African Journal of Agriculture Technology and Environment Vol. 6(1): 106-117 June, 2017

E-ISSN: 2346-7290 Ecosystem services and mapping of amenity trees in Zoo,

*Oladele A.T. and Udo N.E. Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria *Corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected])

ABSTRACT This paper reports the benefits, which selected stakeholders derive from amenity trees in , Nigeria. Two sets of structured questionnaires were administered for data collection among some stakeholders - tourist (99) and residents in the neighbourhood (98), between August and November, 2015. The trees encountered were identified while their benefits to respondents’ were noted and co-ordinates carefully recorded with GPS equipment and subsequently mapped. Results revealed that 41.4% of the tourists were attracted to the park by trees and animals, 39.4% were attracted by the serenity and cool breeze derived under and around the trees. Some tourists visited for collection of plant parts for medicine (18.0%). Benefits derived from the amenity trees by the neighbourhood around the zoo include: cool breeze (35.0%), serene/scenic view of the environment (21.0%), noise reduction (26.0%), games/ bird viewing (10.0%) and local medicinal plants collection (8.0%). In all, 84 amenity trees were encountered in the zoo park comprising 29 species belonging to 18 families. Identified stakeholders were observed to derive environmental, psychological, social and livelihood support benefits from the amenity trees.

Keywords: Urban trees, Ecosystem services, Zoo stakeholders, medicinal plants.

INTRODUCTION avenues and walkways, city parks and Urban trees play active roles in providing recreation centres, institutions (schools, goods and services, improve livelihood, and research centres, hospitals and public enhance the wellbeing of inhabitants buildings), zoological gardens and other (Fuwape and Onyekwelu, 2011). These roles forms of urban biodiversity conservation can be divided into consumptive (Timber, areas. foods, fuel-wood and medicine) and non- consumptive (ecological and social services The concept of urban forest was reported to such as environmental protection and be well developed in western world and that amelioration, biodiversity conservation, it forms part of urban development plans recreation, beautification and water shed (Simpson and McPherson, 2007; Nowak et protection). Trees in urban areas are also al., 2010); however this is not the case in referred to as amenity trees for the sub Saharan West African countries. In invaluable services they rendered for Nigeria, planned urban trees are mostly humans (Coder, 2004). Amenity trees are restricted to elite’s residential areas usually usually planted in residential facilities, referred to as Government Reservation

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Areas (GRAs) in capital cities and and social services. This may be linked to institutions. They are also available in local high literacy level, modernisation and or community parks, which are scanty and relatively high per capita income in North only exist in major cities. Port Harcourt zoo America compared to the developing and are the only two public tropical countries. recreation centres stocked with trees in the city of Port Harcourt. Although there are The main objective of this study was to other recreation centres such as 3-5 star investigate the perceptions and benefits, Hotels, Golf club, Shell residential area park which selected stakeholders’, derive from and Polo club among other private facilities amenity trees in Port Harcourt Zoo, Nigeria. containing trees but they are not open to the public. Globally, trees are important component of zoological gardens (Ayodele METHODOLOGY and Alarape, 1998; Ayoade et al., 2012; Study Area Lane, 2015; Choudhury, 2015). They The study was conducted in Port Harcourt provide shade, food and shelter for the zoological garden, Trans Amadi area, Obio- animals and mimic those in natural forest Akpor Local Government Area (LGA), environment for good animal health. Other , Nigeria, which is popularly benefits include: provision of appealing and known as Port Harcourt Zoo. Port Harcourt serene environment for tourists and as picnic city comprised (Obio-Akpo, Ikwerre and area apart from crucial to educating visitors Port Harcourt LGAs) and lies along Bonny about biodiversity and importance of habitat River in the Niger Delta region. It has preservation. estimated population of 1,189,838 persons (NPC, 2010). The city is under the influence Perceptions of different stakeholders about of tropical monsoon climate, characterized trees in zoos vary based on culture, by lengthy rainy periods and short dry education and levels of social and economic seasons (December and February). development of the people. Residents in the Precipitation is highest (370mm) in neighbourhood of Agodi gardens in Ibadan, September; average temperature is 25◦C - Nigeria once see garden trees as potential 28◦C (Wizor, 2014). Trans Amadi is a 92500 firewood and fertile arable land due to acre industrial and residential poverty (Ayodele and Alarape, 1998) while neighbourhood (Fig. 1). The zoological park trees in Giza zoo, Egypt were perceived by was established in 1974, opened for public the neighbourhood as providing recreational use on October 1st, 1975 and is currently services in the 1970s (El-Messiri, 2004). managed by the Rivers state Ministry of Wyman et al., 2012 observed that Culture and Tourism. It attracts visitors from neighbourhoods’ of parks and gardens in within and around Port Harcourt city. North America perceived park trees as source of goods as well as environmental

