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Unit 1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY of ASIA

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Unit 1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY of ASIA Unit 1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA Vocabulary Words 1. Geography 13. Pressure 25. Temperature 2. Continents 14. Current 26. Steppe 3. Boundary 15. Topography 27. Coniferous 4. Population 16. Vegetation 28. Peat 5. Uninhabited 17. Huge 6. Latitude 18. Swampy 7. Hemisphere 19. Frozen 8. Landscape 20. Permanent 9. Climate 21. Lichen 10. Coastal 22. Moss 11. Plateaus 23. Continental 12. Plains 24. Vast The Physical Geography of Asia Over 400 years ago, Europeans divided the world into four continents: Africa, America, Asia and Europe. At this time, nothing was known about Antarctica or Australia. Each of the four continents represented the four corners of the world: Europe in the north, Africa in the south, the America in the west and Asia in the east. Asia is part of a large mass known as Eurasia which also includes Europe. Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia. Geologically, Asia and Europe are not separate land masses QUICK FACTS ABOUT ASIA About 60 percent of the worlds population live in Asia Everest is the worlds highest mountain peak, Everest is in the Himalayas at 8, 848 meters The lowest land area is around the Dead Sea which is 400 meters below sea level The north of Siberia has the coldest land temperature on Earth The Assam territorial boundary in India has the highest annual record of rainfall in the world Asia cities have the highest population densities in the world Some cities areas of Asia are uninhabited Mt. Everest The Dead Sea Physical Geography is the study of the natural environments and features around us. This includes the land (topography), water(hydrology), weather(climatology) and living things(biogeography). A. Physical features: Asia is the largest continent (44,391, 162 square kilometer), comprising one-third of the total land area in the world. Asia is five times larger than Australia (the smallest continent) but has 120 times the population. The distance from north to south is approximately 6, 500 kilometers, and east to west 9, 600 kilometers. B. Location and Area Mainland Asia is in the northern hemisphere. oTo the North is the Arctic Ocean. The northernmost point is Russia, at latitude 770 degrees , 45 minutes North o To the East is the Pacific Ocean. The easternmost point is in Russia, at longitude 169 degrees , 40 minutes West o To the South is the Indian Ocean. The southernmost point is in Malaysia, approximately 150 kilometers north of Equator, at latitude 1 degree, 15 minutes North oTo the West are the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains and the Ural Mountains. The westernmost point is in Turkey at longitude 26 degrees, 4 minutes East. oThe exact boundary between Asia and Europe is not fixed. C. Climate Mainland Asia is in the Northern Hemisphere and covers an area stretching from the Arctic to the equator The central region of a large mass, such as Asia, has more extreme climate than the coastal regions. This is because of the influence of large bodies of water which moderates the local climate. Temperature differences between day and night and between summer and winter can be large in the center of Asia. Altitudes also affects the local climate, for example the flat plains of Delhi at latitude 28 degrees north never have snowfall but the Himalayan peaks at the same latitude are covered with snow and ice all year round. High plateaus have more extreme temperature than low plains. The seasonal monsoon winds greatly influence large areas of Asia. Monsoon winds are the result of the difference between temperature and atmospheric pressure between the continental land mass and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The large movements of air masses in the summer also create storms from Indian Ocean and typhoons from the Pacific Ocean. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF ASIA - Based on topography, climate and vegetation, Asia is often divided into the following sub – regions: 1. North Asia 2. Central Asia 3. South Asia 4. East Asia 5. West Asia 6. South-east Asia . Each region can be subdivided into climate zones and vegetation zones. Each region may have more than one type of climate and vegetation zone and may share similar types of zones with other regions. Each region is described on the next page and the dominant climate and vegetation zones are also described. NORTH ASIA North Asia consist almost entirely of Siberia, a huge area of cold, flat land in the West Plains Northeast of Russia. Siberia makes up about three-quarters of the total area of Russia. Despite its vast area, most of the region is sparsely populated due to the The main extremely cold climate and land which is infertile or permanently frozen. geographical