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Chapter One: Introduction
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF IL DUCE TRACING POLITICAL TRENDS IN THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN MEDIA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF FASCISM by Ryan J. Antonucci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 Changing Perceptions of il Duce Tracing Political Trends in the Italian-American Media during the Early Years of Fascism Ryan J. Antonucci I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Ryan J. Antonucci, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Brian Bonhomme, Committee Member Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Carla Simonini, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Date Ryan J. Antonucci © 2013 iii ABSTRACT Scholars of Italian-American history have traditionally asserted that the ethnic community’s media during the 1920s and 1930s was pro-Fascist leaning. This thesis challenges that narrative by proving that moderate, and often ambivalent, opinions existed at one time, and the shift to a philo-Fascist position was an active process. Using a survey of six Italian-language sources from diverse cities during the inauguration of Benito Mussolini’s regime, research shows that interpretations varied significantly. One of the newspapers, Il Cittadino Italo-Americano (Youngstown, Ohio) is then used as a case study to better understand why events in Italy were interpreted in certain ways. -
Congressional Record—Senate S 10075
July 14, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð SENATE S 10075 of South Vietnam, he was placed under house tograph of the March 16, 1968, My Lai mas- Private visits and business relationships arrest for ``re-education'' when the com- sacre that shocked the conscience of Amer- are pushing the process along. Just this munist North captured Saigon in 1975. But ica adorns one wall. Other photos show the week, a Massachusetts trade delegation led later he emerged as the principal economic deforming effects of U.S. bombs and the defo- by Lt. Gov. Paul Cellucci is talking business adviser to the unified government, was al- liant Agent Orange on the women and chil- in VietnamÐbusiness that can create local lowed to set up an international manage- dren of Vietnam. jobs. And the U.S. already has opened a dip- ment and finance company, and eventually There are, of course, no similar photos of lomatic liaison office in Hanoi. became a millionaire again. the hurt and sorrow caused by the North Vi- The next logical step is to exchange am- ``I gambled (by not fleeing Vietnam), and I etnamese military. To the victor goes the bassadors, and there's little to be gained by won,'' he said. ``My message to American privilege of selecting which images of war's waiting. The sooner we open an embassy, the business is you can also win.'' hell go on public display. better we'll be positioned to expand trade, Still, most U.S. companies are cautious American planes, tanks, bombs and other investment and influence in this vibrant na- about investing in Vietnam right now. -
Ken Magazine, the Consumer Market, and the Spanish Civil
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of English POLITICS, THE PRESS, AND PERSUASIVE AESTHETICS: SHAPING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN AMERICAN PERIODICALS A Dissertation in English by Gregory S. Baptista © 2009 Gregory S. Baptista Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2009 ii The dissertation of Gregory S. Baptista was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark S. Morrisson Associate Professor of English Graduate Director Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Robin Schulze Professor of English Department Head Sandra Spanier Professor of English and Women’s Studies James L.W. West III Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of English Philip Jenkins Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of the Humanities *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the presentation of the Spanish Civil War in selected American periodicals. Understanding how war-related works functioned (aesthetically and rhetorically) requires a nuanced view of the circumstances of their production and an awareness of their immediate cultural context. I consider means of creation and publication to examine the complex ways in which the goals of truth-seeking and truth-shaping interacted—and were acted upon by the institutional dynamics of periodical production. By focusing on three specific periodicals that occupied different points along a line leading outward from the mainstream of American culture, I examine the ways in which certain pro- Loyalist writers and editors attempted to shape the truth of the Spanish war for American readers within the contexts and inherent restrictions of periodical publication. I argue that responses to the war in these publications are products of a range of cultural and institutional forces that go beyond the political affiliations or ideological stances of particular writers. -