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Fig.1: Map of Port Harcourt city showing location of the zoo

Data collection and analysis information on demographic characters, reasons and frequency of visit, benefits Data for the study was collected by (social, cultural, psychological, ethno- administering pre-tested questionnaires botanical) and perceived functions of the among randomly selected tourists (99) and trees located in the zoological garden. Co- neighbourhood residents (98) between ordinates of the trees were taken with the August and November 2015. Three (3) help of a modern Global positioning system major stakeholders (Government/Zoo Staff, (G.P.S) facility. Resulting data was Tourists and Neighbourhood residents) were subjected to descriptive statistics, tables, considered out of which two were selected bars and graphs. Tree co-ordinates were randomly for questionnaire administration. used to produce map of amenity trees in the Questions were designed to elicit zoo.

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RESULTS composed of higher number of males Demographic parameters of stakeholders (57.6%) than females (42.4%) tourists while interviewed in the study showed that sex majority were aged below 40 years as distribution of tourists to Port Harcourt zoo reflected in Table 1.

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of stakeholders in Port Harcourt Zoo Demographic Characters Tourist Neighbourhood (n = 99) Residents (n = 98) Freq. % Freq. % Sex Male 57 57.6 56 57.1 Female 42 42.4 42 42.9 Age (Years) Below 20 11 11.1 - - 20 – 30 40 40.4 35 35.7 31 – 40 37 37.4 37 37.8 41 – 50 9 9.1 10 10.2 Above 50 2 2.0 16 16.3 Marital status Married 56 56.6 58 59.2 Single 40 40.4 34 34.7 Separated 1 1.0 2 2.0 Widow(er) 2 2.0 4 4.1 Family size 1 – 5 61 61.6 65 66.3 6 – 10 36 36.4 29 29.6 Above 10 2 2.0 4 4.1 Residency (Tourist) Port Harcourt 89 89.9 - - Outside Port Harcourt 10 10.1 - - Residency Trans Amadi Ind. layout - - 33 33.7 (Neighborhood) Slaughter Area - - 18 18.4 Peter Odili Road - - 24 24.5 Total Grace Avenue - - 23 23.5 Source: Field survey, 2015

A greater percentage of the tourists were with modal (66.3%) family size of between married (56.5%) while 57.1% of them were 1 and 5 persons. Large family size is typical males. Some elderly individuals selected for of sub-Sahara Africa as documented by interview declined completing survey many workers (Bongaarts 2011; Taylor and questionnaires hence, most residents Maithya, 2007; Kama, 2017). About 46.0% available for the interview around the zoo of the tourists visit the zoo occasionally, were relatively young and aged 20 – 30 21.0% each visits weekly and monthly, years (35.7%), 31 – 40 (37.8%) and above respectively while 11.0% visits yearly (Fig. 50 years old (16.3%). Most of the residents 2). in the neighbourhood (59.2%) were married 109 African Journal of Agriculture Technology and Environment Vol. 6(1): 106-117 June, 2017

Fig. 2: Tourists frequency of visit to Port Harcourt zoo

About 41.4 % of tourists are motivated by trees and animals, animals only motivated 30.3% of the tourist, serenity and environmental coolness motivated 12.1% and trees only attracted 8.1% of the visitors to the zoo (Fig.3).

