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Environmental Planning Model for Cultural Heritage Sites in Southeastern Europe

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Environmental Planning Model for Cultural Heritage Sites in Southeastern Europe Enhancement of Cultural Heritage through Environmental Planning and Management: CHERPLAN (SEE/0041/4.3/X) WP6: Cultural Heritage Environmental Planning Model for SEE D6.2: Environmental Planning Model for Cultural Heritage Sites in Southeastern Europe Author: Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Science and Arts (Slovenia) Completion Date: May 2014 List of Contributors: Autonomous Region of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) National Research Council, Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (Italy) University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control (Austria) Municipality of Hallstatt (Austria) Region of Western Greece (Greece) Computer Technology Institute & Press (Greece) Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Science and Arts (Slovenia) Municipality of Idrija (Slovenia) Ministry of Culture (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) Ministry of Culture (Montenegro) Ministry of Culture, Tourism, Youth, and Sports (Albania) CHERPLAN/D6.2 Page 2 of 195 In memory of Bojan Erhartič. CHERPLAN/D6.2 Page 3 of 195 Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 In Search of Sustainable Management of Cultural Heritage Sites 6 in Southeast Europe 2.1 Territorial Delimitation: Southeast Europe Program Area 9 2.2 Terminology 10 3 International Heritage Protection 11 3.1 UNESCO Protection and Development Guidelines 13 3.2 Operational Guidelines for Implementing the World Heritage 16 Convention 4 Cultural Heritage: The Driver of Development 18 4.1 The Development Potential of Cultural Heritage 19 4.1.1 Economic Development Potentials 19 4.1.2 Social Development Potentials 21 4.1.3 Environmental Development Potentials 22 4.1.4 Cultural Development Potentials 23 5 Environmental Planning Recommendations 23 5.1 Preparing an Environmental Management Plan 23 5.2 Participatory Planning 31 5.3 Leading a Participatory Process 39 5.4 Water-Supply Challenges at Cultural Heritage Sites 47 5.5 Wastewater Management 52 5.6 Solid Waste Management in the Context of Cultural Heritage 58 5.7 Integrated Conservation of Cultural Heritage 65 5.8 Revitalization of Old City Centers 71 5.9 Restoration of Historic Buildings 78 5.10 Sustainable Management of Cultural Landscapes 84 5.11 Cultural Heritage as a Brand 90 5.12 Cultural Heritage and Natural Disaster Risk Preparedness 98 5.13 The Use of Geoinformatics in Cultural Heritage Management 108 5.14 Sustainable Transport and Cultural Heritage 117 5.15 The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Revitalizing Cultural 123 Heritage 5.16 Public-Private Partnerships in Cultural Heritage Protection 129 5.17 Marketing Cultural Heritage 135 5.18 Carrying Capacity 141 5.19 Developing Responsible Tourism in the Countryside Using 149 Local Culture and Cultural Heritage 5.20 Monitoring and Evaluation in Managing Cultural Heritage 156 6 Sources 166 CHERPLAN/D6.2 Page 4 of 195 1 Introduction (Janez Nared, Nika Razpotnik Visković) In line with UNESCO requirements (cf. Convention … 1972 and Operational Guidelines … 2013), cultural heritage that has been included on the world heritage list must have a suitable management plan that comprehensively defines the goals and measures for protecting, preserving, using, and developing protected monuments and areas. In this regard, one cannot ignore the spatial, economic, and social context of cultural heritage, which is why management plans must also ensure the goals and measures relevant to the development of entire area and community in addition to providing protection (Ringbeck 2008). Management plans must be closely connected with regional planning and development documents, especially if they seek to follow sustainable development, which has been at the center of international attention ever since the 1972 adoption of the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Operational Guidelines … 2013; Nared, Erhartič, & Razpotnik Visković 2013, 395). Alongside ensuring environmental and cultural sustainability, cultural heritage can be used in various ways that can contribute to quality of life in individual communities; here it must be ensured that measures do not reduce the outstanding universal values of a specific protected monument. It does not suffice for an individual cultural heritage site to be protected (i.e., prevented from deteriorating); it is vital that this protection be complemented by components of education, identification, tourism, and development (Nared, Erhartič, & Razpotnik Visković 2013, 395). Cultural values are an important component of regional development. Hence, their protection and development must