Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics

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An Appraisal of the Waste Crisis, Urban Floods and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria

Ogbonna DN1* and Udotong IR2 1Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University, Nigeria Research Article 2Institute for Health, Safety, Security & Environment Studies, University of Uyo, Nigeria Volume 4 Issue 1 Received Date: January 11, 2021 *Corresponding author: David N Ogbonna, Department of Microbiology; Rivers State Published Date: March 16, 2021 University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt Nigeria, Email: ogbonna.david@ DOI: 10.23880/oajwx-16000156 ust.edu.ng

Abstract

Solid Waste Management (SWM) system has become one of the contemporary issues of the 21st century at all levels. SWM

of waste that is generated should be minimized, storage containers should be adequate and suitable, collection should be value chain from generation, storage, collection, transportation to disposal requires proper and efficient control. The volume frequent, transportation vehicles should be appropriate for the purpose and disposal of wastes should be at dumpsites. Municipal Solid Waste management for that matter has become problematic with Port Harcourt as the city is being inundated

with so much filth which has proven to be very difficult and seemingly impossible for the municipal authorities to tackle. Efficient MSWM systems require professional management, supported by an informed population and appropriate legislation and policies. This narrative deals to review different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the comprehensive impacts and plan for integrated solid waste collection, disposal and treatment systems, to improve the environment, population health, and sustainable development. This calls for scholars and stakeholders to quantify environmental sustainability at all levels.

Keywords: Municipal Solid Wastes; Environmental Contamination; Public Health; Waste Generation, Solid Waste Management; Urban Flooding, Environmental Sustainability

Introduction generated in all sorts of ways and its composition and volume largely depend on consumption patterns and on industrial Background of the Study and economic structures [3]. It is estimated that 2000 tonnes of domestic waste is generated daily from the entire Port One major problem of urbanization is solid waste Harcourt city, of which 15% ends up in waste dumpsites, generation. Because of the increasing population and open spaces, market places and street corners (Igoni and the increasing waste generation rates due to increased consumption of a range of products and its associated of storm water drains, surface and groundwater pollution packaging, heaps of MSW along major roads, stream channels, resultingHarry, 2017). to Thisenvironmental uncontrolled degradation, dumping has leddestruction to blockages of riverbanks and in open spaces are very common in Nigeria the ecosystem and poses great risks to public health thus especially in Port Harcourt metropolis [1,2]. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Port Harcourt is stream is mixed with high organic content in addition to characterized by indiscriminate dumping of wastes. Waste is brokendefacing glasses, the aesthetics aluminium, of the paper, garden wood, city plastics, status. grease,The waste oil,

An Appraisal of the Waste Crisis, Urban Floods and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Port J Waste Manage Xenobio Harcourt City, Nigeria 2 Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics scrap materials, industrial wastes, medical wastes, polythene including household, industries, business centres, hospitals, clinics,bags etc. markets, These abattoirs, wastes originate etc. from a range of sources

Statement of the Problem Urbanization and industrial development is seen as an economic transformation, a breakthrough to poverty narrow the gap between nations or individuals [4], but it Figure 2: Wastes clogging stream channels at Ntawogba alleviation and inflation reduction, it is also expected to help creek along Ikoku/Olu-Obasanjo Road. management due to volume and variety of wastes generated has been identified as playing a negative role in solid waste lifestyle and consumption pattern [5-8]. Such development inresulting most cases from increasedalters the flowssubsisting of goods equilibrium and services, leading changing to a be due to lack of waste management methods and ideologies bysituation statutory that authorities negatively and impact stakeholders. human existence. This may

In recognition of the monumental challenges of MSW management, Governments in Nigeria particularly in Rivers State have attempted to tackle waste management issues Figure 3: Flooding of some parts of Port Harcourt: (a) Evo Crescent, GRA Phase 11 (JULY 2017); (b) Omoku Street/ (i) Designation of solid waste collection centres on major Olu Obasanjo Road. roadsthrough and the public “task markets; force” approach. and This involves: (ii) Use of local contractors/agencies to evacuate the wastes generated.

This is because wastes are dumped into drainages and the communities(Figures 1 & 2)are that adversely block the affected. free flow Some of runoff people water dump and theirthis practice wastes ongives the rise road to sideflooding (Figure (Figures 5), thereby 3 & 4) reducing the width of the road and aesthetics of the cities especially the nooks and crannies of most cities in Nigeria; where you in developing countries. This is evident as you walk across parks, gardens, commercial centres and other areas [2,9-12]. Figure 4: Winners Chapel along Airport/Ikwerre Road in find heaps of refuse littering the entire landscape, roadsides, Port Harcourt.

Figure 1: Wastes clogging stream channels at Ntawogba creek along Ikoku/Olu-Obasanjo Road. Figure 5: Wastes heaps dumped on major streets in Port Harcourt around Rumuola axis.

