoxuandian Temple Construction Evolution in History

Yang Xincheng

The article Chinese appears Abstract: The complex of Imperial Grand Profound Temple (Dàgāoxuán Diàn in Chinese from page 054 to 061. pinyin) went through renovation and modification in many ways including horizontal inscribed boards, plane layout and exterior design and so on since its completion in Emperor Jiajing ( 嘉靖 ) period of the Ming dynasty. The analysis on the relevant documents and the details of modification to the architecture in the Qing times aiming for its earliest layout and the different features of the group buildings between the Ming and the Qing dynasties.

Keywords: Dagaoxuan Dian (Temple); renovation in history; restoration; religion

On the Lei-style in the Transformation to Modern Architecture with the Case of Guangdong Arsenal Construction

Li Chengyuan Xu Subin [Japan] Aoki Nobuo

The article Chinese appears Abstract: The thesis proceeds from the Panorama of Guangdong Province (Guǎngdōng from page 062 to 070. Shěng Chéng Nèiwài Quántú) and the archives on the layout plan and space pattern included in the Lei-styled architecture (Yangshi Lei) to probe into the selection and construction of Guangdong Arsenal site as well as the layout and architecture design in history. In addition,

140 Palace Museum Journal No.7,2021 vol.231 it discusses the ties linking the two Lei-styled architecture of arsenals in Guangdong and Tianjin respectively by the drawing files for more knowledge about the Lei-styled practice in the transformation into modern architecture.

Keywords: the Lei-styled architecture (Yangshi Lei); Guangdong Arsenal; Tianjin Arsenal; modern architecture

On ‘Bian Fang’ as Where the Soul Rests

Guo Zhengrui

Abstract: The debates over ‘Bianfang’ (‘ 便房 ’, Biànfáng in Chinese character and Pinyin) The article Chinese appears documented as burial furnish in historical data remain ever since the ancient scholars from page 071 to 083. Fu Qian, Ru Chun and Yan Shigu made note on it in the History of the Han Dynasty, and more opinions to ‘Bianfang’ in structure, shape and function are following the 50-year archaeological discoveries to this day. This thesis on ‘Bianfang’ structurally and culturally and functionally with the case of Tomb 2 by Lingsheng Lake in Dingtao comes up with the following: the structure of ‘Bianfang’ is where the soul of the deceased rests in peace; the bamboo-plaited suitcase with the jade-decorated silk gown inside is buried intentionally as the ‘memorial tablet’ of the tomb master. Inside the tomb is there a raising-roofed wood chamber for the enshrinement of tomb master’s soul, which is the ever discovered ‘Bianfang’ constructed exactly as required by the rites by far.

Keywords: Bianfang (便房 ); soul resting in peace; calling back the spirit of the dead; sacrificia garment; Bi of jade

The Formation and Layout of ‘Ili’s Nine Towns’ in the ‘Planning Maps’

Hao Yuanlin

Abstract: The establishment of nine towns around the the Prefecture of Ili was the The article Chinese appears implementation of the Qing Court strategy constructing satellite towns for garrisoning from page 084 to 095. and guarding border areas in history. The combination of the Qing Court`s ‘planning maps’ of these towns with the archaeological results suggests that all the towns were square- based, each of them was planned by a certain modulus highlighting geometric center for the pattern of the town. Huiyuan was known as ‘Manchu town’ with the garrison areas matching the eight banners. ‘Ili’s Nine Towns’ having two ‘Manchu towns’ as dual-core structure in overall arrangement is decided by the military and political situation in Xinjiang region of the Qing dynasty.

Keywords: the nine towns under Prefecture of Ili; form and plan; town pattern; Manchu town; the Qing green-flag garrison force

English abstract of the articles 141 On Li Shangyin’s Scripts as the ‘Epitaph for Wang Yiyuan and His wife Wang née Li Buried Together’

Liu Ying Wang Su

The article Chinese appears Abstract: Li Shangyin’s scripts as the ‘Epitaph for Wang Yiyuan and His wife Wang née Li from page 096 to 103. Buried Together’ (‘ 王翊元与夫人李氏合祔墓志铭 ’ in the Chinese characters, and ‘Wáng Yìyuán Yŭ Lĭ Shì Hé Fù Mù’ in Chinese pinyin) excavated at Chang’an district, Xi’an has drawn much concern from scholars as his only survival epitaph. Following the previous studies and Mr. Tang Zhangru’s On the Northward-spread of the Southern-dynasty Literature, the thesis starts with the text of the epitaph which is composed in the form of prose for a discussion about the development and impact of the classical movement in the Tang dynasty, Li’s life experience and his ideal on literature.

Keywords: Li Shangyin; compose and inscribe; the epitaph of Wang Yiyuan; Tang Zhangru; the classical Chinese literature movement

The ‘Kylin’ in Emperor Yongle’s Eyes —— Overseas Archaeological Survey Notes (Part IV)

Wang Guangyao

The article Chinese appears Abstract: The Zhenghe’s voyages to the west during Emperor Yongle’s period contributed from page 104 to 110. to the construction of new world order with the Ming Dynasty as the center, the countries of Nanyang (the southeast Asia) and Xiyang (the Indian Ocean) ‘offering tributes’ of various treasures to the Ming Empire successively including giraffe, which was taken by the emperor and court officials as the auspicious beast of kylin (Chinese dragon) to symbolize the legitimacy of Yongle’s throne. As is indicated by archaeological materials, there emerged two kinds of kylins at the same time along with the foreign giraffes entering the Ming Empire of China ---- the kylin in ancient legend and the ‘kylin’ in Emperor Yongle eyes. The latter was used as the pattern of ‘Buzi’ the same way as the kylin of ancient mythology, which was carried forward till the period of Zhengde’s reign.