be closely connected with planning and developing the entire region. According to the recommendations set out in the convention (1972), heritage should be included in community life. This handbook therefore provides guidelines on how to address specific challenges of cultural heritage and its management and draws attention to some of the opportunities that heritage offers to the region’s development (Nared, Erhartič, & Razpotnik Visković 2013, 395). The CHERPLAN project (CHERPLAN stands for “Enhancement of Cultural Heritage through Environmental Planning and Management”) aims to provide a strong basis for ensuring compatibility and synergy between cultural heritage conservation and socioeconomic growth by fostering the adoption of a modern environmental planning approach throughout southeast Europe (SEE). The aim of environmental planning is to integrate traditional urban/spatial planning with the concerns of environmentalism to ensure sustainable development; when innovatively applied to cultural CHERPLAN/D6.2 Page 5 of 195 heritage sites, environmental planning’s comprehensive perspective can be regarded as composed of three spheres: the built and historical environment, the socioeconomic and cultural environment, and the biophysical environment (Application form 2010). In this regard, the Environmental Planning Model for Cultural Heritage Sites in Southeast Europe, as one of the results of the CHERPLAN project, addresses vital parts of cultural heritage management. It provides the basic framework defined by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), and guidelines for twenty specific management issues composed of a thematic introduction, guidelines/recommendations, and good-practice examples. A model in this context can be defined as a prototype or a “good practice”, which is attractive, realistic, easy to understand, visible and tangible, reproducible, measurable and transferable (Ruoss 2013). Thus, the model provides practical information on the application of environmental planning in SEE, some of it developed within CHERPLAN pilot projects and some of it defined through the experiences of other cultural heritage sites. In both cases, recommendations and good-practice examples present local traditional knowledge and experience that has been developed through successful management practices in the past. The model aims to assist cultural heritage site managers in their everyday decisions by supporting them with firm technical knowledge and specific instructions on how to react in a given situation. In this regard, it could support the recently issued World Heritage Resource Manual on Managing Cultural World Heritage, which was published by UNESCO in November 2013. 2 In Search of Sustainable Management of Cultural Heritage Sites in Southeast Europe (Janez Nared, Bojan Erhartič, Drago Kladnik) The Southeast Europe Transnational Cooperation Program has highlighted the development of transnational synergies for sustainable growth areas (Priority Axis 4), in which the use of cultural values plays an important role for sustainable development of regions (Programme Priorities 2014). The purpose of the “Area of Intervention 4.3”—Promoting the use of cultural values for development—“is the inclusion of cultural values as an integral part of the programme area in the planning and development processes of urban centres, systems of settlements and surrounding rural CHERPLAN/D6.2 Page 6 of 195 areas” (South East Europe Programme Manual 2010, 97). Namely, southeast Europe “is rich in cultural values (from prehistoric times and beyond to the ancient Greek civilization, Hellenistic times, the Roman and Byzantine Empires, the Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy and Communist period) and tourism potential. Urban development cannot take place in a ‘cultural vacuum’ but should respect the cultural landscapes in which it is embedded. Hence the mobilisation of cultural values in the urban development context presents an opportunity for promoting local identities, bridging urban centres and rural periphery and making South East European cities an attractive place to live and work” (South East Europe Programme Manual 2010, 97). To this end, the projects financed by the program should support joint conservation and the utilization of cultural values as an endogenous development factor and a resource for sustainable tourism (South East Europe Programme Manual 2010, 97). One of the selected projects in the area of intervention was also the CHERPLAN project, which focuses on integrated planning of cultural heritage sites and emphasizes environmental planning as the fundamental conceptual framework for achieving this goal. The project partners from Italy, Slovenia, Austria, Montenegro, Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Greece (Box 1) formulated four interconnected work
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