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Air Power in UN Operations: Wings for Peace

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Air Power in UN Operations: Wings for Peace © A. Walter Dorn 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. A. Walter Dorn has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editor of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Wey Court East Union Road Farnham Surrey, GU9 7PT England Ashgate Publishing Company 110 Cherry Street Suite 3–1 Burlington, VT 05401–3818 USA www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Air power in UN operations : wings for peace / edited by A. Walter Dorn. pages cm. -- (Military strategy and operational art) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4724-3546-0 (hbk) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-3549-1 (pbk) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-3547-7 (ebk) -- ISBN 978-1-4724- 3548-4 (epub) 1. United Nations--Peacekeeping forces--Case studies. 2. Air power--Case studies. I. Dorn, A. Walter. JZ6374.A47 2014 358.4’14--dc23 2014005722 ISBN 9781472435460 (hbk) ISBN 9781472435491 (pbk) ISBN 9781472435477 (ebk-PDF) ISBN 978-1472435484 (ebk-ePUB) Contents List of Figures List of Tables About the Editor About the Contributors Foreword Preface List of Abbreviations Acknowledgments PART I THE UN’S FIRST “AIR FORCE” 1 Planning, Organizing, and Commanding the Air Operation in the Congo, 1960 William K. Carr 2 Peacekeepers in Combat: Fighter Jets and Bombers in the Congo, 1961–1963 A. Walter Dorn 3 A Fine Line: Use of Force, the Cold War, and Canada’s Air Support for the UN Organization in the Congo Kevin A. Spooner PART II AIRLIFT: LIFELINE FOR UN MISSIONS 4 Above the Rooftop of the World: Canadian Air Operations in Kashmir and Along the India–Pakistan Border Matthew Trudgen 5 Humanitarian Relief in Haiti, 2010: Honing the Partnership between the US Air Force and the UN Robert C. Owen 6 Flying Humanitarians: The UN Humanitarian Air Service A. Walter Dorn and Ryan W. Cross PART III AERIAL SURVEILLANCE: EYES IN THE SKY 7 Aerial Surveillance: Eyes in the Sky A. Walter Dorn 8 UN Observer Group in Lebanon: Aerial Surveillance During a Civil War, 1958 A. Walter Dorn 9 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Supporting UN Operations: A Commercial Service Model David Neil PART IV THE UN AND NO-FLY ZONES 10 The UN Iraq–Kuwait Observer Mission and the Southern No-fly Zone, 1991–2003 James McKay 11 Observing Air Power at Work in Sector Sarajevo, 1993– 1994: A Personal Account F. Roy Thomas PART V COMBAT: ENFORCING THE PEACE 12 Air Operations in Somalia: “Black Hawk Down” Revisited William T. Dean III 13 Operation Deliberate Force in Bosnia, 1995: Humanitarian Constraints in Aerospace Warfare Robert C. Owen 14 Combat Air Power in the Congo, 2003– A. Walter Dorn 15 Allied Air Power over Libya Christian F. Anrig PART VI EVOLVING CAPABILITIES 16 Advances in Aviation for UN Peacekeeping: A View from UN Headquarters Kevin Shelton-Smith 17 Peace from Above: Envisioning the Future of UN Air Power Robert David Steele Afterword: Some Reflections Index List of Figures 1.1 Emperor Haile Selassie thanks US Air Force C-130 crewmembers before they airlift Ethiopian troops to the Congo 2.1 Rockets are uncrated before being deployed on Saab J-29 jets 3.1 A Canadian Yukon aircraft at Leopoldville airport being inspected by Congolese and UN military officers 5.1 A US helicopter leaves the crowded Port-au-Prince airport with relief supplies 6.1 A World Food Programme/UN Humanitarian Air Service food drop in Upper Nile State, Sudan 6.2 A UN Humanitarian Air Service Mi-8P helicopter in El Geneina, West Darfur, Sudan 6.3 UN Humanitarian Air Service passenger numbers by UN agency and non-governmental organization (NGO), 2011 9.1 Canadian Forces unmanned aerial vehicle yearly operational flight hours 9.2 CU-170 Heron unmanned aerial vehicle 9.3 Canadian Forces aircraft cost per flight hour 10.1 Aircraft provided by Switzerland to the UN Iraq–Kuwait Observer Mission for air patrol, 1 May 1991 11.1 Layout of UN Military Observer Sarajevo observation posts before ceasefire (A, on 6 February 1994) and after (B, at peak on 24 February 1994) 11.2 Hercules aircraft on the tarmac at the airfield in Ancona, Italy 14.1 Maps showing the position in Africa of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Kivu provinces and neighbouring countries of eastern DRC 14.2 The Mi-35 helicopter gunship used in robust peacekeeping 15.1 A Royal Air Force Tornado GR4 takes off from a United Kingdom airfield for service over Libya 16.1 A Falco unmanned aerial vehicle before the official launch ceremony in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, on 3 December 2013 17.1 Modern intelligence 17.2 The UN and eight tribes of