Fig. 3: Factors attracting tourist to Port Harcourt zoo

Benefits derived from Port Harcourt Zoo by scenic view of the environment, 26.0% Neighbourhoods perceive trees in the zoo as helping in noise Figure 4 shows 35.0% of the residents’ in reduction, 10.0% enjoy viewing birds that the zoo neighbourhood enjoy the benefit of visit the trees while 8.0% perceive their cool atmosphere due to the presence of trees collection of local medicinal plants and in the zoo, 21.0% of them enjoy beautiful edible fruits as benefits from the zoo.

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Fig. 4: Benefits derived from the zoo by the neighbourhood residents

Ethno-botanical utilization of protected in services, food, firewood, live fences, Port Harcourt Zoo ornamentals and treatment of various Table 2 shows that 29 species of trees were ailments locally such as malaria, sickle cell conserved in Port Harcourt zoo. Local anaemia, fire burn, diarrhoea and convulsion utilization include social and environmental among others.

Table 2: Ethno-botanical utilisation of Trees in Port Harcourt Zoo No Species name/Family Local Frequency Uses Mode of name/common /Abundance/ administration name Population 1 Gmelina 17 The tree trunk is used as Sawnwood. timber. Tree is Squeeze leaf and cultivated as an apply the juice to Gmelina arborea ornamental. Leaves the affected part. Roxb. (Verbanaceae) used to treat fire burn. 2 Irvingia gabonensis Ogbono 7 Fruit eaten as fruit. Fruit is eaten fresh Bailon. (Irvingiaceae) Cotyledon used as Seed is dried and thickener for soup. grinded 3 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus tree 5 The tree is cultivated as Cultivated as camadulensis Dehnh. an ornamental. ornamentals (Myrtaceae) 4 Palm tree 5 The fruit oil is used to Oil from the fruit is Elaeis guineensis Jacq. treat convulsion. drunk and rubbed (Aracaceae) on the child’s body 5 Delonix regia (Hook) Flamboyant tree 4 Firewood/Ornamental. Cultivated as Raf. (Mimosaceae) ornamentals. 6 Pentaclethra Ugba 4 Eaten as food. Seed is dried and macrophylla Benth. cook (Mimosacease) 7 Polyathia Police/Masqurade 3 Ornamental tree, Beautification Longifolia Blume tree Fuelwood and (Anonaceae) windbreak. 8 Anthocleista vogeli 3 For malaria treatment. Boil the leaves and

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Planchon. mango leaves, drink (Loganiaceae) the infusion. 9 Cola pachycarpa Schott Oiya/Achicha 2 Leaves are used to wash Boil with water and & Endl. (Sterculiaceae) off bad spirits (meta bath. Fruits physical). Fruits eaten mesocarp eaten as snack fresh. 10 Dacryodes edulis Ube, African pear 2 Fruits eaten as snack. Roast or boil fruits G.Don.f. (Burseraceae) 11 Sand paper tree 1 Fuelwood Leaves rubbed on smoked cooking Ficus exasperate Linn. pots to remove (Moraceae) sooths 12 Vitellaria paradoxa Uri/Ugbatirikun 2 The fruit oil is used to Fruit oil extracted Gaertner (Sapotaceae) treat convulsion. and used on the The fruit oil is used for affected parts. massage. 13 Hura 2 The tree is cultivated as Cultivated as Hura crepitans an ornamental. ornamentals and for Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) shade. 14 2 Fire wood, Timber Sawnwood, Dry Albizia zygia Durazz. and split for (Fabaceae) firewood 15 Funtumia elasitca Okpo 1 Fish poison Mix seed with sand (Preuss) Stapf. and broadcast in (Apocynaceae) stream as poison. 16 Psidium guajava Linn. Guava tree 1 Leaves are used to treat Boil leaf and take (Myrtaceae) diarrhoea. the infusion 17 Terminalia cattapa Almond tree 1 Nuts eaten as snacks. Dry the fruits to Linn. (Combretaceae) extract the nuts 18 Mango tree 1 Leaves are used to treat Boil mango and malaria. Anthocleistii vogeli Mangifera indica Linn leaves together, (Anacardiaceae) drink the infusion. 19 Milicia excels Iroko 1 Timber Sawnwood (Welw.)Benth.&Hook.f. (Moraceae) 20 Oha 1 Malaria and Waist pain Leaves boiled and Pterocarpus santaloides treatment. used as poultice to L.f (Fabaceae) treat malaria. 21 Spondias cythera Sonn. Plum 1 Eat fruit as snack. Fruit eaten fresh (Anacardiaceae) 22 Pycnanthus angolens 1 Timber Sawnwood (Welw) Warb. (Myristicaceae) 23 1 Malaria treatment. Boil leaf with water Morinda lucida Linn. and drink the (Rubiaceae) infusion 24 Anthonota macrophylla Obiriba 1 Firewood and Yam Pal (Apocynaceae) stakes. 25 Newbouldia laevis 1 Live fence, Shrine tree Planted in shrines

