Sample Pages
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Achaemenid Empire/ (Persia) BY: HOZAN LATIF RAUF General Architectural Features
Achaemenid Empire/ (Persia) BY: HOZAN LATIF RAUF General Architectural features ▪ The architecture of Persians was more columnar and that led to vastly different massive architectural features from that of the Mesopotamian era. ▪ The use of flat timber roofs rather than vaults led to more slender columns and were rather more beautiful. This also led to rooms being squarer in shape than simple long rectangle. ▪ The roofing system was also very different, wherein the wooden brackets were covered in clay and provided more stability. The use of a double mud wall might have provided room for windows just below ceiling in structures like Palace of Persepolis. VOCABULARY WORDS ▪ The COLUMN is divided into three parts: ▪ The BASE ▪ The SHAFT- FLUTED ▪ The CAPITAL- Double Animal most with bulls Ancient Susa/Shush The city of SUSA was the Persian capital in succession to Babylon, where there is a building with a citadel complex. There was a good skill set of artisans and laborers available which made the palace complex more of a piece of art than just a building structure. Cedar wood was got from Lebanon and teak from the mountain of Zagros. The baked bricks were still made in the Babylonian method. Ancient Susa/Shush Ancient Persepolis PERSEPOLIS ▪ 518 BCE ▪ King Darius utilized influences and materials from all over his empire, which included Babylon, Egypt, Mesopotamian and Greece Architectural Plan of Ancient Persepolis The Great/Apadana Staircase ▪ King Xerxes (486-465 BC) built the Grand Staircase and the Gate of All Nations. ▪ The Grand Staircase is located on the northeast side of the city and these stairs were carved from massive blocks of stone. -
See the Document
IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways -
The Achaemenid Legacy in the Arsakid Period
Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 2019, special issue, pp. 175–186 Volume in Honour of Professor Anna Krasnowolska doi:10.4467/20843933ST.19.032.10975 www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Litteraria HTTP://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-6709-752X MAREK JAN OLBRYCHT University of Rzeszów, Poland e-mail: [email protected] The Memory of the Past: the Achaemenid Legacy in the Arsakid Period Abstract The Achaemenid Empire, established by Cyrus the Great, provided a model looked up to by subsequent empires on the territory of Iran and the Middle East, including the empires ruled by Alexander of Macedonia, the Seleukids, and the Arsakids. Achaemenid patterns were eagerly imitated by minor rulers of Western Asia, including Media Atropatene, Armenia, Pontos, Kappadokia and Kommagene. The Arsakids harked back to Achaemenids, but their claims to the Achaemenid descendance were sporadic. Besides, there were no genealogical links between the Arsakids and Achaemenid satraps contrary to the dynastic patterns com- mon in the Hellenistic Middle East. Keywords: Iran, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenids, Arsakids, Achaemenid legacy In this article I shall try to explain why some rulers of the Arsakid period associa- ted their dynasty with the Achaemenids and what the context was of such declara- tions. The focus of this study is on the kings of Parthia from Arsakes I (248–211 B.C.) to Phraates IV (37–3/2 B.C.). The Achaemenids established the world’s first universal empire, spanning ter- ritories on three continents – Asia, Africa, and (temporary) Europe. The power of the Persians was founded by Cyrus the Great (559–530 B.C.), eulogised by the Iranians, Jews, Babylonian priests, and Greeks as well, who managed to make a not very numerous people inhabiting the lands along the Persian Gulf masters of an empire stretching from Afghanistan to the Aegean Sea, giving rise to the largest state of those times. -
Iran Or Persia: What's in a Name, the Decline and Fall of a Tourism Industry?