information–intelligence 17.3 Integrated multilevel intelligence model 17.4 UN strategy 21: Intelligence-driven precision peace List of Tables 7.1 Unmanned aerial vehicle types and typical characteristics 7.2 Comparing different types of aerospace surveillance 8.1 Military personnel in the UN Observer Group in Lebanon 10.1 Violations reported by the UN Iraq–Kuwait Observer Mission, 1999–2003 17.1 Global threats then and now 17.2 Old versus new emphasis for UN future operations 17.3 UN air power in the old and new paradigms 17.4 Modern intelligence emphasis 17.5 Cost of war versus cost of prosperity and peace for all (annual expenditures) About the Editor A. Walter Dorn is Professor of Defence Studies at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) and chair of the Department of Security and International Affairs at the Canadian Forces College (CFC). He is also Chair of Canadian Pugwash, an organization of physical, life, and social scientists seeking to reduce the threats to global security. Dr Dorn is a scientist by training whose doctoral research was aimed at chemical sensing for arms control. He now covers both national and human security, especially UN peacekeeping. As an “operational professor” he has visited many UN missions and gained direct experience in field missions. He has served in Ethiopia as a UN Development Programme consultant, at UN headquarters as a training adviser, and as a consultant to the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations. He has provided guidance to the United Nations on introducing unmanned aerial vehicles to the eastern Congo. He is a member of the UN’s High Level Panel of Experts on Technology and Innovation in UN Peacekeeping Operations. He is author of a book on technology and innovation in UN operations.1 1 Dorn, A.W. Keeping Watch: Monitoring, Technology, and Innovation in UN Peace Operations (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2011). About the Contributors Christian F. Anrig is Deputy Director, Doctrine Research and Education, Swiss Air Force. From 2007 to 2009 he was a Lecturer in Air Power Studies in the Defence Studies Department of King’s College London while based at the Royal Air Force (RAF) College. In 2009 he became a member of the RAF Centre for Air Power Studies Academic Advisory Panel. Dr Anrig began his professional career in Defence Studies as a researcher at the Center for Security Studies, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), in 2004. The author of The Quest for Relevant Air Power,1 he has also published various articles and book chapters covering topics from European military transformation to modern air power and its ramifications for small nations. While working in the United Kingdom, he was on the editorial board of the Royal Air Force Air Power Review. Dr Anrig spent the first half of his military career in the artillery, Swiss Army. Currently, he is a reserve major assigned to the Air Staff, Swiss Air Force. He is a dual- national Swiss and Liechtensteiner. William K. Carr is a retired Lieutenant-General of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). His 39-year RCAF career began in 1939. During World War II he flew Spitfire aircraft in England, Malta, Sicily, and Italy. He later commanded squadrons, while accumulating more than 16,000 flying hours in over 100 different aircraft types. In 1960 he served as Senior Air Advisor to the UN Mission in the Congo. In 1971 he was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations, with North American Air Defence Command (NORAD). In 1974 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff General. He became the first commander of Air Command in 1975. On retirement from the military in 1978 for the next 14 years he was VP of government and military marketing/sales of the new Challenger aircraft for Canadair and then Bombardier. In 2001, he was inducted into the Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame. Ryan W. Cross is the lead researcher in the political- psychology and adversarial intention section of the Reactions to Environmental Stress and Trauma Lab in the University of British Columbia’s Department of Psychology. Projects include intelligence and conflict early warning using both cognitive and social psychological measures. He is also a Research Assistant for Professor Walter Dorn of the Canadian Forces College on peace-support operations research and contributes to ongoing work applying just war theory to contemporary conflicts. Cross has completed graduate studies, lectured or worked at universities in Berlin, Bonn, Zurich, Vancouver, and Lucerne, and is completing Master’s degrees in War Studies at the Royal Military College of Canada and in Business Administration at Simon Fraser University.
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