DOCSLIB.ORG

A Geophysical Investigation of the Parade Ground at Fort Jefferson

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PARADE GROUND AT FORT JEFFERSON DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK, FLORIDA National Park Service Southeast Archeological Center U.S. Department of the Interior Tallahassee, Florida 2008 SOUTHEAST ARCHEOLOGICAL CENTER The Southeast Archeological Center (SEAC) is a support operation of the National Park Service’s Southeast Region. In assisting parks with their cultural resource management needs, SEAC facilitates long-term protection of archeological resources and compiles and utilizes the archeological information obtained from these resources. In addition to annually generating numerous archeological reports, as mandated by federal law and park operations, SEAC is the repository for over six million artifacts that make up the Southeast Region’s research collections and contribute to its cultural database. SEAC is staffed by professional NPS archeologists and regularly employs archeology students from Florida State University and other anthropology programs throughout the Southeast. For more information contact: Southeast Archeology Center 2035 East Paul Dirac Drive Johnson Building, Suite 120 Tallahassee, Florida 32310 Telephone: 850-580-3011 Fax: 850-580-2884 http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/seac.htm A Geophysical Investigation of the Parade Ground at Fort Jefferson Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida SEAC Accession 2099 DRTO Accession 159 by Charles F. Lawson National Park Service / Southeast Archeological Center / Tallahassee, FL / 2007 Management Summary In December of 2006, the Southeast Archeo- historic refuse dumps. In addition, numerous logical Center (SEAC) conducted a ground historic and modern sewage, electrical, and penetrating radar (GPR) survey at Fort Jef- water distribution utilities were identifi ed dur- ferson in Dry Tortugas National Park (DRTO). ing the survey. The survey was designed to include all open Prior to initiating the fi eld portion of the and clear ground surfaces of the fort’s parade radar survey, historic maps drawn during the ground, and a limited area outside the fort’s construction and military occupation of the walls in the campground and picnic area. The fort were collected and digitized into a geo- goal of the project was to identify subsurface graphic information system (GIS) that was historic features that could be imaged using used to predict the locations of, and later to GPR and to provide maps of these features to interpret, anomalies identifi ed during the GPR the park to aid in the management and protec- survey. Upon completion of the survey, highly tion of buried historic fabric at the fort. Just accurate mapping of the fort’s interior and over fi ve acres (20,500 square meters) of Fort exterior was carried out using a global position- Jeff erson’s parade ground, and 2,450 square ing system (GPS) and a total station. The map meters (.61 acres) of land outside the fort’s produced was used to further refi ne and adjust walls, were surveyed with the GPR. The parade the original GIS, and provided an accurate base ground survey coverage represents 63.4 per- map upon which historic maps of the fort and cent of the full eight acres of interior space at the results of the GPR survey could be overlaid. the fort, but most of the unsurveyed property The end result is a layered GIS database/map was covered with existing buildings, ruins, or showing accurate locations of extant and relict impenetrable vegetation. historic features in real world coordinates that A variety of historic subsurface features no can be referenced on the ground and navigated longer visible on the modern ground surface to using a GPS unit. were revealed during the radar investigation. This document includes a brief construc- These included relict footpaths and roads, tion history of the surveyed areas at Fort Jef- possible privies and/or cisterns, a probable ferson, maps and images produced by the GPR grave, foundation remains of extinct buildings survey and GIS exercise, and an archeological (the original lighthouse and other possible his- interpretation of the data collected during the toric structures associated with the lighthouse survey. The electronic data used in the creation keeper’s home and temporary structures that of the GIS has also been provided to DRTO on were in place during the construction of the a DVD so that it may be incorporated into the fort), as well as a number of buried anomalies park’s resource management database. of unknown origin probably associated with 2 Contents MANAGEMENT SUMMARY .........................................................................................................2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2. A BRIEF CONSTRUCTION HISTORY OF FORT JEFFERSON’S PARADE GROUND ...11 CHAPTER 3. HISTORIC MAP ANALYSIS ......................................................................................18 THE TEMPORARY STRUCTURES ..........................................................................................................19 THE LIGHTHOUSE STATION ...............................................................................................................19 CONSTRUCTION DISTRIBUTION ROUTES ................................................................................................24 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................24 CHAPTER 4. GROUND PENETRATING RADAR SURVEY .............................................................28 GPR QUADRANT 1: GRIDS 1, 4, 16, & 12 ......................................................................................33 GPR QUADRANT 2: GRIDS 2, 3, & 5 ..............................................................................................38 GPR QUADRANT 3: GRIDS 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, & 23 ......................................................................44 GPR QUADRANT 4: GRIDS 24, 25, & 26 ........................................................................................50 GPR QUADRANT 5: GRIDS 11, 13, 14, & 15 ..................................................................................50 GPR QUADRANT 6: GRIDS 6, 7, 8, 9, & 10 ....................................................................................61 GPR QUADRANT 7: GRIDS 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, & 36 ..................................65 GPR QUADRANT 8: OUTSIDE THE PARADE GROUND, GRIDS 37, 38, 39, 40, & 41 ..................................68 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................74 APPENDIX 1. DIGITAL DATA .......................................................................................................84 REFERENCES CITED .....................................................................................................................85 3 Figures Figure 1. The location of Fort Jefferson, in the Dry Tortugas National Park............................. 9 Figure 2. The project area at Fort Jefferson. ...........................................................................10 Figure 3. Plans for the parade and fi rst tier of Fort Jefferson, as designed by the Board of Engineers in 1887. ............................................................................................................ 13 Figure 4. Portion of an 1850 map of Garden Key showing completed and pending construction and the location of temporary structures at Fort Jefferson. ........................ 15 Figure 5. Map of Garden Key conditions in 1861. ..................................................................... 16 Figure 6. July, 1848 conditions on Garden Key. .........................................................................20 Figure 7. Geo-rectifi ed version of a map depicting the conditions on Garden Key in 1850. .21 Figure 8. Geo-rectifi ed version of a map depicting the conditions on Garden Key in 1854. .22 Figure 9. Geo-rectifi ed version of a map depicting the progress of work at Fort Jefferson in1861. .................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 10. Pre-1872 image of the sally port entrance to Fort Jefferson’s parade ground. .... 24 Figure 11. Geo-rectifi ed version of an 1887 map of the second (1872-1912) lighthouse keeper’s residence. ................................................................................................................ 25 Figure 12. Image of the west side of the 1872-1912 lighthouse keeper’s quarters. ...............26 Figure 13. The Italy grave and Major Smith Monument in 1937. ............................................ 26 Figure 14. Geo-rectifi ed map of the construction distribution routes at Fort Jefferson in 1861. .................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 15. GPR results from the complete survey inside and outside of the fort at 30 to 50 centimeters below the surface. ............................................................................. 30 Figure 16. GPR results from the complete survey inside and outside of the fort at 50 to 90 centimeters below the surface. ............................................................................. 31 Figure 17. Location of GPR Quadrant 1. ....................................................................................34
Recommended publications
  • John H. Patterson