Keywords: Yongle; giraffe; kylin (Chinese dragon); the Zhenghe’s voyages to the west

The Mending Crockery with Cramps Craftsmanship and Its Application to the Qing Court Collected Objects

Shan Yingying

The article Chinese appears Abstract: The Chinese traditional mending crockery with cramps (Jūbǔ in Chinese pinyin) from page 111 to 122. is well known as a craftsmanship among the people of the Ming and Qing times, but there is

142 Palace Museum Journal No.7,2021 vol.231 less knowledge about the kind of technique used before the Ming dynasty or by the imperial workshop. The thesis analyzes the unearthed objects for an overview of the evolution and distribution of the ceramic objects mended with cramps of periods, and mentions something alike in the collection of the Palace Museum. Among the Ming-Qing ceramics wares excavated in the Nandaku site of the Palace Museum in 2014 are there some mended with cramps.

Keywords: ceramics; mending crockery with cramps; archaeology; the Qing court

On Preventive Conservation Idea Applied to the Protection of Thangkas as Original State with the Case of Thangkas Enshrined in the Buddhist Hall of Moral Cultivation Palace

Zhang Rui Song Jirong

Abstract: The hanging Thangkas in the original position in the Buddhist Hall of the The article Chinese appears western chamber in Yangxin Palace (Moral Cultivation Palace) have suffered from such from page 123 to 130. damages in the past over 270 years as dust deposition, worm-eaten holes, folds, creases, pigment shedding, pigment cracking, fabric breakage, fabric missing, suture cracking or looseness, fading, stains and other diseases. By the condition in which the Thangkas are and the corrosion mechanism to them, the thesis insists preventive conservation idea for the ideal measures favorable for protecting the Thangkas as their original state regarding the historical building condition improvement, the way of their being displayed, the techniques of restoration and the means of transportation and so on.

Keywords: Thangka; presentation in original state; preventive conservation; condition; aging

A Test and Analysis of the Pigments on the Thangkas in the Buddhist Hall of Western Chamber of Yangxing Palace

Fang Xiaoji Zhang Rui Chen Yao Kang Baoqiang Wang You Song Jirong

Abstract: In the Buddhist Hall of Yangxing Palace (Hall of Mental Cultivation) of the The article Chinese appears Palace Museum are there 22 pieces of Thangkas kept in their original position. The thesis on from page 131 to 138. the pigments painted in the Thangkas proceeds through the case study of a representative thangka, followed by: the pigments of the Thangka are in property and data very much close to those documented in the historical archives, which therefore figures out the Thangkas’ color scheme as the technical support for the selection of repairing stuff.

Keywords: Yangxing Palace (Hall of Mental Cultivation); the pigments painted in Thangka; archival documents; test and analysis

English abstract of the articles 143 Contents

Palace Museum Journal NO.7, 2021 vol.231

004 The Bhaisajyaguru Image of 084 The Formation and Layout of ‘Ili’s Chengdu Ten-Thousand Buddha Nine Towns’ in the ‘Planning Maps’ Monastery and the Bhaisajyaguru Hao Yuanlin Worship of the Southern-Northern Dynasties 096 On Li Shangyin’s Scripts as the [America] Chang Qing ‘Epitaph for Wang Yiyuan and His wife Wang née Li Buried Together’ 024 On the Construction History of Liu Ying Wang Su Mogao Cave 464, Dunhuang (Part A) —— Buddha-worship Cave • 104 The ‘Kylin’ in Emperor Yongle’s Library Cave • Grave Cave Eyes —— Overseas Archaeological Sha Wutian Survey Notes (Part IV) Wang Guangyao 039 An Iconological Analysis of Vimalakirti Image of the Yungang 111 The Mending Crockery with Caves Cramps Craftsmanship and Its Zhao Kunyu Application to the Qing Court Collected Objects 054 A More Research on the Ming- Shan Yingying Qing Dagaoxuandian Temple Construction Evolution in History 123 On Preventive Conservation Yang Xincheng Idea Applied to the Protection of Thangkas as Original State with 062 On the Lei-style in the the Case of Thangkas Enshrined Transformation to Modern in the Buddhist Hall of Moral Architecture with the Case of Cultivation Palace Guangdong Arsenal Construction Zhang Rui Song Jirong

Li Chengyuan Xu Subin [Japan] Aoki Nobuo 131 A Test and Analysis of the Pigments on the Thangkas in the 071 On ‘Bian Fang’ as Where the Soul Buddhist Hall of Western Chamber Rests of Yangxing Palace Fang Xiaoji Zhang Rui Chen Yao Guo Zhengrui Kang Baoqiang Wang You Song Jirong

144 Palace Museum Journal No.7,2021 vol.231 English contents