Iran or Persia: What’s in a name, the decline and fall of a tourism industry? Baum, T.G. and O’Gorman, K.D. Strathclyde Business School University of Strathclyde Cathedral Street Glasgow [email protected] [email protected] Iran is a combination of Persia and Islam, it is a complicated, often confused, if not diametrically opposed mix of two ideologies; as a country it is complex and unpredictable but also, from a tourism perspective, unrivalled in the cultural attributes that it can offer to the more intrepid traveller. Historically, modern Iran has its roots in ancient Persia and therefore it is unsurprising that the contemporary nation attempts to trace its cultural heritage back for at least 5,000 years. Hegel considered the ancient Persians to be the first historic people: “In Persia first arises that light which shines itself and illuminates what is around...The principle of development begins with the history of Persia; this constitutes therefore the beginning of history” (Hegel, 1857, p. 147). However, Hegel’s historicism is questionable on two grounds. Firstly, that Persia was identifiable. As Garthwaite has commented, “‘Persia’ is not easily located with any geographic specificity, nor can its people, the Persians, be easily categorized. In the end Persia and the Persians are as much metaphysical notions as a place or a people.” (Garthwaite, 2007, p. 1) Indeed, despite the long antecedence of civilisation in the area, until the late sixth century BC, there are no known historical materials that are written by Persians identifying themselves as Persian. -
The Achaemenid Heartland: an Archaeological-Historical Perspective 933
CHAPTER FIFTY The Achaemenid Heartland: An Archaeological - Historical Perspective Wouter F.M. Henkelman 1 Geographical, Climatic, and Chronological Setting Though the Achaemenid heartland in a strict sense corresponds roughly to the modern Iranian province of F ā rs (ancient P ā rsa, PersV), its immediate cultural and historical context comprised parts of the provinces of Esfah ā n, Y ā zd, Kerm ā n and B ū š ehr, as well as Kh ū zest ā n, where a Neo - Elamite kingdom existed until c.540 or 520 BC . An Iranian presence was noticeable on Elam ’ s northern and eastern borders from the 7th century BC onward and Elamite culture provided a critical impulse for the early Persians (Henkelman 2008a ). When Darius I (522 – 486 BC ) transformed Susa into a principal Achaemenid residence (c.520 BC ), he confi rmed Elam ’ s special status and de facto made it part of the empire ’ s core. In fact, the bipolarity of lowland Kh ū zest ā n and highland F ā rs had characterized successive Elamite states from the 3rd millennium onward (Amiet 1979 ; Potts 1999 ; Miroschedji 2003 ; for other parts of Achaemenid Iran, see Boucharlat 2005 ). In physical terms, the area comprises the southern Zagros range of northwest– southeast - oriented valleys, ending in larger intermontane plains (the Kū r River basin, including the Marv Da š t with Persepolis); the B ū š ehr province coastal plains (and further east?); and the Kh ū zest ā n alluvial plain. As the ancient coast- line extended further northwestward than it does today, only higher Kh ū zest ā n is relevant here, roughly the area north of Ahw ā z (Gasche 2004, 2005, 2007 ; Heyvaert and Baeteman 2007 ). -
The Persian Achaemenid Architecture Art Its Impact ... and Influence (558-330BC)
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 The Persian Achaemenid Architecture Art its Impact ... and Influence (558-330BC) Assistant professor Dr. Iman Lafta Hussein a a Department of History, College of Education, Al Qadisiya University, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Republic of Iraq Abstract The Achaemenid Persians founded an empire that lasted for two centuries (550-331 BC) within that empire that included the regions of the Near East, Asia Minor, part of the Greek world, and highly educated people and people such as Babylon, Assyria, Egypt, and Asia Minor. Bilad Al-Sham, centers of civilization with a long tradition in urbanism and civilization, benefited the Achaemenids in building their empire and the formation of their civilization and the upbringing of their culture. It also secured under the banner of late in the field of civilization, those ancient cultures and mixed and resulted in the Achaemenid civilization, which is a summarization of civilizations of the ancient East and reconcile them, and architecture and art were part of those civilizational mixing, It was influenced by ancient Iraqi and Egyptian architecture as well as Greek art. In addition, it also affected the architecture of the neighboring peoples, and its effects on the architecture of India and Greece, as well as southern Siberia, but the external influences on the architecture of Achaemenid. It does not erase the importance of the special element and the ability to create a special architecture of Achaemenid civilization that has the character and characteristics and distinguish it from its counterparts in the ancient East. -