    John H. Patterson

    JOHN H. PATTERSON HERO OF THE CIVIL AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WARS Josef W. Rokus September 26, 2009 Copyright © 2009 Josef W. Rokus All rights reserved. CONTENTS Acknowledgments 3 Introduction 4 John H. Patterson’s ancestors and early life 5 John H. Patterson’s service in the Civil War prior to the Battle of the Wilderness 6 John H. Patterson at the Battle of the Wilderness and his Medal of Honor 8 John H. Patterson’s service in the Civil War after the Battle of the Wilderness 18 John H. Patterson’s military service and life between the Civil War 19 and the Spanish-American War John H. Patterson in the Spanish-American War and his retirement 31 John H. Patterson’s second marriage and his final years 38 Postscript: Donation of John H. Patterson’s Medal of Honor 44 APPENDICES Appendix No. 1 John H. Patterson’s assignments and promotions 48 Appendix No. 2 50 “History of the 11th U.S. Infantry Regiment” by Capt. J. H. Patterson, U.S. Army, Twentieth Infantry, included in The Army of the United States Appendix No. 3 60 “Children of the Frontier: A Daughter of the Old Army Recalls the Vivid Life Seen by Herself and Other Youngsters at the Western Posts” by Elizabeth Patterson. New York Herald Tribune, December 18, 1932 Appendix No. 4 66 Biographical sketch and obituary for William H. Forbes, father of Mary Elizabeth Forbes, first wife of John H. Patterson Appendix No. 5 67 Captain John H. Patterson at Fort Seward, Dakota Territory NOTES 71 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following individuals who were very helpful in assembling this biography of John H.
  • Fort Totten Battery, U