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Seeman.Ex.Bureau and boundary (Bignoniaceae) demarcation 26 Uapaca staudii Bailon. 1 The tree is cultivated as Cultivated as (Uapacaceae) an ornamental. Timber ornamentals 27 Ficus sur Linn. 1 Medicine to treat sickle Fruit is eaten fresh. (Moraceae) cell disease. 28 1 Malaria treatment. Boil leaf with water and drink the Awushu infusion Source: Field survey, 2015

Mapping of Trees in Port Harcourt Zoo houses) protecting the animals from direct The map in Fig. 5 reveals that trees in the solar radiation and consequently maintain zoo are planted close to buildings (animal cool environment in the animal houses.

Fig. 5: Map showing the utilised area of Port Harcourt zoo revealing the coordinates of amenity trees and their nomenclature.

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DISCUSSION Nigeria. Therefore young couples and families with young children spend leisure Most zoological gardens and National parks period in nearby zoological gardens due to in Nigeria attract more male tourists than scarcity of city and community parks in females. This trend was observed in Nigeria. Port Harcourt zoo is the only Markudi zoo and Old Oyo National Park relatively stocked zoo in terms of animals where male tourists were observed to and plant species in Rivers and four other constitute 59.5% and 78.0%, respectively neighbouring states (Abia, Bayelsa, Akwa- (Okojie and Amujo, 2011; Alarape et al., Ibom and Delta), hence, tourist from within 2015). This trend may not be unconnected to and outside Port Harcourt are attracted zoophobia, which had been observed to be throughout the year. Tourist from within higher among females compared to their Port Harcourt city was 89.9% while tourist male counterparts (Davey et al. 1998). from outside the city was 10.1%. Foreign Female tourists in zoos usually visit in visitors are not encountered during the company of men and family members to survey work, even though the zoo is fairly alleviate fear of animal except on special stocked with various mammals, reptiles and occasions, while male tourists visits zoo birds. Absence of foreign visitors during our with or without female company. In survey may be traced to security risks in the addition, substantial numbers of women in Niger Delta area of Nigeria at the survey developing countries are full housewives; period. Globally, foreign tourists have been they are usually engaged in domestic reported to prioritize security of life and activities and sometimes engage in petty property in their choice of touring trading, hence, not financially buoyant and destinations (Ahmed and Azam, 2010; have little time for recreation. More than Kurež and Prevolšek, 2015). 80% of Nigerians live below poverty line of less than USD2$ per day and people with The ethno-botanical uses of amenity trees in low income have been noted to have Port Harcourt zoo result is in tandem with restricted access to parks due to poverty Benedict and McMahon, (2002) that trees (Wolch et al., 2005). strengthen the functionality of ecosystem for delivering multiple goods and services and Relatively, young people aged 20 – 40 years as well enhancing the quality of life. These (77.8%) are mostly attracted to Port can be divided into consumptive products Harcourt zoo. This group of individuals are (provisioning services) such as fuelwood, usually adventurous, agile and engaged in fruits, wood for building and fencing, several social activities with good incomes fodder, medicines (Kuchelmeister, 2000; used for leisure and recreation. This result is Fuwape and Onyekwelu, 2011) and non- in agreement with studies in University of consumptive products (cultural and Ilorin zoo (Adefalu et al., 2015). Visitors supporting services) such as habitat above 40 years old constitute only 11.1% protection, watershed and soil protection, (Table 1), apparently, these individuals have carbon sequestration, noise and air pollution less time for leisure probably due to family reduction, beauty, shade, recreation, responsibilities. educational, scientific, spiritual and religious significance (Horst, 2006; Shackleton, National Parks and game reserves are 2012). Trees in the Port Harcourt zoo usually far from cities; they are sparsely provide both consumptive and provisioning distributed over locations which may roles to the local community as well as the sometimes requires a whole day travel in tourists. Even though the zoo is located in