Iran Per Islam Tour ( 12 Days)
2016 Iran Per Islam Tour ( 12 Days) Start: Tehran Finish: Tehran Themes: Historical & Culture Physical Rate: Light Group Size: Max 20 ( Small Group) Day Daily Activity Highlights Over Night 1 Arrive in Tehran at any time , Meet and greet at the airport. Transfer to - Tehran hotel. Full day city tour of Tehran to visit national museum of Iran , Golestan Iran National 2 Place and Carpet Museum of Iran, then transfer to Hamedan. Museum Hamedan Full day city tour of Hamadan to visit Ganjnameh, tomb of Avicenna and Ganjnameh 3 Alisadr cave. Alisadr cave Hamedan Visiting Ecbatana (Hegmatana) in morning. Driving toward Kermanshah 4 Ecbatana, (190 km ) en route visiting: Anahita Temple in Kangavar Anahita Temple Kermanshah Full day tour of Kermanshah to visit Taq -e Bostan and Khaja Barookh's Taq -e Bostan , 5 House. Iranian house Kermanshah Drive to Shush and visit this beautiful city built 5500 years ago, continue Shush, 6 to Choghazanbil, one of the oldest ziggurats in the world, in the afternoon Choghazanbil, drive to Shushtar to visit, Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System. Historical Shushtar Hydraulic System Drive to Shiraz an ancient city in heart of history (550 km) en route visit 7 Sasanian bas-reliefs and Bishapour city arrive to shiraz at night. Bishapour city Shiraz Morning city tour for Iranian gardens (Eram or Jahan Nama) and Iranian Iranian Gardens, 8 famous poet tomb (Hafez and Saadi). Hafez and Saadi Shiraz Tomb Morning Driving toward Yazd (500 km), en route visiting: Persepolis, Persepolis, 9 Naqsh-e Rostam (Necropolis), Pasargadae (tomb of Cyrus the great which Naqsh-e Rostam, Yazd was the Achamenian center) arrival in Yazd at night. -
Field Report on the 2015 Current Archaeological Works of the Joint
Field Report on the 2015 Current Archaeological Works of the Joint Iran-French Project on Pasargadae and its Territory Sébastien Gondet, Kourosh Mohammadkhani, Mahdokht Farjamirad, Nabil Ibnoerrida, Farhad Zare Kordshouli, Hamid Reza Karami, Damien Laisney To cite this version: Sébastien Gondet, Kourosh Mohammadkhani, Mahdokht Farjamirad, Nabil Ibnoerrida, Farhad Zare Kordshouli, et al.. Field Report on the 2015 Current Archaeological Works of the Joint Iran-French Project on Pasargadae and its Territory. Iranian Heritage Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, 2018, 1 (1), pp.60-87. halshs-02006168 HAL Id: halshs-02006168 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02006168 Submitted on 19 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Field Report on the 2015 Current Archaeological Works of the Joint Iran-French Project on Pasargadae and its Territory Sébastien Gondet *, Kourosh Mohammadkhani **, Mahdokht Farjamirad ***, Nabil Ibnoeirida ****, Farhad Zare Kordshouli *****, Hamid Reza Karami *****, Damien Laisney * Abstract The Iranian-French project resumed its archaeological work on the site of Pasargadae in the latter half of 2015, the capital founded by Cyrus the Great in the center of the ancient province of Persia. It is the first step of a program that will span over several years and during which we will gradually enrich the Pasargadae archaeological map on a large scale. -
No Nation Is of Her Political Identity So Let's Travel To
Persian Empire 18 Days NO NATION IS OF HER POLITICAL IDENTITY SO LET’S TRAVEL TO SEE, EXPLORE AND BELIEVE Day 1:Tehran Arrival Tehran meet and greet by the guide transfer to hotel; Overnight Tehran Day 2: Tehran: Tehran as the capital of Iran is the most car depending city in the world and the traffic will make you feel astonished when you are touring around! Today we try to survive the traffic and all these noises and we will visit Golestan Palace (UNESCO) where 9 Iranian monarchs with 1 Iranian empress had crowned here! Later we visit National Museum of Iran. We can also visit the Ex-American Embassy in Tehran! afternoon Free afternoon at leisure Overnight Tehran Day 3: Tehran-Kashan Morning drive to Kashan to visit Borujerdiha mansion, Sultan-Mir-Ahmad Hammam, Agha-Bozorg mosque in Kashan, and Fin Garden (UNESCO). Overnight Kashan Day 4: Kashan-Naein-Yazd Morning drive to Yazd en-route Naein to visit man-made caves for Aba weaving (Aba is a special cloth for clergies). Overnight Yazd Day 5: Yazd-Zeinoddin Yazd city tour including Towers of silence, fire temple, Dowlat Abad garden (UNESCO), Amirchakhmaq Tekye, Sweet shop, Jame Mosque, Old quarter of the town (UNESCO), Alexander prison to see the textile workshops there In the afternoon drive to Zeinoddin; Overnight zeinoddin Caravanserai Day 6: Zeinoddin-Pasargadae-Persepolis Drive to Persepolis through the breathtaking mountains and desert via Abarkuh to visit the old cypress tree of almost 4000 years old later to Pasargadae (UNESCO) to visit the tomb of Cyrus the Great; Overnight Persepolis Day 7: Persepolis-Shiraz Morning Visit of Persepolis (UNESCO), Naghshe-Rajab, Naghshe-Rustam(Necropolis) (UNESCO) Afternoon drive to Shiraz. -