    Fort Totten Battery, U

    Landmarks Preservation Commission September 24, 1974, Number 5 LP-0826 FORT TOTTEN BATTERY, U. S. Government Reservation, Willets Point, Bayside, Queens. Built 1362-1864; Supervising Engineer: !'Jilliam Petit Trowbridge. Landmark Site: Borough of Queens Tax ~1ap Block 5917, Lot 1, in part, consisting of the land on which the described improvement is situated. On September 25, 1973, the Landmarks Preservation CoMmission held a ,public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the Fort Toften Battery and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site (Item No. 8). The hear­ ing had been duly advertised in accordance with the provisions of law. A representative of the United States Army testified as to the current status of the Battery. There were no speakers in opposition to desienation. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS The Fort Totten Battery is one of the most impressive and monumental sights in Queens. Its superior stone construction, rarely surpassed in this country, con­ tains a number of the important innovations used in the Third or Totten System of United States seacoast fortifications that were built between 1817 and 1864. The First System of seacoast fortifications was begun in 1794 when it seemed that the United States might be drawn into the European wars that followed the French Revolution. The Second System, which started in 1807 under the threat of war with Britain and ended with the l'Tar of 1812, is important because it marks the first time that American-born and trained engineers built fortifications on a large scale. Unlike the first two systems which had been built in response to external threats, the Third System of seacoast fortifications was begun in 1817 during a period of peace.
  • Joseph Gilbert Totten

    Joseph Gilbert Totten

    MEMOIE JOSEPH GILBERT TOTTEN. 1788-1864. BY J. G. BARNARD. BEAD AT THE •WASHINGTON SESSION, JAN. 0,1866. BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF JOSEPH GILBERT TOTTEN. ME. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN or THE ACADEMY :— In conformity with a clause of the Constitution of this Academy, and in obedience to your instructions, I am here to render the tribute of a formal biographical notice in commemoration of one who was numbered among our most venerable and most honored associates. If, in the language of one of our body, on a previous and similar occasion, "it is no unreasonable assumption that public benefit and individual incentives may be derived from the history of any man whose scientific services have rendered him worthy of admittance to your number," that assumption must have a peculiar force when it applies to one who has "finished his course," and has filled a life, protracted beyond the usual term, with scientific labors of no ordinary variety and magnitude. It is but little more than two years since we first met for the great and important work of organizing this National Academy, and with us—of our number, if not personally present—were "both the gray-headed and very aged men." But, alas! these, like autumnal leaves, are rapidly falling away, and already the places of a Totten, a Hitchcock, and a Silliman know them no more, save in the records of their lives and deeds, and in the grateful memories of their associates. What a trio of names, glorious in the annals of science, is this! Well may they be ineentives to us, who yet remain to strive that we may worthily replace them, and establish for this Academy a reputation for usefulness and science which their honored bearers have acquired for themselves.
  • David Bates Douglass Papers, Chronological

    David Bates Douglass Papers, Chronological

    David Bates Douglass Papers William L. Clements Library Chronological Inventory The University of Michigan Finding aid: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsead/umich-wcl-M-1390dou?view=text • 1812 March 23. S. H. Cox to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; Newark, [New Jersey]. 4 pages. • 1812 March 23. S. H. Cox to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; Newark, [New Jersey]. 4 pages. • 1813 December 24. Malcom [David Bates Douglass] to Ann E. Ellicott [Ann Eliza Ellicott]; [West Point, New York]. 6 pages. • 1813 December 24. Malcolm [David Bates Douglass] to Ann E. Ellicott [Ann Eliza Ellicott]; West Point, [New York]. 5 pages. • 1813 December 27. Samuel H. Eakin to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; New York, [New York]. 3 pages.* • 1814 January 14. Maria Colden to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; Coldenham, [New York]. 2 pages. • 1814 January 14. Samuel H. Eakin to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; New York, [New York]. 1 page.* • 1814 January 21. Samuel H. Eakin to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; New York, [New York]. 1 page.* • 1814 Januray 24. Samuel H. Eakin to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; New York, [New York]. 2 pages.* • 1814 February 17. Samuel H. Eakin to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; New York, [New York]. 1 page.* • 1814 February 21. E. D. Wood [Eleazer Derby Wood] to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; Albany, [New York]. 3 pages.* • 1814 February 26. Samuel H. Eakin to David B. Douglass [David Bates Douglass]; New York, [New York]. 2 pages.* • 1814 March 8.
  • History of the US Army Corps of Engineers