Aims and Objectives of this Review lube oil, paper printer cartridges, food and refuse wastes, batteries, tyres, associated gas, scrap metal, produced water etc. Port Harcourt at its establishment in 1912, was 30,000 acres (315km2) but since has expanded due to rapid growth asThe well overall as Waste aim of Management this review isoptions to collate in Port into Harcourtone readable city. in population, uncontrolled development which began to document the current status of waste crisis, urban flooding take place as many native villages gradually develop into 1. Analyse current practices of waste management and suburban residential areas. At present, Port Harcourt is Somewaste specific disposal objectives patterns of this in thereview Port are Harcourt to: metropolis characterized by rapid population (with over 2 million environment; people) and good roads network. 2. Highlight problems faced by poor practices of waste handling and disposal in Port Harcourt metropolis; Four streams drain into the Port Harcourt metropolis 3. Identify the impacts of waste mismanagement particularly focusing on environmental contamination, main stream channels include Ntawogba creek, Woji creek, social issues and associated health risks; Elekahia/Nwajaconnecting to several creek, creeksRumuebekwe/Elelenwo that leads to the creek sea. Theetc. 4. Analyse the environmental impacts due to unsustainable management of municipal solid wastes in Port Harcourt water draining the Ora-Azi forest and meanders through metropolis; and theThe Ntanwogbadensely Port creek Harcourt is a black city water into streamthe Bonny with Estuary.its head 5. Proffer views for improvement of waste management system in Port Harcourt metropolis. through areas including the Sanni Abacha (GRA phase The creek flows in a South Easterly direction and it runs Study Area runs through Aba Express road by the Federal Road Safety building3), Olu-Obasanjo, and Amassoma Okija andStreet Afam in the streets. old GRA The area creek of Port also Harcourt. It is exposed to increasing amount of urban metropolis (Figure 6). Port Harcourt is situated within the NigerThe Delta study region area atfor the this southernmost review article part is the of PortNigeria. Harcourt domestic discharges, wastes from markets and construction siteswaste [13]. as it Woji flows creek seaward, is located which in theare Westernmainly from parts garages, of Port

likeHarcourt Rumuokoro, city. This Eliozu, is a long Port and Harcourt-Aba narrow shaped Expressway catchment. by The creek flows towards the South East draining areas passes through Abuloma and eventually discharging into the BonnyGenesis River. Hotel, Elekahia/Nwaja Rumuobiakani creekand Trans is located Woji bridgein the westernareas, it

thepart major of the Port city Harcourtof Port Harcourt –Aba express in Rivers road State. near theThe Rivers creek drains towards the southeastern direction. The creek drains police barrack (Mopol 19), Rumukalagbo town, Nwaja bridge State Independent Electoral Commission office, the Mobile

directionand Nkpogu and sanddrains fill Rumuokrushi, emptying into Elelenwo, the Bonny Rumuebekwe river. The Rumuebekwe/Elelenwo creek flows in the South Eastern same characteristic with Woji creek. Figure 6: Map showing the study location. and Trans Woji road emptying into the Bonny River. It shares

It has a plain topography and about 5m above sea level. traditionally been the exclusive responsibility of the local or municipalThe management governments. of Municipal However, Solid in Waste1986, (MSW)the Rivers has with the sea (Gulf of Guinea) by a large number of creeks and State Environmental Sanitation edict was enacted and channelsThis plain [2]. is wellAdministratively, drained and providesPort Harcourt several is connectionsmade up of from 1989, in line with Agenda 21 which emphasizes the two local government authorities namely the Port Harcourt need for all countries to maintain the quality of the Earth’s City Local Government and Obio/Akpor Local Government environment and especially achieve environmentally-sound Councils. Port Harcourt, the capital city/seat of government and sustainable development that the Rivers State Refuse of Rivers State is also the hub of the oil and gas industry in Collection and Disposal Law of 1991 as well as the Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency Law of 1991 was established; giving power to the state government to create Nigeria. The activities of these oil companies generate solid, liquid and gaseous wastes such as drill cuttings, fluids, Fe H, et al. An Appraisal of the Waste Crisis, Urban Floods and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Copyright© Fe H, et al. Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. J Waste Manage Xenobio 2020, 3(4): 000156. 4 Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics particular parastatals to manage MSW thus eroding the In 2002, the Port Harcourt metropolis was demarcated with paragraph (h) of the fourth schedule of the Nigerian into twelve distinct zones as a means of tackling solid Constitutiontraditional functions which maintains of local government the status quo councils of management in conflict waste generation, collection and management, for each of MSW to local government authorities. counter-productive in the long run as it has created more problemslocal contractor due to lack (Table of proper 1). Thiscoordination approach on the has part been of (RSESA), a parastatal under the Rivers State Ministry responsible agencies. Solid wastes dumped along streets of EnvironmentThe Rivers Stateestablished Environmental to manage Sanitation the solid Authority wastes are usually left over for a long time to decompose naturally generated within the metropolis and its environs was now by microorganisms, eaten by animals, picked by scavengers replaced with the re-establishment of Rivers State Waste and rivers thus affecting the aesthetics of the city and the waste management services which include the collection, or washed away by the floods into drainages, larger creeks handling,Management storage, Agency transportation, Law (No.2 of treatment2014). The and law disposalgoverns of more than 200-250 tons of solid wastes generated in of wastes and the operation of waste management facilities. thesurface city centre water every quality day [11,15-17]. are not collected. This is As because a result, most the uncollected wastes, which is often also mixed with human street corners and road junctions for residents to dump and animal excreta, is dumped indiscriminately in the streets theirThey householdprovide places wastes and which or large are bins then at evacuated market places by waste and disposal contractors by methods described by Ayotamuno (especially mosquitoes) and rodent vectors and the spread and Gobo [14]. ofand diseases. in drains, so contributing to flooding, breeding of insects