The Historians of Greece
THE HISTORIANS OF GREECE r THE OLYKPIC EDITION Th_ e_tio_ is strictly li_ted to ore tltou- 8an_ rigid, _r_ber_ and registered _tm, of which thi, is HOMAS COMPANY _tbtntb _tntut_ HIEnglishS designMonksis ,typicalshowingof tilethe wstageork ofwhichtile it had reached during the latter part of the Seventh and earlier part of the Eighth Centuries. The foliage ornamentation, the somewhat subdued col- ours and the profuse use of gold are highly charac- teristic. The most beautiful example of work of this period is a copy of the Gospels written by Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne, who died A. D. 721. It is known as the Durham Manuscript and is considered the most beautiful manuscript in the collection of tile British Museum. _ THE HISTORY OF HERODOTUS GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A. CANON OF CANTERBURY AND PROFE_OR OF ANCIENT HISq_PRY IN TIIE UNIVERSITY OF oXFORD ; AUTHOR OF TIIE FIVE GRF.AT MONARCHI_ __ '_ANC/ENT HmTORY_ _t ETC. VOLUME I NEW YORK THE TANDY-THOMAS COMPANY THm T_ov-THo_ Co_Px_r_ ILLUSTRATIONS Gram AND CA_VAU,ZS ...... Frostlapiece Photo-masotint after the Painting of IWW_MINA_D Trr_z-Pz, ml ....... Title Designed by Walter Tittle, after the English School o_ t_ _ c_tm7 pAmE A_mmR T_mo Hzx_N ....... _6 Photo-nm_ttnt after the Painting by Lib_md Dmr_Ncz o_ A C,_ ......... 6_ Ag1:e_ an Btohin S in the B0dl_iau Library, Oxford Tz_ BvRmNO oF Cnffisvs ....... 98 From a Ger-_- Steel Engraving A C_E yc_ DzMo_sn'm_, WAL_ ..... 158 Kfter an Etcld_ in the Collection of the Hem. Oswald Bauer Reproduced from • Rare Engraving of the Paint- lz_ by V_ N_bauer or SB_s ....... -
The Political Effects of Zoroastrianism on Early Achaemenid Persia
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - EAU CLAIRE FOR THE GLORY OF AHURAMAZDA: THE POLITICAL EFFECTS OF ZOROASTRIANISM ON EARLY ACHAEMENID PERSIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE BACHELORS OF ARTS AND SCIENCES COOPERATING PROFESSOR: DR. MATTHEW W. WATERS BY JEREMIAH SOULES EAU CLAIRE, WISCONSIN DECEMBER 2010 Copyright for this work is owned by the author. This digital version is published by McIntyre Library, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire with the consent of the author. 2 ABSTRACT This paper examines how the Achaemenid Persian Empire, coming into existence through the efforts of Cyrus the Great in 550 BCE, and the largest empire the world had seen up until that time, was influenced by the morality-based religion of Zoroastrianism. The earliest forms of Zoroastrianism came into being around the time of the first Achaemenid Kings Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius, and Xerxes. This paper will argue that these early leaders of the Achaemenid Empire were able to use the religious ideas of Zoroastrianism to their benefit in varying ways, including legitimization of rule and later religious destruction of non-Zoroastrian religions. Through the examination of ancient inscriptions commissioned by each Achaemenid King, the earliest written remains of the Zoroastrian faith known as the Gathas, and through non-Persian sources such as Herodotus, this paper will determine that the Achaemenid Empire’s growth could be attributed in part to the usage of Zoroastrian concepts in the political policies of the Persian Kings, -
Iran Heritage Tours 2021-2022
2021-2022 Iran Heritage Tours Detailed Itinerary 23 Days Departure Dates & Price (+6) (DBL) 6490 $ (SNGL) 6490 $ +500 $ 27 Aug 2021 - 18 Sep 2021 24 Sep 2021 - 16 Oct 2021 29 Oct 2021 - 20 Nov 2021 24 Dec 2021 - 15 Jan 2022 25 Feb 2022 - 19 Mar 2022 Activity Level: 2-3 Comfort Level: Some long drives. Accommodations: Very comfortable hotels with private bathroom facilities 1 www.Iranheritagetours.com Facts & Highlights • 23 land days • Maximum 16 travelers • Start and finish in Tehran • All meals included • Explore 13 UNESCO World Heritage Sites • Visit the National Jewels Museum • Visit the ancient city of Persepolis • Stay in Yazd - Declared by UNESCO as the second most historic city in the world Day 1: Welcome, • Stroll over the famous bridges of Transfer and Tour Isfahan • See the largest ziggurat (pyramid) Guide will welcome you, transfer to the in Mesopotamia at Choqa Zanbil hotel. Taking some rest then go through the • Encounter the warmth and city and explore it. friendliness of the Iranian people Overnight Tehran Iranheritagetours Iran_heritage_tours 2 www.Iranheritagetours.com Day 2: Two centuries as a capital City tour of Teheran. We begin our day at the Golestan Palace Complex (UNESCO site) to visit a few of the many grand buildings, including the Ivan-e Takht-e Marmar (Marble Throne Veranda), the Sun Edifice and Badgir Palace. We visit the National Museum of Iran for an overview of the history of the country. After lunch, we have the afternoon to visit the Jewelry Museum, followed by a visit to Nature Bridge in Water and Fire Park.