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Oladele and Udo urban centre many residents in the and outside Port Harcourt to visit the zoo for neighbourhood still collect medicinal plants relaxation as these trees provide shade, to treat various ailments due to the which make the environment conducive for unfounded believe that herbal medicines family picnic. Basic recreational facilities lack side effects coupled with non- such as games/bird viewing serve as tourist affordability of synthetic drugs by majority attractions and motivates visit to the zoo of neighbourhood residents. (Fig. 4). Five star animals such as Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Gorilla (Gorilla Trees are planted closely in the zoo (spacing gorilla) are not available in the zoo which range between 3 – 10m) to enhance quick reduces frequency of visit by tourist. Most and total canopy closure for shade, cool tourists visits the zoo on occassions such as breeze in the environment and reducing air festive period (Fig. 2) as also observed by temperature. Tree population (Fig. 5) in the Alarape et. al. (2015) on assessment of zoo attract tourist within and outside Port tourist satisfaction in Makurdi zoological Harcourt metropolis. Close canopy of urban garden where 18% of the tourist had no trees in Enugu, Nigeria has been noted to o intention to revisit due to scanty games reduce air temperature by 6 C (Obi and available in the zoo. Chendo, 2014). Air temperature in the zoo is greatly influenced by closed tree canopy The study concludes that trees are crucial to which protect the animals from hot weather environmental quality maintenance and of the tropics. Observed roles of tree consequently improve quality of life for canopy in the zoo is also in consistent with humans. Protected trees in Port Harcourt zoo the findings of Scudo (2002) who asserted were perceived by stakeholder to improve that leaves of trees allow 20% radiation to the zoo microclimate, provide shade, be transmitted through them and about 55% suitable for recreation and education; hence absorbed while 25% reflects back. The zoo attracts tourists to the garden. Residents in is located in an urban area where noise is a the neighbourhood enjoy improved major environmental pollution; the spatial environmental quality such as fresh air and arrangement of the trees in the zoo reduces reduced noise as well as other Non-wood noise optimally in and around the zoo forest products, which include local thereby creating conducive environment for medicinal plants and fuel-wood collection. the animals and visitors as expressed in Fig. Trees situated close to structures housing 4. This is in agreement with position of some of the animals plays significant roles Nowak and Dwyer (2000) that dense trees in maintaining good environments for the have the capacity to reduce noise up to 50% animals, map of the trees showed spaces yet or 6-10 decibels. to be planted (Fig. 5). Stocking the remaining open spaces with choice tree The inventory of trees in the zoo (Table 2) species will enhance the vegetation of the showed that Gmelina arborea species is the zoo. Port Harcourt zoo is located in the core most abundant species in the zoo. The trees of urban centre with the aim of attracting in the zoo are moderately sized to large visitors, however, absence of certain star deciduous tree with straight trunks. They are animals such as Elephant (Loxodonta wide spreading with numerous branches africana) and Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) forming a large shady crown, attains a coupled with poor management has led to height of 30m or more and a diameter at reduction in tourists population. More trees breast height (dbh) up to 1.5m. This tree are recommended to be planted in the zoo by characteristic motivates individuals within 115 African Journal of Agriculture Technology and Environment Vol. 6(1): 106-117 June, 2017 the concerned agencies for continuous Choudhury, M. 2015. Distribution and Ex- environmental and social benefits in the zoo. Situ Conservation of Plants, Few Observations from Assam State Zoo, REFERENCES Guwahati, Assam. Journal of Science, Adefalu, L.L., Omotesho, K.F and Alao, 5(6):361-365 O.S. 2015. Determinants of Visitors’ Coder, K.D. 2004. Amenity Trees: Preference for Wild Animal Spieces Defining Concepts In Use. Daniel (A Case Study of Unilorin Zoo, Ilorin, B. 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