1 2 Marine Base, Eastern By-pass, Ogbunabali, Amadi Flats, Old GRA; Borokiri, Old Port Harcourt Township, Station Bus Stop; 3 4 Station Road, Harbour Road, Industry Road, Abonnema Wharf, Isaac Boro Park Garrison, Trans-Amadi, Amadi-Ama, Abuloma; 5 Mile 1, II and III; 6 Elekahia, Rumumasi, Rumubiakani, Rumuogba; 7 Air Force Junction, Okporo Road, Rumuodara, Rumukrushi, Oil Mill Junction (Elelenwo); 8 Artillery Junction, Rumuibekwe, Woji; 9 Rumuola, Rumuokwuta, Rumuigbo; and 10 Leventis Motors area, D-line, GRA Phases 1, 11 and 111, Presidential Hotel, Rumuola Junction; 11 FGC, Rumuokoro, Rumuodumaya; and 12 RSU, Rumueme, Wimpey Junction, Rumuokwuta Junction. Table 1: Distinct Zones demarcated for wastes collection and disposal in Port Harcourt City Source: Rivers State Government (2008).

Waste Management, Climate Change, and as well as developed best practices for dealing with MSW Energy [19,20]. Proper waste management is the set of provisions for the collection, transportation and environmentally sound gas emissions in a number of ways. First, the anaerobic disposal of waste. Waste management is one of the major The disposal of solid waste produces greenhouse challenges of urban management in Sub Saharan African greenhouse gas, 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Secondly,decomposition the incineration of waste in of landfills wastes also produces produces methane, carbon a in the management of solid waste are the result of poor dioxide as a by-product. Additionally, in transporting masteringcountries particularlyof concepts, in approaches Nigeria. The and current techniques difficulties [18]. wastes for disposal, greenhouse gases are emitted due to Many developed countries have employed advanced the combustion of fossil fuels. Finally, fossil fuels are also technologies such as incineration with energy recovery; required for extracting and processing the raw materials necessary to replace those materials that are being disposed with new products. sanitary landfilling; and more recently, anaerobic digestion; environmentally sound composting; and plasma gasification,

The Way Forward weight volume analysis; and (iii) material balance analysis.

Waste prevention and recycling jointly referred to as the municipal solid waste. In order to estimate solid wastes waste reduction help us better manage the solid waste generated,There are the number product of proceduresis determined to by obtain the total samples number from of we generate. But preventing waste and recycling also are containers, their volumes, and the average density of the solid potent strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and waste, divided by the product of the determined average conserving energy. However, waste prevention and recycling of the study area, this gives you the per capita generation and recycling (including composting) divert organic wastes rate.number Structured of days required questionnaire, to fill a container key information and the population interview reduces methane emissions from landfills. Waste prevention method can be used to collect data from people within the furtherfrom landfills, reduces emissions thereby reducing from incinerators. the methane Recycling released and study(KII), area. field From observation, the wards/communities, and focus group individual discussion houses (FGD) wastewhen theseprevention materials allow are some decomposed. materials to This be diverted same process from are selected randomly to collect the primary data. incinerators and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of waste. Recycling saves energy Estimated Waste Generation Quantities in Port because manufacturing goods from recycled materials typically requires less energy than producing goods from Harcourt city Previously, Environmental Sanitation Authority in Nigeria consumption. Waste prevention is even more effective at made use of sanitary inspectors or public health workers to savingvirgin materials.energy because This alsowhen reduces people emissions reuse things from or energy when products are made with less material and/or greater for some time now has not been operational and the issue of durability, less energy is usually needed to extract, transport, sanitationmonitor waste in the generation metropolis and has management.been left to inexperienced This method and process raw materials and to manufacture replacement contractors who rather see solid waste management simply products. What’s more, when energy demand decreases, as moving from one dump site to another. Generally, waste fewer fossil fuels are burnt and less carbon dioxide is emitted of all types are primarily the creation of human activity, to the atmosphere. Increases storage of carbon in trees help therefore it is expected that the more people are living in a absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it particular physical space for one activity or the other, the in wood, in a process called carbon sequestration. Waste more acute we experience the problem of waste generation prevention and recycling of paper products allow more trees and management in such areas. Population therefore to remain un-harvested, where they can continue to remove constitute a vital component of urban solid waste generation, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Harcourt as at 2003 was about 1,356,000 with an estimated Wastes Generation and Estimated Quantities In municipalmanagement solid and waste disposal. generated The estimated as 1, 393,880 population kg/day of withPort Port Harcourt City each of the zones in the metropolis on average generating 199,126 kg/day with approximately 1.03 kg/person /day Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount [14]. Waste generation estimates in 2002 analysis show of waste created by residences or businesses over a certain that the average daily waste generation varied between 900 amount of time (day, year, etc.). Waste generation includes all metric tonnes during the dry season (December-February) materials discarded, whether or not they are later recycled is approximately 0.9-1.1 kg/per person per day and 1.25kg/ disposal of waste have numerous negatives impacts on the capita/dayand 1350 tonnes at an estimated during the population wet season of (June-October). 1.23 million in 2000 This city’sor disposed environment in a landfill.such as Poorproliferation handling, of mosquitoes evacuation and for Port Harcourt city Local Government [14,21] estimates that between 2002 and 2003 approximately 200,000 tonnes the environment in turn have several impacts on the health of wastes was disposed of in burrow pits and wetlands in the offlies, the bad city odors, residents. visual Piles pollution. of garbage, These trash negative along roads, impacts block on Eleme environment near Port Harcourt. Presently, a total of riverbeds and therefore threaten health andof residents due 1,917,524 kg of solid waste is generated on a daily basis in to improper disposal of wastewater 2017 while it is estimated that over 2,160,000 kg of waste per day is generated in 2018. Igoni [22] however puts at Methods for estimating wastes generation in 1,947 tonnes per day for a per capita waste generation rate Port Harcourt city of 1.11 kg/day. According to him, the management of waste in Port Harcourt is at best a mere collection and disposal of Waste quantities are usually estimated on the basis of past MSW all over the world has attained frightening levels, at to assess the quantities are (i) load count analysis; (ii) anthe annual waste, rate which of 1.3 are billion improperly tonnes, done. with Thea projection generation of 2.2 of records of waste generation. The methods commonly used

