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Jean-Philippe Duguay Counteracting Stereotypes and Forgiving Bad Deeds: How are Calgarian Journalists Framing the White Pride Parade? Jean-Philippe Duguay A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MA degree in Conflict Studies Department of Conflict Studies Faculty of Human Sciences Saint Paul University © Jean-Philippe Duguay, Ottawa, Canada, 2013 Table of Contents Abstract: ............................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgement:............................................................................................................ 4 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 5 White Pride: Calgary Wide?.....................................................................................................5 Theoretical perspective, research question, and methodology ..............................................9 Social Identity Theory ...........................................................................................................10 Stereotypes Cognitive Consistency .......................................................................................11 Methodology:.........................................................................................................................13 Content Analysis ......................................................................................................................14 Content Analysis Applied as a Methodological Framework................................................15 Unitizing ................................................................................................................................15 Sampling................................................................................................................................16 Recording/Coding..................................................................................................................17 Reducing................................................................................................................................17 Abductively Inferring ............................................................................................................18 Narrating................................................................................................................................18 Developmental to Executive ....................................................................................................19 First Hypothesis.....................................................................................................................19 Second Hypothesis ................................................................................................................20 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................21 Chapter 1 Physical Units: A General Data Overview................................................... 24 Introduction..............................................................................................................................24 Data Collection .........................................................................................................................25 News Outlets: Newswires versus Original Source Articles ..................................................29 Counting paragraph as a matter of length ............................................................................31 Who says what, when and where?..........................................................................................33 What does this tell us about the hypotheses? ........................................................................38 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................41 Chapter 2 Different Standards though Equally Defiant ............................................ 43 Introduction..............................................................................................................................43 Theoretical Framework...........................................................................................................45 From Qualitative to Quantitative: How Frames, Stereotypes and Cognitive Consistency were identified in Journalistic Discourse...............................................................................47 1. Adjectives used to describe the conflicting groups?..........................................................48 2. Misdirection? .....................................................................................................................50 3. Who were the victims? ......................................................................................................51 4. Other Tactics?....................................................................................................................52 Data Analysis............................................................................................................................53 Discussion..................................................................................................................................56 Social Identity Theory ...........................................................................................................57 Stereotypes.............................................................................................................................58 Cognitive Consistency...........................................................................................................59 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................60 Chapter 3 Calgarian journalist are working to preserve their city’s image ............ 63 Introduction..............................................................................................................................63 1 Qualitative Data Collection.....................................................................................................66 Quantitative Data.....................................................................................................................68 Quantification ........................................................................................................................69 Overall/Regional....................................................................................................................69 Yearly ....................................................................................................................................71 Comparative Data Analysis ...................................................................................................72 Discussion..................................................................................................................................73 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................76 Chapter 4 Social Identity Theory................................................................................. 77 Introduction..............................................................................................................................77 Methodology .............................................................................................................................79 Data Presentation.....................................................................................................................80 Discussion..................................................................................................................................81 Defining the Newswire Effect ...............................................................................................83 The Newswire Effect ................................................................................................................85 The First Hypothesis and the Newswire Effect .....................................................................87 The Second Hypothesis and the Newswire Effect.................................................................87 Coinciding Occurrences of both Hypotheses and the Newswire Effect................................88 The Newswire Effect? ...........................................................................................................89 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................90 Conclusion Moving Beyond the Research: How Should Journalists Proceed? ....... 93 Constructive Controversy .......................................................................................................96 The context within which the constructive controversy takes place .....................................96 The Eleven Point Scheme......................................................................................................97 Rational Argument...............................................................................................................101 Rejection Identification Model .............................................................................................102 How Should Journalists Proceed?........................................................................................104
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