    History of the US Army Corps of Engineers

    History of the US Army Corps of Engineers Course No: B07-002 Credit: 7 PDH Robert Steelhammer, P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: A History Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Office of History Alexandria, Virginia 2008 This is the Official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identified to certify its authenticity. Use of ISBN 978-0-16-079585-5 is for U.S. Government Printing Office Official Editions only. The Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Office requests that any reprinted edition clearly be labeled as a copy of the authentic work with a new ISBN. It is prohibited to use the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers seal, as it appears on the cover, on any republication of this material without the express, written permission of the Office of History, Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Any person using official seals and logos in a manner inconsistent with the Federal Regulations Act is subject to penalty. Foreword his illustrated history of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provides an overview of many of the missions that engineers have performed in support of the U.S. Army and the Nation since the early days of the T American Revolution. A permanent institution since 1802, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has effect- ively and proudly responded to changing defense requirements and has played an integral part in the development of the Nation.
  • The Descendants

    The Descendants

    THE DESCENDANTS OF i{1CHARD ~ ~ILLIAN .M:ANSFIELD \VHO SETTLED IN NEW HAVEN, \VITH SKETCHES OF SOME OF THE ~10ST DISTINGUISHED. ALSO, OF CONNECT'IONS OF OTHER NAMES. ---•--- CO:}IPILED AND PUBLISHED BY H. MANSFIELD, NEW HAVEN, 1885. LIST OF ILLUSTRATI()NS. The figures denote the ages of the persons when their Portr-aits were taken. Col. Jared Mansfield, (69), ..............•....•• Frontispiece. PAGE. Maj. William Munson, ('17,). .. .•• ..• . .•. .. .. .. 28 Lieut. Nathan Mansfield House, ........................... 28 Rev. Dr. Richard ~ansfield, (90,) ........................ 31 Rev. Dr. Richard Mansfield House,. .•. •.. •. .. .. •. 35 CoL William Douglas, (30,) ••• .• . .. •. .• . •. ••• .• . •. ••• ••• 42 Hannab (Mansfield) Douglas, (25,) ..•.••.•.•.•.•••...•••.. 43 Silhouettes of Rev. Achilles Mansfield, etc.,.... .. .. 54 William Punderson :Mansfield, (78,)... •. •. 72 Hon. Edward D. Mansfield, (74,) ......................... 77 Prof. Charles Davies, (68,) .•.......................•........ 87 Gen. J. K. F. Mansfield, (57,) ..... ·······••n••··········· 91 :\'laj. Benj. F. Mansfield, (63,) ..............•.•.....•..•••••102 Mrs. Susan Huntington, (18,) ..............................104 H. Mansfield, (75,) .• •.•. .. •.....••.........•..•••••••••... 114 J. )I. :Mansfield, (68,) .......•..••...•.•.••.•..........••..... 118 Hon. Hugh White, (46,) .•...•..•............................ 126 Maria :M. (Mansfield) White, (75,) .......•................ 126 William :Mansfield White, ........ ; ..•......................126 Lewis Wm. Mansfield,
  • February 2007 AFMS Newsletter - February 2007 Page 3 the AFMS GREETINGS from YOUR PRESIDENT-ELECT the A.F.M.S

    February 2007 AFMS Newsletter - February 2007 Page 3 the AFMS GREETINGS from YOUR PRESIDENT-ELECT the A.F.M.S