the health of humans and animals and furthermore, cause with increasing populations, as of course, it is the humans serious economic and other welfare losses (Figure 7). andbillion their tonnes activities by 2025 that [23]. generate This maythe wastes.not be unconnectedKhatib [24], stated that population growth and urbanisation give rise to Waste Generation, Collection and Disposal increased generation rates and complexity of MSW, putting Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are wastes that together with the attendant adverse effects of improperly are generated from residential, commercial, industrial, managedpressure onMSW existing on public waste health management and the environment, facilities. These, are institutional, construction and demolition process and some drivers for the continued desire to ensure safe and municipal services [8,29]. Key generation areas of wastes in Port Harcourt are the high commercial and industrial efficientEnvironmental management of thisProblems waste stream Associated With complexes of Trans Amadi and Onne Port as well the Port Waste Crisis Port Harcourt is on waste collection from households and theHarcourt subsequent city centre. transport The focusto a dumpsite of waste where management waste inis General of recycling culture driven by poverty and the demand for Protection of the environment throughout the waste offloaded and dumped untreated. There is also an emergence chain, especially during treatment and disposal is key goal to municipal solid waste management. Until the environmental byproduct the informal by manufacturers. sector involves The separation waste pickersor sorting get of some sanitation emerged, most wastes were disposed of with little fractionsfinancial valueof the of wastes the recyclables. at the waste In some dumpsite. cases, Governmentthis practice or no control to land, as open dumping to air, by burning involvement in the recycling industry is very low but in or evaporation of volatile compounds; or to water, by developed countries recycling is subsidized by governments discharging solids and liquids to surface water or the ocean. because waste picking is a form of recycling. Moving towards modern disposal system has generally uncontrolled disposal methods, then introducing gradually environmentalfollowed a step-by-step standards process,for a disposal first byfacility. phasing In outthe process, controlling water pollution and methane emissions is achievable. Agricultural activities such as fertilizer and from sanitary landfills, and air pollution from incinerators to be hazardous to open and subsurface water resources. chemical applications to soil and crop fields have also proved resources, inadequately trained manpower, inappropriate technologyThe rapid and lack growth of awareness of industries, of the community lack of financial are the major constraints of waste management. Human activities create waste, and it is the way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and disposed of, which can pose risks to the environment and to public health [25,26]. More than 200- 250 tons of wastes are generated in Port Harcourt city every is not collected on a regular basis but end up been thrown day. Typically, one to two-thirds of the solid waste generated Figure 7: Health risks and Negative Environmental a result, the uncollected waste, which is often also mixed with Impacts. humaninto drainage and animal systems excreta, especially is dumped during indiscriminately flash floods [27]. in the As It is estimated that up to 2% of the population (up to insect and rodent vectors and the spread of diseases [27,28]. 40,000 people) in developing countries survive through Moststreets of and the inMunicipal drains, so solid contributing wastes in to the flooding, Port Harcourt breeding city of informal recovery practices [30]. Waste pickers play an area is collected from the land in a more or less uncontrolled important role in collecting recyclable materials and convert manner. A considerable portion of wastes, 40-60%, are not wastes into productive resources. properly stored, collected or disposed of in the designated places for ultimate disposal [27]. Such inadequate waste Waste collection typically covers the stage in the waste disposal creates serious environmental problems that affect management system where waste is presented from the