zones in The West Siberian Plain is very flat and very swampy in the short North Asia summer, but frozen in the long winter. The Central Plateau is extremely ancient and very rich in minerals, Eastern Central Plateau Mountains the conditions for mining are very difficult. In the extreme north near the arctic coast is the arctic zone, also called the Tundra. The winters are very long and extremely cold and the soil is permanently frozen and snow-covered. The tundra is treeless and the natural vegetation is lichen and moss. In the north of the region is the semi-arctic zone, also called Taiga. The natural vegetation includes long stretches of coniferous forest. The taiga has long winters and very cold weather Location: Siberia has borders with Mongolia (3, 441 km) and China (3,605 km.) Climate: The climate is continental, with short, warm summers and very long, cold winters. Ice and snow cover most of the region for about six months of the year. The average temperature is -28Celsius on the coast to -50 degrees Celsius inland. Landscape: The Ural Mountains in the west are a north south range that divides Western Russia and Siberia in Asia. Most Siberia consists of vast plains and makes up about 75% of the total area of Russia. The plains are covered by steppe in the south, coniferous forest in the north and tundra along the northern coast. The West Siberian Plain The western plain is a large plain with an area about 3 million square kilometer. It occupies the western portion of Siberia between the Ural Mountains and the Yenisey River. It extends 2, 500 km from north to south, and 1, 900 km from west to east. The region is very flat. A rise of fifty meters in sea level would cause all land between the Arctic Ocean and the city of Novosibirsk to be covered. The main rivers are the Ob and Yenisey Rivers. Vegetation is treeless tundra in the north, taiga in the middle and steppes in the south. Tundra Taiga Steppe The Central Siberian Plateau The Central Plateau is extremely ancient. It lies between the Yenisey and Lena Rivers and extends over 3.5 million square km. the highest part being up to 1, 700 meters. Almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost and most is covered with coniferous forests. The plateaus major river is the Tunguska River. Coniferous forest Tunguska River Permafrost Eastern Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula The worlds lowest temperature for inhabited places have been recorded in the Eastern Siberia and there is deep snow cover for most of the year. Several mountain ranges of various ages run north to south in the eastern region such as the Verkhoyansk Mountains. These are about 1, 000 km long and up to almost three thousand meters in height. They form a vast area between the Lena River to the west and the Yana River to the east. Above a few hundred meters, the mountains have no vegetation at all. The many valleys are deep and covered with larch forest except in the extreme north where tundra dominates. The Kamchatka Peninsula is on the extreme eastern coastline. In the central valley is the Kamchatka River which is flanked by mountain ranges. The peninsula contains about 160 volcanoes of which 29 are active. The peninsula has the highest density of volcanoes in the world. The most beautiful volcano is Kronotsky. Kronotsky Volcano Kamchatka River RIVERS th Lena River = is the 10 longest river Yana River = is only 872 km in the world. At the mouth of the long but its annual flow Lena River is a delta that is about totals about 25 cubic 400 km wide. The delta is frozen kilometers tundra for about 7 months of the Lake Baikal = in southern Siberia is 636 km long and year. 80 km wide Yenisey River = is Siberia’s 3rd = the largest freshwater longest river at 5, 500 km lake in Asia Ob River = is the Siberia’s 4th = the deepest lake in the longest river at 5, 410 km world CENTRAL ASIA Central Asia is a large land-locked region in the center of the continent It has extremely varied geography, including many high plateaus and mountains, vast deserts and treeless grasslands The Central Region is comprised of numerous high plateaus and mountains that separate South, West and East The geographical dividing line is called the Pamir Knot or Pamir Dunya (Himalayas) meaning the roof of the world The highest plateau of the central region is Tibet Plateau The largest areas of vegetation are high coniferous forest, grassland, savanna, scrubland and desert The semi-desert grassland zone comprises the east side of Mongolia and north-west China The desert zone includes the Gobi desert, the Thar desert and the Plateau of Tibet The temperature in the high altitude zone decreases at an approximate rate of 1 degree Celsius for every 170 meters of altitude Important river basins include the Tigris and Euphrates River basins in Iraq and Iran LOCATION Kazakhstan is in Central Asia and stretches over a vast expanse of Asia.
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