    Non-Profit Org. U.S. Postage PAID Burley, ID 83318 Permit No. 9 TIME VALUE It is AFMS policy that its name and logos may not be used for com- PLEASE DO NOT DELAY mercial purposes. Please notify the Central Office of any violations. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF MINERALOGICAL SOCIETIES Volume 60, Number 3 SERVING SEVEN REGIONAL FEDERATIONS February, 2007 JOIN THE EXCITEMENT IN ROSWELL, NM ELSEWHERE IN THIS ISSUE by Bob Carlson, AFMS President As a member of the Chaparral Rockhounds and President of the President's Message.............................................2 American Federation (AFMS), I would like to take this opportunity America The Beautiful Pass ...............................2 Greetings from the Pres. - Elect......................3 to offer a very warm welcome to the joint Rocky Mountain and the Endowment Fund News ........................................4 AFMS annual Gem and Mineral Convention. The welcome is es- Conservation & Legislation..................................4 pecially warm because the festivities will be held in June in Roswell, AFMS/ALAA at Tucson.......................................4 New Mexico. Be Safe - Be Well..................................................5 Toby Cozens.............................................................5 George Browne........................................................5 Roswell is an oasis in the southern New Mexico desert and is noted Rockhounds of the Year ......................................6 for it's strange events. In addition to beautiful gems, stunning jew- Uniform
  • Mark A.Smith,Ph.D

    Mark A.Smith,Ph.D

    1005 State University Dr. 229.591.1854 Dept. of Hist., Geog., Pol. Sci. & Crim. Justice [email protected] Fort Valley State University MARK A. SMITH, PH.D. Fort Valley, GA 31030-4313 Education Ph.D., History . The University of Alabama, 2004. Fields: U.S. History to 1865, U.S. History since 1865, Military & Naval History. Dissertation Title: “The Corps of Engineers and National Defense in Antebellum America, 1815-1860.” M.A., History . The State University of West Georgia, 1997. Thesis Title: “A Tactical Analysis of the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain with respect to the Tactical Precepts of Dennis Hart Mahan.” B.A., History . Kennesaw State University, 1995 (Cum Laude). Employment Associate Professor, Tenured . Fort Valley State University, Department of History, Geography, Political Science, History and Criminal Justice; Fall 2010 to present. Taught both U.S. History Surveys (including an honors version of U.S. History to 1865), World Civilization since 1500, Georgia History, the Civil War and Reconstruction, Jacksonian America, the American Revolution and New Nation, Colonial America, U.S. Military History, and Historical Methods. Assistant Professor . Fort Valley State University, Department of History, Geography, Political Science, and Criminal Justice; Fall 2005 to Spring 2010. Taught both U.S. History Surveys (including an honors version of U.S. History to 1865), World Civilization since 1500, Georgia History, the Civil War and Reconstruction, the Old South, Jacksonian America, and the American Revolution and New Nation. Part Time Temporary Instructor . University of Alabama, History Department; Fall 2003, Fall 2004-Summer 2005. Taught American Civilization to 1865, Honors American Civilization to 1865, and American Civilization since 1865.
  • PART II. OTHER PUBLICATIONS of the ACADEMY MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES -The Memoirs Are Monographs Published at Irregular Intervals

    PART II. OTHER PUBLICATIONS of the ACADEMY MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES -The Memoirs Are Monographs Published at Irregular Intervals

    PART II. OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE ACADEMY MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -The Memoirs are monographs published at irregular intervals. Some volumes are comprised of a single monograph, while others consist of several separate papers relating to different branches of science. The Memoirs listed as "out of print" qare no longer available from the Academy,' but it is possible that some of these might still be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., who sometimes has additional copies which are sold at cost. The Academy edition of the Memoirs is distributed free. CONTENTS VoLums I. 1866. Out of print 1. Reduction of the observations of fixed stars made by Joseph LePaute D'Agelet, at Paris, in 1783-1785, with a catalogue of the corresponding mean places, referred to the Equinox of 1800.0. BENJAMIN APTHORP GOULD. Read January 8, 1864. Pp. 1-261. 2. The Saturnian system. BZNJAMIN Pumcu. Read January 8, 1864. Pp. 263-86. 3. On the distribution of certain diseases in reference to hygienic choice of location for the cure of invalid soldiers. AUGUSTrUS A. GouLD. Read August 5, 1864. Pp. 287-90. 4. On shooting stars. H. A. NEWTON.- Read August 6, 1864. Pp. 291-312. 5. Rifled guns. W. H. C. BARTL*rT. Read August 25, 1865. Pp. 313-43. VoLums II. 1884 1. Report of the eclipse expedition to Caroline Island, May, 1883. Pp. 5-146. 2. Experimental determination of wave-lengths in the invisible prismatic spectrum. S. P. LANGIXY. April, 1883. 4 plates. Pp. 147-2.
  • Fort Hamilton Officers' Club (Casemate Fort)