Fe H, et al. An Appraisal of the Waste Crisis, Urban Floods and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Copyright© Fe H, et al. Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. J Waste Manage Xenobio 2020, 3(4): 000156. 7 Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics point of generation to the point of transfer. In Port Harcourt, be worst affected. household coverage is low and people either practice river dumping, dispose in gutters (water drainage channels), Urbanization has brought about changes in land-use burn or bury their wastes while some use plastic bags to dispose of wastes at staging stations or undesignated areas percolation. Construction of impervious surfaces have of the city where wastes are dumped at street corners along increasedand built surface up environments run-off which which is generated reduce infiltrationfaster than they and major streets intersections for collection thus defacing the aesthetics of the garden city status of Port Harcourt. by increasing the rate at which storm water reach natural are evacuated. Impervious surfaces exacerbate river flooding Urban Flooding Harcourtdrains and metropolis making these due tofloodwaters the fact the to designed reach rivers capacities at the ofsame available time. Flashdrainage flood facilities and flood which pondage were constructedalso occur in years Port ago cannot cope with the increased volume of surface run-off Urban flooding refers to the inundation of sections of generated presently as a result of impervious surfaces. urban areas [31]. This is caused by high intensity rainfall and prolonged rainfall leading to development of flash Uncontrolled urbanization, cementation/pavement floods. Growing urban population results in large areas of land surface covered with roofing materials, concrete and bitumen pavement which reduce infiltration of rain water of surface soils, insufficient drainage systems and blocked isand associated increases with runoffs the absence leading of to runoff floods controls in the or cities defective with madedrainage disaster facilities in Port etc, Harcourt flood disasters metropolis have becausebeen identified residents as adverse economic and health impact. This type of flooding contributory to flooding. Floods have been regarded as man- duerunoff to thecontrols absence or of/inadequatemisuse or urban drainage drainage facilities channels. resulting The roadshave subjected without drainage themselves systems, to flood blocking risk by available practices drainage such as major cause of flooding in Port Harcourt is ranked 15.74% facilitiesbuild houses with in wastes flood pathsetc. and floodable areas, constructing of gutters, manholes, curb inlets, roadsides culvets etc which aidto flash to carry floods storm [31]. water Storm to water natural drainage drains system or rivers is madeor other up nearest water bodies. In some cases, drainage facilities may facilities,Several heavy other rainfall, factors blocked identified drainage as thesystems, major impervious causes of the excess run off or not properly sloped. It is possible that surfaces,urban flooding inappropriate include absencetown of/inadequateplanning/uncontrolled drainage theeither drainage not be facilitieslarge enough as at or the insufficient time it was to accommodatedesigned was adequate but as urbanization increases surface runoff, the carrying capacities have turned out to be inadequate. Also Aparturbanization, from heavy poor rainfall drainage (which network, is a meteorological flat terrain, climate factor economic development may intercept with natural pathways change band unplanned development on flood plains of storm water which in most cases may trap surface water drainage system contribute to almost 50% of the factors especially in low-lying areas where there are no drains to and cannot be influenced), characteristic/qualities of the convey surface runoff to natural drains. suggested that the following should be enforced for healthy environment.influencing flooding in Port Harcourt [31]; therefore it is Blocked drainage systems particularly contribute about activities [27,31]. Where drainage facilities are available, and mitigation is very important. Residents in all part of Port some14.97% have of floodingbeen blocked in Port byHarcourt the introduction due to anthropogenic of wastes Community participation in flood prevention, control to ensure that drainage facilities (gutters) are regularly surface runoff by reducing the drainage capacities to carry Harcourt can form a Joint Task Force (in their various streets) and debris. These blocked drainage facilities increase must be imposed so that anyone who defaults must pay a desilting and maintenance of the drainage channels causing cleaned up to allow the free flow of flood waters. A penalty storm water. This is aggravated by inadequate clearing or and streams exceeding the natural capacities of these rivers Governmentfixed amount Authorities of money to to help ensure monitor its full and implementation. maintain clean andincreased creeks flooding [27]. Affected at which communities the floodwaters in Port reach Harcourt rivers drainageThese Joint facilities Task in Forces all the canzones. be absorbed by the Local are Rumuepirikom, Mgbuosimiri, Rukpokwu etc because they reside close to water bodies. Economic development Demolition of illegal structures that are built on the and inappropriate town planning have led to an explosion of poorly planned construction that has caused perennial uncontrolledpathways of floodurbanization/urban waters which obstruct creep and their decongest flow should Port road, Mgbuoba zone and Eneka communities that appear to Harcourtbe demolished. city. This would reduce the increased rate of flooding in Port Harcourt especially in areas like NTA/Choba