Fascism and Right-Wing Extremism in Pennsylvania, 1933-1942
31 "It Can't Happen Here": Fascism and Right-Wing Extremism in Pennsylvania, 1933-1942 Philip Jenkins The Pennsylvania State University 1The local history of American fascism remains to be written.' If we con- sider the numerous books on fascism and fascist movements written over the last half century, there is an elaborate historiography for virtually every fringe move- ment in most countries of Europe and the Americas, with the conspicuous excep- tion of the United States.2 However, it would be misleading to suggest that Ameri- cans were singularly lucky in escaping this particular political temptation. In real- ity, between about 1920 and 1945, fascist groups of every tendency flourished in the United States and often achieved significant popular support. As the nation approached what seemed inevitable participation in the Second World War, the degree of support for far-Right movements caused great concern both on the po- litical Left and in law enforcement agencies. There were a number of official inves- tigations and investigative exposes by journalists, who charged that the fascist-lean- ing groups were indeed conspiring with foreign governments to undertake sabo- tage and terrorist violence. The truth of such charges remains uncertain, and of course the America that entered the war was, mercifully, almost wholly free of the feared fifth column ac- tivities. However, this does not mean that the earlier investigators had been en- gaged in unsupported panic-mongering, or that the violence of which they warned might not have occurred if events had developed somewhat differently. In the late 1930s, there were millions of Americans with at least some sympathy for the cause of the Axis powers. -
Annotative Journalism in IF Stone's Weekly and Talking Points Memo
JOU0010.1177/1464884914545740JournalismGraves 545740research-article2014 Article Journalism 2015, Vol. 16(1) 99 –118 Blogging Back then: Annotative © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: journalism in I.F. Stone’s Weekly sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1464884914545740 and Talking Points Memo jou.sagepub.com Lucas Graves University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA Abstract This article develops the concept of ‘annotative journalism’ through a close review of two muckraking investigations, 50 years apart, by the newsletter I.F. Stone’s Weekly and the website Talking Points Memo. These cases stand out in hindsight as investigative coups, though neither relied on the tools we associate with that kind of journalism: anonymous sources, secret documents, and so on. Instead, both investigations proceeded mainly through the analysis of published texts, in particular news reports, in light of a wider media and political critique. Annotative journalism unsettles core practices and assumptions of objective reporting. It rejects narrative coherence in favor of a set of critical textual practices, revealing reporting routines to the reader and building explicit arguments from and about the work of other journalists. And it troubles the professional distinction between reporting and opinion; these ‘scoops’ came through, not in spite of, the politics of the journalists who worked on them. Keywords Annotation, blogging, I.F. Stone, intertextuality, muckraking, objectivity Introduction Online journalism in general, and blogging in particular, have invited frequent compari- sons to earlier eras of journalism: to ancien regime France, to pre-revolutionary pam- phleteering, to the party press of the 19th century (e.g. Barlow, 2007; Darnton, 2010). -
Alwood, Edward, Dark Days in the Newsroom
DARK DAYS IN THE NEWSROOM DARK DAYS in the NEWSROOM McCarthyism Aimed at the Press EDWARD ALWOOD TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia PA 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2007 by Edward Alwood All rights reserved Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America Text design by Lynne Frost The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alwood, Edward. Dark days in the newsroom : McCarthyism aimed at the press / Edward Alwood. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 13: 978-1-59213-341-3 ISBN 10: 1-59213-341-X (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 13: 978-1-59213-342-0 ISBN 10: 1-59213-342-8 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Anti-communist movements—United States—History—20th century. 2. McCarthy, Joseph, 1908–1957—Relations with journalists. 3. Journalists— United States—History—20th century. 4. Journalists—United States— Political activity—History—20th century. 5. Press and politics—United States—History—20th century. 6. United States—Politics and government— 1945–1953. 7. United States—Politics and government—1953–1961. I. Title. E743.5.A66 2007 973.921—dc22 2006034205 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 In Memoriam Margaret A. Blanchard Teacher, Mentor, and Friend Do the people of this land . desire to preserve those so carefully protected by the First Amendment: Liberty of religious worship, freedom of speech and of the press, and the right as freemen peaceably to assemble and petition their government for a redress of grievances? If so, let them withstand all beginnings of encroachment. -
