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PANEL DISCUSSION: Australia and the Pacific: Islands at Sea in a Sea of Islands

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PANEL DISCUSSION: Australia and the Pacific: Islands at Sea in a Sea of Islands TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL SESSION Biodiversity Ecosystem Services and Resilient Societies _______________2 Information Communication Technologies for Sustainable Development ______________16 Food Water Energy and Health ______________26 Society Culture and Gender ______________38 Governance, Economic Development and Public Policy ______________44 Climate Change and Impacts ______________58 Oceans ______________70 SPECIAL SESSIONS Natural Hazards and Sustainability ______________82 Natural Solutions – Building Resilience for a Changing Pacific ______________87 Climate Change and Health in the Pacific ______________90 Risk Management and Sustainable use of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service in Coastal Zone Ecosystems ______________94 Coastal Management in Island States ______________98 st Education, Science, Teaching and Learning in the 21 Century in the Pacific ______________01 Women Science and Human Security ______________06 Building Resilience through Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) ______________10 Fragility Versus Resilience in Pacific Ecosystems under Global Change a PABITRA Perspective ______________18 Biodiversity in Melanesia ______________25 Sustainable Aquaculture ______________32 Oceans and Nations ______________35 Australia and the Pacific: Islands at Sea in a Sea of Island ______________37 National Violence Against Women Prevalence Studies in the Pacific Region – From Data to Action ______________38 POSTER SESSIONS Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Resilient Societies _____________141 Food, Water, Energy and Health _____________147 Society, Culture and Gender _____________155 Climate Change 155 Page 1 of 159 Page 2 of 159 Market Valuation of Nutrients for Ecosystem Services for Large Scale Private Firms, Heidi von Korff, Stanford University, [email protected] Natural ecosystem services are currently being captured by the public policy sector. I am evaluating the private sector of decision-making for social responsibility of large-scale private firms when evaluated ecosystems services. Analyzing the motivation of finance streams on land development, by valuating nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and carbon in a parcel of land compared with an engineered system of a Waste Water Treatment Plant. Comparing case studies of the limits of saturation for coupled biogeochemistry nutrient streams, using the Century Soil Organic Matter computer model to simulate the conditions and validate the results based on measured data. The ecosystem service is measured from a mass balance equation from inputs of the nutrient steam and outputs decreasing. The process between the inputs and outputs are the ecosystem service of nutrient streams and particularly nitrogen fixation. There is more work that is needed for further analysis compared too more coupled nutrients for ecosystem system services, along with more ecosystem services identified. Key Words: ecosystem services valuation, sustainable land development, ecological economics, and decision Artificial Intelligence Methods for Problems in Systems Biology: Metabolic Flux Analysis Rohitash Chandra, 1School of Computing, Information and Mathematical Sciences Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment University of the South Pacific, [email protected] Bioinformatics involves the use of artificial intelligence and computer science methods for tackling problems in systems biology and mining biological data. Metabolic engineering is a major discipline in systems biology. Metabolic fluxes are the key determinants of cellular metabolism. They are estimated from stable isotope labeling experiments and provide the informative parameters in evaluating cell physiology and causes of disease. Metabolic flux analysis involves in solving a system of non-linear isotopomer balance equations by simulating the isotopic labeling distributions, which is essentially an optimization problem. In this presentation, it is shown how cooperative coevolution optimization, which is an artificial intelligence method, is used for the metabolic flux analysis problem. Although, the proposed approach makes good progress, there exists a number of limitations that need to be addressed in the future to meet the expectation of the biologists. Key Words: (Open Source Software, Linux, Open Office, Education). Using a Species Distribution Model to Identify Areas of Suitable Habitat for the Endangered Fijian Forest Podocarp Acmopyle sahniana Sarah Pene1 , Alifereti Naikatini2, and Marika Tuiwawa3, 1University of the South Pacific, [email protected], 2University of the South Pacific, [email protected], 