Environmental Pollution that have been irrigated with untreated sewage, fertilized with untreated excreta or processed with contaminated water are also an indirect source of risk [42]. Plants growing Harcourt is closely related to a situation where it has becomeThe impossible current situation to employ of waste the management environment solutions. in Port contaminated heavy metals that can affect the food chain. Most ofin the a municipal heavy metals solid come waste from landfill soils and and its partly vicinity from contain water with the organic elements they contain under the action of and air [43]. Microorganisms may seep through some soils water,The decomposition air and the temperature of solid waste is likely in waste to cause dumps immediate coupled for long distances until they reach a body of surface water or groundwater and cause contamination. Leaking septic tanks is because there are no designated dumpsites for wastes and inadequate latrines may contaminate nearby drinking- disposalor distant in Port incalculable Harcourt, dangers rather you to have the receptacles environment. created This as emergencies littered at major streets and roads within the of maintenance and failures of sanitation facilities causes morewater pollution sources. andWastewater proliferation stagnation of disease and vectorsinfiltration, (malaria, lack environment including pollution of soil, water and air. Some diarrhea, cholera, amoebiasis 44,45]. Despite the fact that wastemetropolis. pollutants Liquid such wastes as heavy are also metals significant and hydrocarbons dangers to theare some forms of water pollution can occur through natural processes, it is mostly as a result of anthropogenic factors. [32] (Figure 7). Uncontrolled disposal generates serious heavylikely tometals accumulate pollution in occurring wildlife, florain the and water, in soil,the foodand plantschain industrial discharges and domestic wastes contribute as

[33], open burning is cause of CO, CO2, SO, NO and other sourcesThese anthropogenic of water pollutants factors [46]including which agricultural affect the qualityactivities, of pollutant emissions that affect the atmosphere [34], waste water available for plant, animal and human use [47]. picking within open dump sites pose to serious health risk people working on these areas [35] release of solid waste in Aesthetics water bodies improve the marine litter globally, enhancing environmental contamination [36]. Some wastes are disposed in vacant lots, low-lying areas, pond or rivers but a large percentage is deposited into road- During the rainy seasons, there is percolation/ side drainage ditches and storm sewers. In the prevailing system of collection, households are supposed to deposit degradation of components of the environment (ecosystem their solid wastes in the communal bin. When the communal degradation)stagnation and which infiltration eventually of wastewater results to soilthat pollution influence [37] the bins are placed at far distance, households usually throw their Plastic bags and bottles are waste that constitute especially a garbage at any convenient point like nearby road, ditches, permanent danger to natural resources and animals. Plastics are non-biodegradable material and if poorly managed, waste is being done by uncontrolled dumping of collected garbageponds, lakes, in low-lying or surface land drains or [48].in an The open final boundary disposal of water solid rainwater, clogged pipes and drains discharge storm water body), such uncontrolled disposal of solid waste contributes andcan pollutewastewater the soil, [38,39]. attack Airborne vegetation, dust reduceaffect the infiltration respiratory of and cardiovascular volatile organic compounds ranging from most cases is a public nuisance. It encroaches on roadways, odour annoyance to the carcinogenic effects; hydrochloric diminishesto localized aesthetic flooding values through and clogging causes ofunpleasant drains which odour in acid is a potential irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory and irritating dust. Organic portion of solid waste ferments tract, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Discharging, methane, abundantly generated by the disposal of solid wastes and irregular removal of desilted wastesand favours degrade fly of breeding. the quality As of a urban result environment of this uncontrolled [2,49]. A to the greenhouse effect and is explosive in certain preventive waste management approach focused on changes decomposition of organic matter contributes significantly in lifestyles and in production and consumption patterns about 40% to 60% of methane, the remainder being carbon offers the best chance for reversing current trends [49,50]. concentrations. The formation of a biogas in landfills contain more are less volatile [40,41]. Malodor from the wastes creates an unhygienic ambience dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and various acids or for everyone such as respiratory congestion or discomfort Water is a natural resource essential to life. But in an etc. Unplanned disposal of waste is a big threat to people’s unhealthy environment, water becomes directly or indirectly health. Severe odor and unpleasant aesthetic problems a cause of illness or death. Mismanagement of waste causes may result from uncollected wastes which are often mixed pollution of groundwater. Humans may be infected by with animal and human excreta are usually thrown in an pathogens from wastes by drinking contaminated water or indiscriminate manner in both the streets and drains which by eating seafoods that have concentrated harmful organ isms they have extracted from contaminated water. Foods the ultimate spread of diseases [51-53]. Unplanned disposal contribute to flooding, insect breeding, rodent vectors and