    Fort Hamilton Officers' Club (Casemate Fort)

    Landmarks P teaser-vat Jon Commfss ton March 8, 1977, Numher 4 LP-0953 FORT HAMILTON OFFICERS' CLUe (CASEMATE FORT) beginning at the westernmost end of the uppermost retoird:-rg wall where ft meets gr.eclt'?l and c;,.:;.ntlnulng to its eastern end, then runnlng along a 1 Jne in sn easter'ly dir~c. tion over the lawn to a north~r1y right angle turn over the lawn which is aligned wtth the outer edge of the continuation or the uppermost retafnti'lg wall and meeting Its southernmost end; thence running along the cuter profile of t he upp~rmos t retalnlng wall and around Its easterly prowllke conf fgurGtion continuing along the northern sIde of the prow-shaped wa 11 In a westerly dIrect f on to Its end; thence running along a line set back 25 1 -011 from thP. mafn lower retaining wall ending at the sma11 gua rd house; thence running along a tine folla~lng the curb line of the north-south access road In a northerly dfrectfon and set back from ft 25'-0" untfl lt meets the line of the southerly curb of the east-west access road; thence running along a line which crosses the service road running around the western edge of the Fort Hamllton property at rlght angles to a fence which cofncldes with th~ "Ou tgr&nt A Umtt" nn~ ; thence runnfng along tho f~nce arou11d in a southerly directton to a point where a lfne extend(!ld out from the southernmost upper retalntng wall would Intersect It; thence running along a lfne over the lawn to the potnt where ft meets the westernmost end of the upper­ most retaining walt, For t Hamilton, United States Government Reservation, Fort Hamilton Parkway and Shore Parkway, Bay Ridge , Borough of Bro0ldyn.
  • The Coastal Fortifications of Nineteenth Century Louisiana

    The Coastal Fortifications of Nineteenth Century Louisiana

    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2014 Danger Shelter Opportunity: The oC astal Fortifications of Nineteenth Century Louisiana James F. Osborne, IV Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Fine Arts Commons Recommended Citation Osborne, IV, James F., "Danger Shelter Opportunity: The oC astal Fortifications of Nineteenth Century Louisiana" (2014). LSU Master's Theses. 882. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/882 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DANGER SHELTER OPPORTUNITY: THE COASTAL FORTIFICATIONS OF NINETEENTH CENTURY LOUISIANA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts in The School of Art by James F. Osborne, IV B.F.A, Louisiana Tech University, 2004 August 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To all of the friends who have graciously given their suggestions and support during the making of this work, I thank you deeply. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………… ..ii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………...iv Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..v
  • “Interruptions and Embarrassments”: the Smithsonian During the Civil War by Kathleen W

    “Interruptions and Embarrassments”: the Smithsonian During the Civil War by Kathleen W

    “Interruptions and Embarrassments”: The Smithsonian during the Civil War By Kathleen W. Dorman Images scanned by Jennifer Nichols What follows is a revised version of a talk delivered on September 25, 1996, as part of the Smithsonian Institution History Lecture Series during the Smithsonian's sesquicentennial celebration and on December 10, 1997, to the Smithsonian Associates. When the Civil War erupted in April 1861, the Smithsonian Institution suddenly found itself vulnerable. Located in the nation's capital between the Capitol Building and the White House, the institution was not immune from the forces threatening to turn the city of Washington, D.C., into an armed camp. In his first annual report to the governing board of the Smithsonian since the beginning of the national conflict, Joseph Henry suggested the war had not greatly affected the institution he managed. "The interruptions and embarrassments," he wrote, "although frequent, and in some cases perplexing, have not prevented the continuance of the general operations of the Institution." But Henry was evidently putting the best face on a bad situation, for the war's impact Joseph Henry by Mathew on the Smithsonian was considerable. Were it not for his Brady, ca. 1862, Brady steadfast leadership, the institution might have suffered Collection, National permanent damage.1 Archives. In retrospect, this country had been heading toward civil war for many years. With the acquisition of vast territories in the West following the war with Mexico in the 1840s, tensions between the North and the slave-owning South increased. Shortly after the November 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, who was firmly opposed to the further spread of slavery, South Carolina seceded, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.