3University of the South Pacific, [email protected] Acmopyle sahniana (Podocarpaceae) is a critically endangered forest tree known currently from only the island of Viti Levu in Fiji. Its closest relative (and only other species in the genus) is A. pancheri, endemic to New Caledonia 1200km south west of Fiji. All sites of A. sahniana in Fiji have been located at elevations above 600m, generally on or in close proximity to, exposed mountain ridgetops. Known until recently from only two sites on Viti Levu, biodiversity surveys in recent years have discovered four additional populations, some of which are under threat from mining and logging operations. In this study the locations of all extant populations in Fiji were analysed with a suite of environmental variables, including climate, soils, geology and topography, and used to construct a model to predict areas of suitable habitat for this threatened species. The resulting suitability map is an important tool for the planning of priority survey areas and the discovery of new populations, as well as land-use planning for the effective conservation of existing populations. Long-term monitoring of existing populations could provide an early warning of population decline, in which case these areas of suitable habitat could be considered for a possible reintroduction programme. Key Words: (distribution model, maxent, Acmopyle, Fiji). Page 3 of 159 Invasive Potential of Two Non-Native Plant Species in Fiji Apaitia R. Macanawai Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Weed Research Unit, Plant Protection Section, Koronivia Research Station, P.O Box 77, Nausori, Fiji Islands, [email protected] Studies were conducted on two non-native plants species in Fiji, Wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata (L.), Pruski and Spermacoce latifolia Blume to determine their invasive potential. Wedelia mainly reproduces vegetatively but its ability to reproduce by seed is relatively unknown. A soil seed bank study was undertaken in monospecific stand of S. trilobata in Sawani, Natavea and Wainivesi in south-east Viti Levu, Fiji in March 2012. There were c. 3,800 (17 %), 2,100 (11 %) and 2,600 (6 %) germinable S. trilobata seeds m-2 in the soil seed bank in Wainivesi, Sawani and Natavea respectively. This study has demonstrated that seeds of S. trilobata may have a role to play in the spread of the invasive species in Fiji. On another study, a weed survey and a soil seed bank assessment to identify the most prominent weed species in taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were conducted in Lomaivuna, Naitasiri Province. For the weed survey, ten farms were randomly selected and in each farm ten x 1.0 m2 quadrats were sampled using a zigzag method of sampling. In the soil seed bank study, five were randomly selected from the ten farms surveyed and in each farm four x 1.0 m2 quadrats were sampled. There was an average of 12 weed species found in the above-ground weed community in taro and cassava farms. S. latifolia was the most predominant weed. It recorded a density of c. 42%, frequency value of c. 98% and has the largest germinable soil seed bank. Farmers should aim to reduce the size of the soil seed bank of S. latifolia to ensure its impact on crop yields and potential spread is minimised. Key Words: Sphagneticola trilobata, wedelia, Fiji, soil seed bank Biodiversity Modelling for Rock Islands in Palau’s Southern Lagoon, World Heritage Site Christopher Kitalong1,2,3,4, Van Ray Tadao1, Clarence Kitalong2, McKnight MacArthur2, Ann Kitalong1,2, Dwight Kincaid3, Michael Balick4 1Belau National Museum, [email protected] The Environment, INC, [email protected] 3The Graduate Centre, CUNY, [email protected], 4The New York Botanical Gardens, [email protected] The Rock Islands Southern Lagoon located in Koror State the Republic of Palau (134°20’34.48°E, 7°14’48.93°N) are currently a World Heritage Site. The RISL World Heritage area is 859 square kilometres and includes 445 limestone islands. PABITRA transects have been established in the Ulong, Mecherchar, Ngeruktabel Island groups and Ngerukewid Preserve within the RISL. We have based these transect locations on three factors: proximity to large volcanic island biomass, size of island and degree of human impact to compare biodiversity. Utilizing these indicators we look at biodiversity indicators and create a model that can be used to give a relative biodiversity scale for any island within this World Heritage site as a tool for comparative analysis and future monitoring of biodiversity. In addition, we analyse plant use data to anthropological data. Key Words: Palau Rock Islands, Ethnobotany, Biodiversity and Ecology. Using Biodiversity and Culture to Identify Forest Conservation Priorities on Malaita Island, Solomon Islands Edgar John Maeniuta Pollard1 1University of the South Pacific, [email protected] The study aimed to identify
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