Communist Party Gene Dennis
20c. \ MAY 1940 THE B.QLSHEVIZATION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY GENE DENNIS ' SOCIAL-DEMOCRATISM: THE MAIN OBSTACLE TO OVERCOME (REV.IEW OF THE MONTH) THE HAYMARKET MARTYRS AND MAY DAY,. 1940 OAKLEY JOHNSON .THE VATICAN AND ROOSEVELT LOUIS F. BUDENZ ,' ZIONISM AND THE IMPERIALIST WAR PAUL NOVICK FOR SPRING PUBLICATION Dialectics of Nature, by Fre9erick Engels . $2.50 Translated into English for the first time by Clemens .. Du tt, witn an introduction by J. B. S. Haldane, this invaluable wo rk on dialectical materialism and the I natuq;l l_scie[l ces has been _eagerly_awaited by Ameri can readers. Its publication in May constitutes an · important contribution t~ the al'senal of Marxism . Leninism. Why Farmers Are Poor: The Agricultural Crisis in the ' ... United States, by An.na Rochester $2.50 The scope of thi.s- fundamental study of the farm problem in the United States is indicated by some <?f the chapter neadings: Agriculture as Part of Capi talist Economy; How Capitalism Develops Wi+hin Agricultu re; Rent and Land Tenure; Farm Wage Workers; The Crisis of Small F<!rmers; The Farmers' Price Problem, etc. Salute to-Spring, by -Meridel Le Sueur $1.50 A volume of short stories which have been highly praised by many critics. Some of the .selections in this b~ok include: " No W ine in His C art," "Fable of a Man and Pigeons," "A Hungry Intellectual," "Biography of My Daughter," "Tonight Is Part of the Struggle." • Order from W 0 R K E R S L I B R A R Y .P U B L. -
The Duce, Or the Romance of Undemocratic Governing
PART THREE The Duce, or the Romance of Undemocratic Governing 7 Promoting a Romantic Biography The public man is born “public”—he bears the stigma from his birth. [. .] He can never escape it. [. .] I am perfectly resigned to my lot as a public man. In fact, I am enthusiastic about it. Mussolini, 19251 The rise of Benito Mussolini on the world stage is conventionally associated with the March on Rome of late October 1922, which forced the Italian king to appoint the Fascist leader to the post of prime minister. The American media coverage of the events was extensive: interest in his striking rise to power, original personality, and leadership pervaded daily reports and editorials. Soon periodicals devoted commentary and illustrations to the iconic Fascist leader, and within a few short years newsreels began to feature him as an alluring celebrity. Economic and geo- political factors explain the interest that American financial and political centers had in his anti-Communist leadership but do not clarify his status as an iconic public personality, which resulted from a host of public relations efforts informing an intense media coverage. In truth, Mussolini had already attracted the attention of a very limited but not inconsequential group of individuals years before the March on Rome. After the United States joined the hostilities, American officials found themselves ben- efitting from this pro-war socialist’s remarkable ability of stirring public opinion to accept Italy’s participation in the conflict and alliance with the United States. In the late 1910s and early 1920s, he positioned himself as an invaluable anti-Bolshevik interlocutor and a loyal ally to financial centers seeking to invest in a strike-free nation. -
HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES Amendment Bills of the House of the Fol Lowing .Titles: 1103
118 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 13 citizens of Massachusetts, advocating enact 1109. By Mr. MILLER of Maryland: Peti which is good for humanity, and thus ment of universal military training; to the tion of 85 citizens of Snow Hill, Md., in sup keep America strong and courageous, Committee on Armed Services. port of S. 265, a. bill to prohibit the trans 1093. By Mr. JENKINS of Pennsylvania: portation of alcoholic-beverage advertising that she may fulfill her assigned des Petition of K. McNally, legislative chairman in interstate commerce and the broadcasting tiny. In every crisis of our country, of the American Legion Auxiliary, No. 592, of alcoholic-beverage advertising over the vouchsafe to make us free from weak White Haven, Pa., containing the signatures radio; to the Committee on Interstate and ness and uncertainty, and constrain us of 62 residents of White Haven, urging the Foreign Commerce. to do the right in all ministries of Chris enactment during the Eightieth Congress of 1110. By Mr. PATMAN: Petition of M. L. tian service. 0 give our land a release legislation establishing a system of universal Johnson, Jr., Texarkana, Tex., and a num from the confusion of tongues, and to military training, as recommended by the ber of other people, urging the Eightieth all doubting ones send the challenge President's Advisory Commission on Uni Congress to support and vote for legislation versal Training; to the Committee on Armed establishing a system of universal military that in the encroachment of any pagan Services. training, as recommended by the President's philosophy America is in the hands of 1094. -