Fe H, et al. An Appraisal of the Waste Crisis, Urban Floods and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Copyright© Fe H, et al. Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. J Waste Manage Xenobio 2020, 3(4): 000156. 9 Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics of waste and transportation where people they throw their area emissions from waste decomposition namely leachate household wastes on the drain or open places may lead and biogas. Open burning and animal feeding may increase to environmental pollution. In most cases obstructs the health risks substantially either by direct emission of mobility of people by blocking the road. dangerous pollutants and transfer of pollutants to the food chain. Uncontrolled disposal of hazardous and healthcare Health Risks Related To Municipal Solid wastes as well as manual on-site treatment and disposal Waste Management of e-waste by informal workers may result in increases in health risks and negative environmental impacts [57]. One of the main causes of environmental degradation is Maintaining healthy conditions in cities, particularly through improper waste management in the disposal of solid wastes a good waste collection service is very necessary, because [54]. It is a major cause of pollution and outbreak of diseases and subsequent spread of waterborne diseases. most areas of the city in undesignated plots or receptacles uncollected solid waste blocks drains, and causes flooding asin manymountainous parts of heapsthe world. and posesThe waste varied is health,deposited safety around and Environmental pollution due to indiscriminate waste environmental hazards. Some social impacts of the crises are dumping affects health through both short and long-term destruction of environmental aesthetics; blocking of drains; effects [58,59]. Examples of short-term effects are congenital effusion of offensive odours, invasion of the city by vultures, anomalies, asthma and respiratory infection [60,61]. Long- term health effects related to waste exposure include chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancer and even flies, mosquitoes, rats and cockroaches and obstruction brain, nerves, liver, lymphohematopoietic or kidneys diseases heavyof human rains andin the vehicular metropolis traffic. within Leachate the period contamination of the rainy [62]. Poor waste management poses a great challenge to the seasonsof surface (usually water between is a major May environmental and June) facilitates concern. rapid The well-being of city residents, particularly those living adjacent degradation of the organic matter; and leachate formation to dumpsites due to the potential of the waste to pollute and transport into surface and ground waters results in water, food sources, land, air and vegetation [15,29,63- contamination of the receiving water bodies [55]. Also, open burning of the waste releases emissions that are damaging to environmental degradation, destruction of the ecosystem the atmosphere; cause respiratory diseases such as asthma and65]. posesThe poor great disposal risks to andpublic handling health [66].of waste thus leads to and bronchitis in humans. Burning chlorinated wastes at low temperatures can be seen to release toxins such as dioxins Solutions to Manage Urban Wastes and and furans which are carcinogenic. Urban Floods

Resource management (valorization of contact possibilities and offers very good conditions for the recyclables and organic materials) propagationThe accumulation of germs, insects, of wastes rats and in other the street disease increases vectors. uncollected wastes which are often mixed with animal and humanWhere sanitationexcreta are infrastructure usually thrown is insufficient, in an indiscriminate most of these be furtherThe priorities split between of good ‘dry’ resource recyclables management and bio-solids are manner in both the streets and drains which contribute to orexpressed organic bywastes. the ‘3Rs’ ‘Closing – reduce, the loop’ reuse, by recycle. returning This both can spread of diseases [56]. Uncollected wastes often clog drains waste littering all over the ground, and strive for high rates andflooding, cause insectthe stagnation breeding, of water, rodent the vectors breeding and of the mosquitoes ultimate ofmaterials organics and recovery, nutrients reuse to beneficialand recycling use can or bycontribute preventing to or the contamination of water bodies from which the resource management of wastes. population normally takes water for consumption, cooking  Reduce and cleaning. Direct or indirect contact with these vectors or the new focus of modernization in developed countries; being bitten by certain insects can cause dangerous bacterial, but it isthe important quantities also of wastefor rapidly being generated.growing cities This inis viral and parasitic diseases [56]. middle and low-income countries to bring their waste growth rates under control. Health problems associated with open dumpsites are  Reuse waste products that can be reused, repaired, related to emissions such as, POPs (persistent organic refurbished, or remanufactured to have longer useful pollutants), heavy metals and VOC (volatile organic lives. compounds) as a result of uncontrolled decomposition of  Recycle materials that can be extracted, recovered biodegradable wastes. Other health risks depend on the and returned to industrial value chains, where they practices and the types of wastes disposed in each dumpsite, strengthen local, regional and global production. as well as the environmental and social conditions of the Return nutrients to the soil, by composting or digesting

Fe H, et al. An Appraisal of the Waste Crisis, Urban Floods and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Copyright© Fe H, et al. Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. J Waste Manage Xenobio 2020, 3(4): 000156. 10 Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics organic wastes as ‘bio-solids including plant and animal achieved through producer responsibility where producers wastes from kitchen, garden and agricultural production, must share responsibility with consumers for recovering together with safely managed and treated human excreta. their products and ensuring that they are recycled and not wasted; also producers need to contribute to the “closing value chain, and their proper utilization is important to the loop” process by using the materials collected in local foodThese security are sources and sustainable of key nutrients development for the Other agricultural waste recycling programmes to manufacture new products. treatment options like composting, use of incinerators, or use of Waste-to Energy power plants, bio-methanation etc can be Government Responsibilities to Waste Management waste options can bring about waste minimization.. employed as solutions tp SWM problems. These treatment of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) people fully comply with all legislations and regulations governingThe government solid waste ofgeneration Rivers State and needsdisposal to in ensure particular that “a concept whereby companies integrate social and the environment in general. Defaulters should be tried and environmental concerns in their business operations and and convicted in accordance with extants laws to serve as a in theirThis interaction is with their stakeholders on a voluntary deterrent. Communal refuse dumps or receptacles should be provided in large quantity and also placed closer to in the development of the community in which it operates” the residential and commercial areas than is the practice. basis”. Besides gaining profits, a company should be involved Evacuation of the deposited wastes should be done daily chemicals are obtained from large factories, manufacturing [67]. This is because industrial wastes and toxic inorganic infrastructure especially in the sub-urban or slum areas of the ecosystems of watersheds, inland waterways, shoreline and regularly. There is also need to improve the road andindustries coastal andcreeks exploration/mining close to these anthropogenic companies. activities Therefore, are have easy access to these hitherto under -served areas. at constant risk of pollution and degradation the state. This will enable solid waste collection trucks to

