Upaya Diplomasi Qatar Dalam Mempertahankan Status Quo Tuan Rumah Piala Dunia 2022

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Upaya Diplomasi Qatar Dalam Mempertahankan Status Quo Tuan Rumah Piala Dunia 2022 UPAYA DIPLOMASI QATAR DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN STATUS QUO TUAN RUMAH PIALA DUNIA 2022 Skripsi Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S. Sos) Oleh Muhammad Idham Cholid 1111113000041 PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1438 H/2017 ABSTRAKSI Skripsi ini bertujuan menganalisis Diplomasi Qatar dalam mempertahankan status quo tuan rumah Piala Dunia 2022 untuk periode 2010-2013. Skripsi ini juga membahas strategi yang dilakukan Qatar dalam memperbaiki citranya pasca penetapan bidding yang diduga merupakan hasil sebuah rekayasa politik dalam persepakbolaan dunia,terlebih kasus HAM yang yang menimpa para pekerja migran di Qatar,hak tersebut kian memperburuk citra Qatar pada dunia internasional sebagai pemenang tuan rumah Piala Dunia 2022. Adapun strategi yang digunakan yaitu, Kepentingan nasional, Rational Choice, dan Diplomasi Kebudayaan. Qatar memang bukan negara dengan budaya sepakbola yang baik, terlebih peringkat Qatar pada FIFA berada pada posisi 88 dari 212 anggota. Namun Qatar mampu memposisikan dirinya sebagai investor besar dari segi olahraga khususnya sepakbola. Pasca penetapan bidding oleh FIFA 2010, Qatar banyak dikaitkan dengan berbagai masalah, seperti masalah cuaca yang sangat panas, keamanan hingga HAM. Terkait dengan HAM, banyak para migran yang berasal dari Asia Barat seperti India, Bangladesh dan Nepal, mereka tidak mendapatkan perlakuan yang baik seperti pengerjaan waktu kerja yang begitu overtime hingga penempatan rumah sementara yang tidak manusiawi berdasarkan data dari Amnesty Internasional. Hal tersebut lantas direspon cepat oleh Qatar yang dianggap mengancam kepentingan nasionalnya. Dalam melakukan kebijakanya, Qatar lebih memilih soft diplomacy dalam bentuk diplomasi kebudayaan seperti penggunaan media mainstream Al Jazeera, dengan mengubah konten program yang lebih menghibur, adapun perusahaan Qatar juga turut andil bagian seperti Qatar Foundation yang menggelontorkan dana besar untuk membangun citra Qatar melalui bantuan finansial kepada klub bola Eropa, maupun dengan penyelenggaraan Moto GP Lossail pada 2013 demi menutupi masalah HAM yang mengaitkannya. Secara Rational Choice, Qatar telah memilih soft diplomacy dengan alasan situasi yang damai serta tujuanya adalah pengakuan melalu sarana Olahraga maupun bantuan ekonomi. Terlihat bahwa Qatar telah mengeluarkan dana sebesar 200 Milyar U$ untuk mempersiapkan negaranya sebagai tuan rumah Piala Dunia. Prestige yang tinggi juga dalam rangka membentuk identitas nasional membuat Qatar sangat berambisi untuk menggelar acara piala dunia pada 2022. Kata Kunci : Qatar, Piala Dunia, Bidding, Diplomasi,Kepentingan Nasional, Qatar Foundation , Identitas Nasional v KATA PENGANTAR Bismillahirrahmanirrrahim, segala puji dan syukur selalu penulis ucapkan kepada Allah SWT atas segala rakhmat dan nikmatnya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Sholawat serta salam tak lupa dihaturkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW. Penulis sadar bahwa skripsi ini tidak akan dapat diselesaikan tanpa dukungan, motivasi, saran dan bantuan materi maupun immateri dari berbagai pihak. Sehingga, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Keluarga penulis, Bapak Roni Pasla dan Ibu Sulastri.Adik penulis Nurul Syafitri, dan Trias Nurhadi yang selalu memberikan semangat, doa, dukungan, cinta, nasehat kepada penulis, hingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan. 2. Bapak Robi Sugara, M.Sc selaku dosen pembimbing skripsi. Terima kasih atas waktu, saran, arahan, nasehat dan kesabaran bapak membimbing penulis dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini. 3. Ketua Jurusan Hubungan Internasional UIN Syarif Hidayatullah 4. Muhammad Sulthon dan Muhammad Amin selaku teman seperjuangan 5. Dosen-dosen Hubungan Internasional UIN Jakarta. Terima kasih telah mengajarkan dan berbagi ilmu kepada penulis selama masa perkuliahan. 6. Teman-teman HI UIN Jakarta 2011 dan 2012. Terima kasih atas segala doa dan dukungan yang diberikan dalam penulisan skripsi ini.Terima kasih telah menghidupkan pengalaman penulis di masa perkuliahan. vi Penulis berharap segala dukungan dan bantuan ini mendapatkan balasan dari Allah swt. Terakhir, penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang konstruktif sangat penulis harapkan untuk perbaikan di masa mendatang. Semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat dan menambah wawasan bagi setiap pembacanya dan bagi perkembangan studi Hubungan Internasional. Jakarta,13 Desember 2016 Muhammad Idham Cholid vii DAFTAR ISI PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME ............................................... ii PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING SKRIPSI............................................. iii PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN SKRIPSI............................................ iv ABSTRAK.................................................................................................... v KATA PENGANTAR.................................................................................. vi DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................ viii DAFTAR GAMBAR DAN TABEL........................................................... x DAFTAR SINGKATAN.............................................................................. xi BAB I PEMBAHASAN............................................................................... 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah.......................................................................... 1 B. Pertanyaan Penelitian.............................................................................. 7 C. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian.............................................................. 7 D. Tinjauan Pustaka..................................................................................... 8 E. Kerangka Teori....................................................................................... 14 F. Metode Penelitian................................................................................... 21 G. Sistematika Penulisan............................................................................. 23 BAB II Qatar Menjadi Tuan Rumah Piala Dunia 2022.......................... 30 A. Qatar diantara Negara Pesaing Tuan Rumah Piala Dunia…................. 30 B. Bidding Penyelenggaraan Piala Dunia oleh Qatar di FIFA....................34 1. Faktor Pendukung Kemenangan Bidding.............................. 34 2. Faktor Penghambat Kemenangan Bidding.............................36 BAB III Tantangan Qatar Mempertahankan Status Quo Tuan Rumah Piala Dunia............................................................................................ 43 A. Tantangan Cuaca Panas di Qatar............................................................ 43 B. Isu HAM terkait Eksploitasi Pekerja Migran di Qatar............................ 44 viii BAB IV Upaya Diplomasi Qatar dalam mempertahankan Status Quo Tuan Rumah Piala Dunia 2022 ........................................................... 53 A. Bantuan Finansial Qatar Foundation terhadap Klub Bola Eropa.............53 B. Diplomasi Al-Jazeera dalam Membentuk Citra Qatar............................. 56 C. Penyelenggaraan Moto Gp Losail Qatar 2013......................................... 58 BAB V KESIMPULAN............................................................................... 63 DAFTAR PUSTAKA.................................................................................. 67 ix DAFTAR GAMBAR DAN TABEL Tabel II.I Syarat operasional penyelenggaraan FIFA World Cup............................. 31 Tabel II.2 Hasil pemilihan tuan rumah piala dunia 2022........................................... 33 Tabel II.3 logo piala dunia Qatar 2022...................................................................... 33 Tabel II.4 Standar resiko operasional FIFA World Cup Qatar.................................. 36 Gambar III.I Kamar mandi pekerja yang kotor dan tidak dilengkapi air................... 50 Tabel IV.I Hubungan dan bentuk diplomasi kebudayaan......................................... 60 Gambar IV.II Proses pengerjaan stadion dekat wilayah soug Wagif........................ 61 x DAFTAR SINGKATAN FIFA Federation International Football Association QFA Qatar Federation Association AFC The Asian Football Confederation UEFA The Union of European Football GDP Gross Domestic Bruto UDHR Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia F.C Football Club HAM Hak Asasi Manusia PBB Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa IOM International Organization of Migration QF Qatar Foundation QA Qatar Airways Exco Executive Committe xi DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran I Kutipan wawancara dengan Bapak Ade Wellington selaku Sekjen .... ........... PSSI periode 2016-2020. xii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Pernyataan Masalah Skripsi ini membahas tentang diplomasi Qatar dalam mempertahankan status quo tuan rumah Piala Dunia 2022. Untuk mempertahankan status quonya, Qatar menggunakan olahraga sepakbola sebagai alat diplomasi. Diplomasi semacam ini disebut juga sebagai diplomasi kebudayaan yang mana diplomasi itu telah memiliki kedudukan yang sama dengan diplomasi politik.1 Olahraga telah menjadi barometer ideal dalam hubungan internasional terkait dalam ketegangan antar bangsa, serta ambisi nasional. Sebagai contoh bagaimana pengadaan acara olahraga besar dapat bersinggungan dengan politik diperlihatkan pada olimpiade 1936 2 di Berlin yang digunakan oleh Hitler dalam mempropagandakan Jerman yang unggul dan terbuka. Bahkan Indonesia menggunakan acara olahraga untuk menunjukan dirinya pada dunia memperlihatkan kemajuan bangsa
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