Origins of Fascism
><' -3::> " ORIGINS OF FASCISM by Sr. M. EVangeline Kodric, C.. S .. A. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette Unive,r s1ty in Partial FulfillmeIlt of the Re qUirements for the Degree of Master of Arts M1lwaukee, Wisconsin January, -1953 ',j;.",:, ':~';'~ INTRODUCTI ON When Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919, he " was a political parvenu who had to create his ovm ideological pedigree. For this purpose he drew upon numerous sources of the past and cleverly adapted them to the conditions actually existing in Italy during the postwar era. The aim of this paper 1s to trace the major roots of the ideology and to in terpret some of the forces that brought about the Fascistic solution to the economic and political problems as t hey ap peared on the Italian scene. These problems, however, were not peculiar to Italy alone. Rather they were problems that cut across national lines, and yet they had to be solved within national bounda ries. Consequently, the idea that Fascism is merely an ex tension of the past is not an adequate explanation for the coming of Fascism; nor is the idea that Fascism is a mo mentary episode in history a sufficient interpr etat ion of the phenomenon .. ,As Fascism came into its own , it evolved a political philosophy, a technique of government, which in tUrn became an active force in its own right. And after securing con trol of the power of the Italian nation, Fascism, driven by its inner logic, became a prime mover in insti gating a crwin of events that precipitated the second World War. -
Front Matter
Cecil_J Edgar Hoover & Amer Press 11/19/13 1:39 PM Page v © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Preface ix Introduction 1 1. The FBI’s Ongoing Crisis of Legitimacy 12 2. A Bureau Built for Public Relations 43 3. Enforcing the Bureau’s Image of Restraint 76 4. Silencing a “Useful Citizen” 101 5. Investigating Critics on the Left 124 6. Dividing the Press 156 7. Engaging Defenders in the Press 177 8. Corresponding with Friends in the Press 193 9. Managing Friends in the Broadcast Media 217 10. Renewing the FBI Story in Bureau-Authorized Books 239 11. Building a Television Audience 265 Conclusion 282 Notes 289 Selected Bibliography 339 Index 345 Cecil_J Edgar Hoover & Amer Press 11/19/13 1:39 PM Page vi © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. Cecil_J Edgar Hoover & Amer Press 11/19/13 1:39 PM Page vii © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Reporters interviewing “Hoover” 7 2. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer 17 3. J. Edgar Hoover at his Justice Department desk 20 4. Harlan Fiske Stone 23 5. Louis B. Nichols 29 6. Hoover congratulates assistant director William C. Sullivan 32 7. Columnist and broadcaster Walter Winchell 38 8. President Roosevelt signs into law the Twelve Point Crime Control Program 49 9. Hoover speaks with unidentified reporters 53 10. Washington Star reporter Neil “Rex” Collier fingerprints Hoover 59 11. -
The Business Plot in the American Press by Bradley M. Galka
The Business Plot in the American Press by Bradley M. Galka B.S., University at Albany, 2015 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2017 Approved by: Major Professor Donald J. Mrozek Copyright © Bradley Galka 2017. Abstract In the fall of 1934 Major General Smedley Butler, U.S.M.C. (ret.) testified before Congress that he had been approached by a representative of a cabal of wealthy Wall Street bankers, powerful industrial magnates, and shady political operatives to lead a fascist coup to overthrow the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Congress investigated Butler’s allegations of a conspiracy against the government and deemed them to be true. The American news media, however, was noticeably divided in the nature of their coverage of the congressional investigation. Previous historians have claimed that elements of the American news media were markedly sympathetic toward fascism in the United States during the 1930s. An analysis of the newspaper coverage of this investigation reveals a stark contrast between ways in which media outlets headed by individuals suspected of fascist sympathies portrayed the story as opposed to media outlets known to be editorially anti-fascist. These findings lend credence to previous historians’ claims about identifiably pro-fascist strains in the American media during the time in question. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................