Extended Producer Responsibility wasteThe management issue of training authorities and monitoring and sister of refuse agencies collectors have (EPR) is thus a necessary step, if the industry is to become littlein the or state no technical is very knowledge important. or Some training of the in environmental officers of the a more responsible and trustworthy corporate citizen. engineering. Lack of trained personnel is worsened by the As a market-oriented policy instrument, when applied to appointment of politicians to the top management of these products that have reached the end of their useful lives, EPR requires procedures to internalize waste management costs, these concerned agencies should be allowed to man them for creating an incentive for them to redesign products that will agencies and as waste contractors. The professionals in recyclables [68]. EPR can be applied to post-consumer wastes efficiency. reduce material use and improved energy efficiency and municipal waste management [69]. According to Rossem, The scavengers should be organized into a union etwhich al. [70] place effective increasing implementation physical and of financialEPR should demands bring the on organizedand registered. they can They assist should in evacuating have identification solid wastes cards.from achievement of two main environmentally-related goals, They should be trained and strictly monitored. If they are namely: design improvements of products (in this sense the work, there is need for government to establish solid waste EPR system should provide incentives for manufacturers collectionindividual centresresidences for andrecyclable business materials premises. and To exempt make thisthe to improve products and systems surrounding the life scavengers from tax. Providing them with uniform may be helpful as well. environmentally-sound treatment of collected products and highcycle use of of products) products Thisand materials will involve in the effective form of re-use collection, and Government should initiate and sustain user recycling and then, high use of product and material quality through effective collection and re-use or recycling. and implementation of solid waste collection and disposal servicesparticipation. through This neighbourhood may include involving committees, users localin monitoring councils, According to Jessen [71,72], Zero Waste System approach etc; establishing communication channels between could be a discipline required to create a more sustainable community leaders/landlords and users through complaint interaction with our natural environment including the desks, information sharing, meetings, neighbourhood principles of conserving resources, minimizing pollution, committees, etc; raise awareness and mobilize stakeholders maximizing employment opportunities, and providing the (such as community leaders, landlords, religious leaders, itinerant waste buyers, informal waste pickers, etc) to build greatest degree of local economic self-reliance.” This can be Fe H, et al. An Appraisal of the Waste Crisis, Urban Floods and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Copyright© Fe H, et al. Port Harcourt City, Nigeria. J Waste Manage Xenobio 2020, 3(4): 000156. 11 Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics

just how things are, and you take it for granted. On the other using clear simple messages and popular channels such as hand, if things go wrong, it is a big and urgent problem and television,a basis for collectiveradio, churches, participation. schools, This bill couldboards, be newspapers, achieved by everything else seems less important. Managing solid waste community based organizations (CBOs well and affordably is one of the key challenges of the 21st media organizations should present environmental and century, and one of the key responsibilities of all stakeholders public health education programmes that), fliersemphasize etc. Thethe and government. It may not be the biggest vote-winner, but implications of poor sanitation. Such programmes should be presented in the various local languages in the state and the vote-loser, if things go wrong. common Pidgin English. Such presenters should have a good it has the capacity to become a full-scale crisis, and a definite However, solid waste management system, has no of dramas, commentaries, documentaries, etc, should be part knowledge or understanding of the issues at stake. The use technical and economic approaches that work in a particular adoption of responsible environmental behavior is improved, perfect solutions, but also no absolute failures, the specific consistentof the strategies and regular to be used. awareness A key building.element in influencing the sure winning strategy, and that is to understand and build uponcountry the may strengths not work of inyour another own city,country. to identify, There is capitalize only one on, nurture and improve the indigenous processes that be doneThe statethrough government the local may councils need to in consider conjunction instituting with ‘formal’ waste management system provided by the city. religiousawards for leaders the neatestin such communities. community or A street.weekly Thisinspection could are already working well. These may well be outside the of the areas should be done while the award could be done organisations, the formal and informal private sector, and indeedTherefore the to government facilitate actors, needs the to citizens, make their non-governmental own decisions use of sanitary inspectors as was the case before the use of and to take steps in developing a solution appropriate to taskforce.monthly. There Cover isall need trucks for during government transportation. to re-introduce the their own city’s particular circumstances and needs.

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