Modellierung Des Kurzwelligen Solaren Strahlungshaushalts Im

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Modellierung Des Kurzwelligen Solaren Strahlungshaushalts Im Modellierung des kurzwelligen solaren Strahlungshaushalts im Hochgebirge auf der Basis von digitalen Geländemodellen und Satellitendaten am Beispiel des Hunza-Karakorum/Nordpakistan Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Uwe Schmidt aus Wissen Bonn 2002 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. M. Winiger 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. G. Menz Tag der Promotion: 20.12.2001 2 Vorwort Eine wesentliche Herausforderung heutiger geowissenschaftlicher Forschungsansätze stellt die Mo- dellierung von Geofaktoren und deren Wechselwirkungen dar. Mit der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit leistungsfähiger und zugleich kostengünstiger Computer und Software wurden derartige Modelle im- mer komplexer, sodaß neue geowissenschaftliche Fragestellungen mit Hilfe computergestützter Algo- rithmen erschlossen werden konnten. Digitale Höhenmodelle und Satellitendaten nehmen hierbei in aller Regel Schlüsselfunktionen ein, die es ermöglichen, Topographie und Landbedeckung im Com- puter flächenhaft in Modellalgorithmen einzubeziehen. Besonders interessant erscheint in diesem Zusammenhang die numerische Modellierung von Klima- elementen in Gebirgsräumen, da deren Wirkung bedingt durch die topographischen Gradienten hier deutlich erkennbar wird. Nirgendwo anders ist daher die Differenzierung der Landschaft auf engstem Raum durch die Wirkung der Sonneneinstrahlung so prägnant, wie in subtropischen Hochgebirgs- arealen alpinen Charakters. Somit war es nur folgerichtig, daß die vorliegende Arbeit auf der Basis eines Forschungsprojektes entstand, des DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms „Culture Area Karako- rum“(CAK), das einen solchen Gebirgsraum zum räumlichen Gegenstand hatte. Dem Leiter der Arbeitsgruppe Physische Geographie dieses Projektes, meinem akademischen Lehrer Herrn Prof. Dr. M. Winiger, danke ich sowohl für die unentwegt kritischen und richtungsweisenden Diskussionen von Ideen und Ansätzen als auch für die finanzielle sowie materielle Unterstützung aus Projektmitteln. Dr. G. Braun war eine unentbehrliche treibende Kraft und „think tank“ für die Fort- entwicklung der Arbeiten an den Programmalgorithmen. Des weiteren danke ich ihm und Dr. R. Backhaus für die Ermöglichung, wesentliche Forschungsarbeiten mit finanzieller und infrastrukturel- ler Unterstützung des Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) durchführen zu können. Dr. T. Cramer und Dipl.-Geogr. M. Gumpert danke ich für die Auswertung und Überlassung von Klimastationsdaten. Dr. S. Weiers war nicht unwesenlich beteiligt an den Überlegungen zur Integrati- on der Bewölkung. Dr. P. Bauer danke ich für kritische Diskussionen und Anregungen bei der Aus- wahl der Strahlungstransfermodelle. Dipl.-Ing. M. Sodomann war ein geduldiger Lehrer bei der Ver- mittlung von Fertigkeiten im Umgang mit der Programmiersprache C. Der Koordinatorin des CAK-Projektes, Frau Prof. Dr. I. Stellrecht danke ich für die organisatorische Unterstützung sowie für die Bereitstellung der Projektinfrastruktur. Nicht zuletzt danke ich meinem Abteilungsleiter Herrn Dipl.-Ing. L. Bösch für den stetigen Ansporn und den zur Verfügung gestellten Freiraum für die Endfassung der vorliegenden Arbeit. Remagen, im Mai 2001 Uwe Schmidt 3 Gliederung 1. Einleitung und Problemstellung.....................................................................................................14 1.1. Forschungsziel....................................................................................................................14 1.2. Aspekte bisheriger Arbeiten...............................................................................................16 2. Der Untersuchungsraum ................................................................................................................20 2.1. Landschaftsdifferenzierung, Morphologie und Relief.......................................................20 2.2. Witterung und Klima..........................................................................................................22 2.2.1. Thermisch-hygrisches Regime..........................................................................23 2.2.2. Solare Einstrahlung...........................................................................................26 2.2.3. Bewölkung.........................................................................................................28 2.3. Vergletscherung und Schneebedeckung.............................................................................31 2.4. Naturvegetation..................................................................................................................33 2.5. Landnutzung.......................................................................................................................36 3. Physikalische Grundlagen und Modellkonzept.............................................................................38 3.1. Kurzwelliger Strahlungshaushalt im System Atmosphäre-Erdoberfläche.........................38 3.2. Das Modellkonzept.............................................................................................................44 3.2.1. Die Datenbasis im Überblick..............................................................................45 3.2.2. Programm-Module und Verarbeitungsschritte im Überblick.............................46 4. Räumliche Datengrundlagen...........................................................................................................49 4.1. Punktdaten..........................................................................................................................49 4.1.1. Globalstrahlungsdaten........................................................................................49 4.1.2. Horizontdaten aus Fischaugeaufnahmen............................................................50 4.2. Rasterdaten.........................................................................................................................53 4.2.1. Das digitale Höhenmodell..................................................................................53 4.2.1.1. Erfassung topographischer Vektordaten.............................................53 4.2.1.2. Interpolation zu einem Rastermodell..................................................54 4.2.1.3. Die Ableitung von Flächenneigung und Flächenexposition...............55 4.2.1.4. Fehlerbetrachtung...............................................................................56 4.2.2. LANDSAT-5-TM Satellitendaten......................................................................59 4.2.3. Die Vegetationskarte des NW-Karakorum.........................................................61 4.2.4. Bewölkungsdaten................................................................................................62 4.2.4.1. ISCCP-Daten.......................................................................................62 4.2.4.2. NOAA-Daten......................................................................................65 4.2.4.2.1. Das NOAA-Satellitensystem..............................................65 4.2.4.2.2. NOAA-AVHRR 10-Tages-Komposite des „Global Land 1-km Data Set Project“....................................65 4.2.4.2.3. Berechnung von Bewölkungskompositen...........................67 4.2.5. Anisotropie-Daten..............................................................................................71 4.2.5.1. Theoretische Grundlagen....................................................................72 4.2.5.2. Anisotropiemodelle nach SUTTLES..................................................74 4 5. Punktmodelle an Klimastationsstandorten...................................................................................76 5.1. Modellübergreifende Formulierungen und Daten..............................................................76 5.2. Parametrische Modellgleichungen.....................................................................................77 5.2.1. Das FROUIN-Modell.........................................................................................77 5.2.2. Modellgleichungen nach IQBAL.......................................................................81 5.2.2.1. Parametermodell A.............................................................................81 5.2.2.2. Parametermodell B.............................................................................84 5.3. Standortbezogene Analysen und Vergleich der Modellergebnisse....................................85 6. Flächenmodelle der potentiellen kurzwelligen Strahlung............................................................90 6.1. Potentielle kurzwellige Einstrahlung .................................................................................90 6.1.1. Berechnung von Horizontüberhöhung und Sky View Faktor mit dem Programm „HORIZONT“...........................................................................................90 6.1.2. Berechnung der potentiellen Einstrahlung mit dem Programm „GLOBALRAD“.........................................................................................................94 6.2. Potentielle kurzwellige Reflexstrahlung und Strahlungsbilanz.........................................99 6.2.1. Berechnung der Albedo auf der Basis von LANDSAT-5-TM Daten................99 6.2.1.1. Generierung von Oberflächenklassen.................................................99
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